Consumer Concerns Flashcards
Define Ergogenic.
enhances ability work, enhances metabolism
Do most athletes need Protein powders?
No
What are some side effects one could experience with taking protein powders?
consuming a large amount of protein can put extra burden on your kidneys
Why would someone need to take complete nutrient supplements?
- digestive problems
- after surgery
remember though most of these are RARELY complete
What is soda loading?
eating a lot of baking soda (alkaline) in hopes to faster neutralize lactic acid which produces muscle pain and fatigue from working out muscles.
side effects: diarrhea, dizziness, cramps
Benefits are controversial
What are anabolic steroids?
-stimulate muscle development
Side Effect
-aggressiveness, acne, hair loss, depression, testicular atrophy, heart failure, liver damage
What is HGH?
Human Growth Hormone
-makes someone taller
Side Effects
-acromegaly (hormone overproduction), diabetes, thyroid problems, heart disease, shorter life span
What is Blood Doping?
-Purpose is to increase O2 carrying ability
Side Effects
-changes blood chemistry, heart attack
What is the USDA?
U.S. Department of Agriculture
-regulate meat, poultry, eggs
HQ located in Washington DC
What is the FDA?
Food and Drug Administration
- regulate all other food that the USDA doesn’t regulate
HQ located in Baltimore MD
What is the EPA?
Environmental Protection Agency
- regulate pesticides and water quality
HQ located in Washington D.C.
What is the CDC?
Center for Disease Control
- foodborne diseases
HQ located in Atlanta GA
What is a Foodborne Infection?
-results from ingesting LIVING pathogens
S/S
- fever (speeds up immune response)
- diarrhea
- cramps
What is a Foodborne intoxication?
-results from ingesting toxin, not necessarily living organisms
S/S
- GI Symptoms
- vomiting
- weakness
could result in Nervous system disorders b/c some toxins like botulinum
Which foodborne illness is harder to pinpoint the cause?
Foodborne infections because the living pathogens have to colonize the intestinal tract before symptoms start to show.
Why is botulinum intoxication often misdiagnosed as a stroke? How can you tell the difference between the two?
botulism is a neural toxin and can cause some of the same side effects as a stroke. however usually a stroke only causes paralysis on one side of the body; usually on the opposite body of the affected side of the brain. Botulism poisoning affects both sides of the body and presents itself as a progressive paralysis traveling from the head to the feet.
What is cross contamination?
- transfer of bacteria from one surface to another surface.
- bacteria are “hitchhikers”
Sources
- raw material
- person and animals
- utensils that are not cleaned and sanitized properly
What is the number one cause of foodborne disease outbreaks in the U.S.?
Cross contamination
Describe the concept of bioaccumulation?
accumulation of a concentration of contaminants up the food chain
Top predator (usually human) will bear the grunt of contaminants
What is organic halogen?
Halogen (group 7A) binds to carbon compounds
-Halogens are F(fluoride), Cl (Chlorine), Br (Bromine), I (iodine)
What are some natural toxicants in foods?
Mushrooms: poisons
cabbage and turnips: goitrogens(promotes thyroid enlargement)
lima beans and fruit seeds: cyanogens[cyanide] (linamarin in cassava)
green potato skins: solanine (narcotic), causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, paralysis, and it is not destroyed by heat
Should you worry about goitrogens in cabbage and turnips?
no because with exposure to heat goitrogens are removed. however even with goitrogens being there it takes A LOT for it to be toxic
What is the margin of safety?
-between the amount used and the level at which harm exists
name some common food additives
- colors
- flavors and flavor enhancers
- nutrients
- preservatives
- antioxidants
- thickeners
*these all have a wide margin of safety
how do salt and sugar prevent microbial growth?
- the concept of WATER ACTIVITY(aw)
- sugar and salt bind with water, water activity (aw) drops, growth stops
describe the concept of water activity?
the amount of water available to support the growth of microorganisms
What is ADI?
acceptable daily intake
-how much of a substance you can consume per day without any negative effects
What is the Delany Clause?
- part of the 1958 Food Additives Amendment (section 409) of the 1954 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act
- Sec 409 regulates pesticide residues in processed foods, however Congressman James Delany of NY petitioned to add amendment that says “…Secretary of the Food and Drug Administration shall not approve for the use in food any chemical additive found to induce cancer in man, or after tests, found to induce cancer in animals?”
- it was problematic because pretty much everything you consume in excessive amounts can be potentially harmful but this clause doesn’t take into consideration the margin of safety
What are Nitrates and nitrites used for?
Nitrites(NO2) and Nitrates (NO3) are used in meat curing.
What is the purpose of meat curing?
to maintain a stable red color and enhance flavor.
What is a side effect of using Nitrites/Nitrates in the meat curing process? Knowing this why do we still use them anyways?
they can form nitrosamines which is a carcinogen. people still use them in meat curing though because meat is high in protein, has a neutral pH, and is vacuumed packed to maintain color. This environment (high protein, neutral pH, anaerobic) is favorable for bacterial growth, specifically Clostridium Botulinum. Nitrites/Nitrates are very affective against Clostridium Botulinum which is why we still use this.
What are Sulfites?
- antioxidants used to prevent spoilage
- also to prevent enzymatic browning reaction(like in apples)
- they are antibacterial
Why are sulfites sometimes added to grape juice before fermentation to make wine?
they are antibacterial which means they prevent the bacteria from growing and support the fermentation process. if bacteria were allowed to thrive you would get lactic acid instead of alcohol fermentation
Some people can be allergic to sulfites… what does this mean for these people?
they have to avoid wines that have sulfites added into them.
S/S
-sneezing, rash, headache
What is Chinese Restaurant Syndrome?
allergic reaction to MSG (monosodium glutamate)
S/S:
- chest pain
- erythema (red skin)
- headache
what are Radiolytic products?
broken pieces of nutrients caused by radiation
Why do we radiate food?
-to preserve food
What are incidental food additives?
- NOT PURPOSELY added, but it is there
- occur during harvesting or processing
examples:
-bug bits, glass, plastic, solvents, hormones
How is water for the public supply gathered?
Surface: rivers and lakes
Ground Water: aquifers (underground rock, filled with water)
What is the difference between hard water and soft water?
hard water: high in Ca and Mg
soft water: high in Na
What are some of the types of treatment used for the public water supply before it is used for consumption and other uses?
screening, sedimentation, trickling filter, Cl, UV, ozone
sometimes fluoride is added to water
