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CLIN CHEM > TRACE ELEMENTS > Flashcards

TRACE ELEMENTS Flashcards

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1
Q

— very small amount in the body; almost half of the elements in the periodic table can be found in our body but in small amount only

A

Trace Elements

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2
Q

— are consist of metals, [EXCEPT: 4]

A

Fluoride
Iodine
Hallogens
Selenium

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3
Q

✔ Trace Elements (mg/dL)- [3]
✔ Ultra Trace Elements (ug/L)- [3]

A

Copper
Iron
Zinc

Selenium
Magnesium
Chromium

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4
Q

2 TYPES OF TRACE ELEMENTS

A

Essential Trace Elements

Non-essential Trace Elements

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5
Q

● Deficiency impairs biochemical functions
● They have an important role in our body

A

Essential Trace Elements

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6
Q

Doesn’t have a role in our body; not really important but can be toxic.
- In high dosage → toxicity

A

Non-Essential Trace Elements

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7
Q

Blood: <23 ug/L
Urine: 50 ug/L

A

Arsenic

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8
Q

— Ubiquitous/common in nature
— NON-ESSENTIAL trace element

A

Arsenic

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9
Q

ARSENIC
— Natural sources are [2]
- Anthropogenic sources
: produced from ____________.

A

volcanoes
weathering of minerals

human intervention

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10
Q

Uses of Arsenic

A

pesticide
poison gases
ammunition

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11
Q

as treatment to Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

A

Arsenic Trioxide

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12
Q

NON-TOXIC ORGANIC FORMS of Arsenic
[2]

A

Arsenobetaine
Arsenocholine

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13
Q

__________________
— Cleared rapidly in our body between [#] days
— can be obtained by our body thru the _________ and can also [INC] arsenic to the ________.

A

Non-Toxic Organic Forms

1-2 days

seafood
urine

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14
Q

_________________
— Cleared slowly in our body bet. [#]
[3 TYPES]
[Subtype] ___________odorless and tasteless even in 0.01-0.05g
✔ [acute/chronic] exposure can result to _____.

A

Toxic Inorganic Forms
1-3 weeks

Pentavalent
Trivalent
Methylated form

White powder of arsenic trioxide
acute
death

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15
Q

SYMPTOMS
BM
Cardiovascular
CNS
GI Symptoms
Hepatic
Renal

A

Arsenic

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16
Q

✔Arsenic Chronic Exposure: [5]

A

cardiovascular
CNS
malignant change
hepatic
dermatologic

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17
Q

Methods of Arsenic

A

ICP-MS
GFAAS
HGAAS

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18
Q

common method for Arsenic

A

Hydride generation Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy/ HGAAS

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19
Q

Urine: < 2.6 ug/L
✔ 24 Hr urine-_____ug/Day
Blood: <5.0 ug/L
✔ Special consideration: _____-colored plastic in particular often contain Cd.

A

Cadmium

< 3.3
yellow

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20
Q

— Soft, bluish-white metal, easily cut w/ knife

A

Cadmium

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21
Q

Use:
batteries

A

Cadmium, Lead

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22
Q

Use:
plastic industries

A

Cadmium

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23
Q

Use:
pigments

A

cadmium

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24
Q

Use: metal plating

A

Cadmium

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25
Q

Use:
ammunition

A

Arsenic, Lead

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26
Q

Use:
foil

A

Lead

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27
Q

Toxicity of Cadmium

A

Nervous system
Renal dysfunction
Chemical pneumonitis/edema
N/V, Abdominal pain
Bone
Blood
Immune

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28
Q

TOXICITY of Cadmium
􏰀 Renal dysfunction: # + can cause _________.
􏰀 Vapor Inhalation: can cause __________ as well as of the lungs

􏰀 Bone, immune, blood, nervous system
􏰀 Chemical pneumonitis & edema
– obtained thru its ________.

􏰀 N/V, abdominal pain — thru ________.

A

proteinuria

nasal epithelial damage

fumes

ingestion

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29
Q

___________- when protein
bind → Cadmium denaturation = loss of proteins function.

A

Protein Cd Adducts

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30
Q

METHODS OF CADMIUM

A

ICP-MS
GFAAS
ICP-AES

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31
Q

Cd bound to blood is [#]%- use for monitoring for [ACUTE/CHRONIC] exposure

A

70%

CHRONIC

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32
Q

— Heavy metal; # found in the environment
􏰀 Metallic lead is soft, bluish, white, highly malleable + ductile.

