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CLIN CHEM > INTROS > Flashcards

INTROS Flashcards

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1
Q

________Process in which ______ force is used to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension
- [#] mins centrifugation of blood

A

Centrifugation
centrifugal

1O mins

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2
Q

Separation of solids from liquids. However, ________ is only occasionally used in today’s laboratory

A

Filtration

paper filtration

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3
Q

Separating macromolecules from a solvent or smaller substance. It became popular when used in conjunction with the _________ system in the 1970s.

A

Dialysis

Technicon Autoanalyzer

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4
Q

Rule in Gaussian Distribution curve

A

68-95-99 RULE

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5
Q

Summarizes the relationships between the area under the Gaussian distribution curve and the SD.

A

68-95-99 rule

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6
Q

The reference range is usually set at [#] % limit

A

95%

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7
Q

Given any data in the Gaussian curve:
➢ _____% of the data will fall between the +/-1SD from the mean.
➢ _____% of the data will fall between the +/- 2SD from the mean.
➢ _____% will fall between +/- 3SD from the mean.

A

68.3%

95.4%

99.7%

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8
Q

FOR +1SD/2SD/3SD: MEAN ________
FOR -1SD/2SD/3SD: MEAN ________

A

+(SD) (1)/(2)/(3)

– (SD) (1)/(2)/(3)

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9
Q

A common method to assess the determination of control materials over time is by the use of__________/________

A

Levey-Jennings chart
Shewhart plot

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10
Q

___________it is the most common method and its generally accepted minimum protocol is: [Frequency]

A

Levey-Jennings control chart
Shewhart plot

2O times on 2O different days

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11
Q

Westgard rules in random error

A

12S warning rule
13S reject
R4S

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12
Q

Westgard rules in systematic error

A

22s
41s
1OX

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13
Q

One control observation exceeding the mean +/-2s. A warning rule that
initiates testing of control data by other rules

A

12s

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14
Q

One control observation exceeding the mean +/-3s.

A

13S

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15
Q

Allows high sensitivity to
random error

A

13S

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16
Q

Two control observations consecutively exceeding the same +2s or -2s. Allows high sensitivity to systematic error

A

22s

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17
Q

One control exceeding the +2s and another exceeding the -2s. Allows
detection of random error

A

R4s

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18
Q

Four control observations consecutively exceeding the same +1s or -1s. Allows detection of systematic error

A

41s

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19
Q

Ten consecutive control observations falling on one side or the other of the
mean (no requirement for SD size). Systematic error

A

10x

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20
Q

___________

Methodology is the combination of ________quality management, developed by Motorola, with _____ manufacturing strategy, pioneered by ______, to provide tangible metrics for quality improvement. In its simplest form.

A

Lean Six Sigma

Six sigma
Lean
Toyota

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21
Q

asks the questions, how can this process be improved?

A

Six sigma

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22
Q

asks the question, does this process or steps need to exist?

A

Lean

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23
Q

Together, as Lean Six Sigma, they are being increasingly used to reduce error ________and waste _______within the health-care system

A

Six Sigma

Lean

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24
Q

__________methodology is the quality improvement team’s project management road map.

A

DMAIC [Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control]

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25
Q

Problems & Objectives

A

Define

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26
Q

What do we need to improve?

A

Measure

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27
Q

Process and Factors of influence

A

Analyze

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28
Q

Implement improvement

A

Approve

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29
Q

Assure that improvement will sustain

A

Control

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30
Q

In Beer’s Law, the concentration of the unknown substance is directly proportional to ________ and inversely proportional to _______.

A

absorbance
transmittance

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31
Q

What law is this?
Under what principles of Instrumentation?
Sample = Absorbance = %T

A

Beer’s Law
Spectrophotometry

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32
Q

What are the Photometric Methods

A

Spectrophotometry
AAS
Fluorometry
Chemiluminescence
Turbidimetry
Nephelometry

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33
Q

Chemical reaction produces colored substance that absorbs light of a specific wavelength. Amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to concentration of analyte

A

Spectrophotometry

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34
Q

COMPONENT PARTS of Spectrophotometry:
Light sources: [2]

Monochromators: [1]

A

Tungsten lamp [visible range]
Deuterium lamp [UV]

Diffraction grafting

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35
Q

COMPONENT PARTS of Spectrophotometry aside from light sources and monochromators

A

Cuvette
Photodetector
Readout device

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36
Q

Hollow cathode lamp with cathode made of analyte produces wavelength specific for analyte.

A

AAS

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37
Q

A photometric that is sensitive and is used for trace metals

A

AAS

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38
Q

Measures light absorbed by ground-state atoms.

A

AAS

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39
Q

Component parts:
Atomizer
Flame
Monochromator
Hallow cathode lamp
Mixing chamber
Chopper
Detector
Readout device

A

AAS

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40
Q

Detector at 90* to light source so that only emitted light by the sample is measured.

A

Fluorometry

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41
Q

More sensitive than colorimetry. Used to measure drugs, hormones.

A

Fluorometry

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42
Q

Atoms absorb light of specific wavelength and emit light of longer wavelength (lower energy)

A

Fluoremetry

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43
Q

COMPONENT PARTS:
Light source, primary monochromator, secondary monochromator, detector, readout device

A

Fluorometry

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44
Q

Light parts of Fluorometry

A

Mercury lamp
Xenon arc lamp

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45
Q

Doesn’t require excitation radiation or monochromator like Spectro, AAS, fluorometry. Extremely sensitive. Used for immunoassays.

A

Chemiluminiscence

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46
Q

Chemical reaction that produces light.

A

Chemiluminescence

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47
Q

Chemicluminiscence usually involves [4]

A

acridinium
esters
dioexerances
luminol

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48
Q

COMPONENT PARTS:
Reagent probes, photo multiplier tube, sample & reagent, cuvette, readout device

A

Chemiluminescence

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49
Q

Used to measure proteins in urine and CSF

A

Turbidimetry

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50
Q

Measures reduction in light transmission by particles in suspension; blocked light

A

Turbidimetry

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51
Q

Used to measure ag-ab reaction

A

Nephelometry

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52
Q

Similar to turbidimetry but light is measured at angle from light source

A

Nephelometry

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53
Q

COMPONENT PARTS:
Light source, collinator, monochromator, cuvette, photo detector, readout device

A

Nephelometry

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54
Q

The amount of light reflected by a solution dispensed onto a white granular surface is inversely proportional to the concentration of the sample

A

Spectrophotometry

55
Q

Luminiscence is based on an energy exchange process that occurs when certain compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation, become excited and return to an energy level lower than or equal to their original level

A

Fluorometry

56
Q

detects light scatterd at various angles

A

Nephelometry

57
Q

detects reduction in light transmission due to particle formation

A

turbidimetry

58
Q

When light passes from one medium to another, the light beam changes its direction at the boundary surface.

A

Refractometry

59
Q

Based on the measuring changes in the colligative properties of solutions that occur owing to variations in particle concentration.

A

Osmometry

60
Q

Measures multiple properties of cell suspended

A

Flow Cytometry

61
Q

Measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions

A

Electrochemistry

62
Q

Under electrochemistry
[5]

A

Potentiometry
Coulometry
Amperometry
Voltametry
Conductance

63
Q

measurement of voltage between 2 electrodes in a solution

A

Potentiometry

64
Q

measures the quantity of electricity in coulombs needed to convert an analyte to a dff. oxidation state

A

coulometry

65
Q

measurement of current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction

A

amperometry

66
Q

measures a potential applied to an electrochemical cell and the resulting current

A

voltametry

67
Q

measures the ability of a solution to carry an electrical current

A

Conductance

68
Q

measurement is based on the change in electrical resistance across an aperture when a particle in conductive liquid passes through this aperture

A

impedance

69
Q

potential difference bet 2 electrodes directly related to an analyte conc

A

ISE

70
Q

___________separation of charrged particles in electrical field. Anions move to positively charges pole [anode]; cations to negatively charged pole [cathode]. The greater the charge the [faster/slower] the migration

A

Electrophoresis

faster

71
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

the rate of migration depends on:

A

size
shape
molecule charge

72
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

the support medium are

A

cellulose acetate
agarose

73
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

the buffer used is the_______ at pH_____

A

Barbital buffer
8.6

74
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

the stains used are [4]:

A

Coomassie brilliant blue
Ponceau S
Amido blue
Bromphenol blue

75
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

the charge is?

A

proteins are negatively charged & move toward anode

76
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

the order of migration [fastest to slowest]

A

albumin
alpha-1
alpha-2
beta
gamma

77
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

the largest fraction is the?

A

albumin

78
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

buffer flow toward cathode > causes gamma region to be cathodic to the point of application

A

Electroendosmosis

79
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

__________they must be concentrated first because of low protein concentration.

A

Urine

CSF

80
Q

___________ this type of proteins migrate gamma region here.

A

Bence Jones proteins

81
Q

In protein electrophoresis,

it has a prealbumin band

A

CSF

82
Q

Acute inflammation increases what?

A

alpha 1, 2

83
Q

Chronic infection increases what?

A

alpha 1, 2, gamma

84
Q

Cirrhosis increases what?