A

Lead

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33
Q

— Uses: batteries, ammunition, foil

A

Lead

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34
Q

— Paint banned in _____ bec. of the toxic effect of lead

A

1972

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35
Q

Lead Distribution:

Soft tissue:[#]%
Bone: [#]%

A

5-30%

70-95%

36
Q

Lead excretion [5]

A

urine
feces
hair
nail
sweat

37
Q

General toxicity of Lead

A

CNS symptoms
GI symptoms

38
Q

Spx used for Lead

A

whole venous blood
urine
hair
nail

39
Q

Spx used for recent exposure to lead or
monitor chelation therapy

A

urine

40
Q

Other tests used for Lead
[4]

A

Free Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
Plasma Levunilic Acid
Whole Blood ZPP
X-ray Fluorescence

41
Q

Methods used for Lead

A

ICP-MS
ICP-AES
AAS

42
Q

Blood in non-pregnant adult: 30 ug/L
Urine: <80 ug/24hr

A

Lead

43
Q

􏰀Heavy, silvery metal
􏰀 It is EXTREMELY TOXIC

A

Mercury/Quicksilver

44
Q

Mercury is Liquid: [Temperature] & pressure

A

RT

45
Q

3 naturally occurring oxidation state of Merucry:

A

Hg (0)
Hg (I)
Hg (II)

46
Q

􏰀 Excretion:
Urine, Feces, can pass thru placenta

A

mercury

47
Q

􏰀 Highest accumulation: brain, liver, kidney, pituitary, thyroid, reproductive organ, spleen.

A

mercury

48
Q

Symptoms of Mercury

A

Hepatic dysfunction
Polyneuropathy
Proteinuria

49
Q

Health Effects of Mercury:
✔ Before use in medicine:
● Mercuric chloride- [3]
● ____________- vaccine preservative
● Mercuric based preservative causes _______.

A

diuretics
topical disinfectant
laxative

Thiomersal

autism

50
Q

METHODS used for mercury

A

Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
ICP-MS

51
Q

Reference Value:
✔ Urine: f 0-15 ug/L or 24 hr collection
✔ Blood: 0-60ug/L

A

Mercury

52
Q

Inhalation, Ingestion, water

A

arsenic

53
Q

Inhalation, Ingestion, smoking

A

cadmium

54
Q

produced from burning of fossil fuel + waste incineration

A

cadmium

55
Q

Ingestion of these elements may impair lead adsorption

A

FCRIM
fat
calcium
ROH/Alcohol
Iron
Magnesium

56
Q

Ingestion of these low dietary elements may enhance lead adsorption

A

Zinc
Vit. C
Citric acid

57
Q

Inhalation, Ingestion, Injection, Tattooing, Cutaneous, Dental amalgam

A

Mercury/Quicksilver

58
Q

[ENHANCES] Insulin action; for glucose and lipid metabolism

A

Chromium

59
Q

Hb synthesis components of Vit. B 12

A

Cobalt

60
Q

Cellular respiration Collagen synthesis

A

Copper

61
Q

Prevents dental carries

A

Flurorine

62
Q

Thyroid hormone
synthesis

A

Iodine

63
Q

O2 transport component of Hb

A

Iron

64
Q

Bone & CT functions

A

Manganese

65
Q

DNA metabolism

A

Molybdenum

66
Q

Prevents Oxidative, lipid damage

A

Selenum

67
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Zinc

68
Q

Deficiency may cause:
Insulin resistance
IGT [Type 2 DM]
Hyperlipidemia

A

Chromium

69
Q

Menke’s kinky hair syndrome
Muscle weakness

A

Copper

70
Q

Anemia [IDA]

A

Cobalt
Iron

71
Q

When molybdenum is deficient theses conditions manifest:

A

cretinism
goiter
growth depression

72
Q

Skeletal defects

A

Manganese

73
Q

When selenium is deficient these conditions manifest:

A

Kashinbeck disease
Keshan disease

74
Q

Cretinism
Goiter
Myxerdema

A

iodine

75
Q

Acrodermatitis enterropathica
Delayed wound healing
Growth retardation Infertility
Osteoporosis

A

Zinc

76
Q

When chromium is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests:

A

Skin ulcers
Renal & Hepatic necrosis

77
Q

When cobalt is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests: [2]

A

Hypothyroidism
Heart failure

78
Q

Iron & zinc interference

A

Copper

79
Q

When iodine is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests:

A

Thyrotoxicosis

80
Q

When iron is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests:

A

Hemachromatosis

81
Q

Identify their elements:

Thyrotoxicosis

Hypothyroidism

Hemachromatosis

A

Iodine, Molybdenum

Cobalt

Iron

82
Q

When manganese is in its toxic levels these conditions manifests: [2]

A

Psychiatric disorders
Parkinson’s disease

83
Q

Hair & nail loss
Liver failure

A

Selenum

84
Q

Anemia
Thyrotoxicosis

A

Molybdenum

85
Q

When zinc is in its toxic levels this condition manifests:

A

gastrointestinal irritation

86
Q

Identify their element:

  1. Cretinism, Goiter, Myxedema
  2. Cretinism, Goiter, Growth depression
A

Iodine

Molybdenum

CLIN CHEM (12 decks)

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