A

beta, gamma [polyclonal]

85
Q

Monoclonal gammopathy

A

sharp in 1 immunoglobulin [gamma] “M” spike

86
Q

Polyclonal gammopathy

A

diffuse increase in gamma

87
Q

Hypogammaglobulinemia

A

decreased in gamma

88
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

increased in alpha 2
decreased in albumin

89
Q

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

decreased alpha-1

90
Q

increased in beta OR
unusual band between alpha-2, beta

A

Hemolyzed spx

91
Q

extra band [fibrinogen] between beta & gamma

A

plasma

92
Q

continues to be one of the most rapidly advancing areas of lab medicine

A

Clinical chemistry

93
Q

is a polygot discipline combining chemistry, biochemistry, immunochemistry, endocrinology, toxicology, anachem, informatics and doubtless other specialties; necessary to support to physicians and other healthcare providers to improve the diagnosis and treatment of px

A

Clinical chemistry

94
Q

means that the multiple samples are tested in a ‘run’.

A

Batch analysis

95
Q

means samples are tested one adter the other and results are reported in the same order

A

sequential analysis

96
Q

________is a form of sequential analysis through a continuous system at a constant rate. E,g [1]

A

Continuous flow analysis
Autoanalyzer

97
Q

each sample is tested in a seperate cuvette or other reaction chamber w reagents added to each individual sample container

A

Discrete analysis

98
Q

uses analytical line

A

Single channel analysis

99
Q

uses two or more lines or channels, each dedicated to a single test , and analysis occurs simultaneously.

A

Multiple-channel parallel analysis

100
Q

spx are tested in or out of each sequence w/ each other, as reaction vessels are available and without regard to accessioning order, although testing of designated spx, such as STATS, may be given priority

A

random access analysis

101
Q

are either endpoint tests [rxn is complete after a fixed time] or continuous monitoring tests [multiple data points recorded over a specified time interval]

A

Assays

102
Q

Steps in automated analysis:

Sample ID used

A

usually by bar code reader

103
Q

Steps in automated analysis:

Test selection used

A

LIS

104
Q

In automated analysis,

Sampling used

A

closed-tube sampling from primary collection tubes

Some short sample + clot detection

105
Q

Steps in automated analysis:
usually by syringes, pumps, or pressurized reagent bottles. Vitros uses ______slides.

A

Rgt delivery
dry

106
Q

Steps in automated analysis:

Chemical reaction is through

A

Mixing & incubation

107
Q

Steps in automated analysis:

Measurements used

A

Visible & UV spectrophotometry
ISE
Fluoresence polarization
Chemiluminiscence
Bioluminiscence
Automatic dilution

108
Q

Steps in automated analysis:

Data handling

A

conc derived from calibration curve

109
Q

Steps in automated analysis:

reporting

A

LIS through interface

110
Q

Steps in automated analysis:

Troubleshooting

A

remotely by modem

111
Q

inventor of continuous flow analyzers

A

Leonar Skeggs

112
Q

In the 1956, Leonard Skeggs developed this first practical system for measuring urea, glucose, calcium

A

AutoAnalyzer

113
Q

4 Main Types of automatic analyzer for processing clinical chemistry tests

A

Continuous flow system
Discrete Sampling Analyzers
Centrifugal Fast Analyzers
Thin-film Analyzers

114
Q

all sample are carried through the same analysis pathway

A

Continuous flow system

115
Q

all samples automatically pass from one step to another without waiting to bring the samples to the same stage of completion

A

Continuous flow system

116
Q

the reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.

all reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached

A

Continuous flow system

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

117
Q

this system has won wide acceptance in both routine and reasearch laboratories

A

Continuous flow system

118
Q

Examples of Continuous flow system

A

Technicon Autoanalyzer II
Sequential Multiple Analyzer [SMA 6/60]
SMA [12/60]
Sequential Multiple Analyzer w/ Computer [SMAC]

119
Q

capable of running 3 different tests at 60-80 samples per hr

A

Technicon Autoanalyzer ii

120
Q

capable of running 6 tests at 60 spx per hr

A

SMA 6/60

121
Q

capable of running 12 tests at 60 samples pr hr

A

SMA 12/60

122
Q

capable of running 40 tests at 120 samples per hr

A

SMAC

123
Q

features of continuous flow system are the use of _______ of different diameters & __________ for continuous pumping of samples/rgts.

A

plastic tubes
peristaltic pump

124
Q
A
125
Q

In the introduction of air bubbles in continuous flow system, its purpose is to:

–separate sample & rgt streams into ________.
–[action] one sample from next
–for continuous _______ of tubing
– prevents ______________

A

segments
separate
scrubbing
cross-contamination

125
Q

Each sample reactions is handled in separate compartment & does not come into contact w/ another sample.

A

Discrete sampling analyzer

125
Q

The samples and standards are handled on a batch basis and must be brought before proceeding to the next procedure.

A

Discrete sampling analyzer

126
Q

This system stimulates very closely manual procedures except that the various steps arre done automatically

A

Continuous flow analyzer

Discrete sampling analyzer

127
Q

examples are:
Dupont ACA
American monitor KDA
Abbott ABA-100
ABA- 200
Beckman ASTRA 8/4
Beckman DSA 560/564
Biochromatic Analyzer
VP Analyzer

A

Discrete sampling analyzer

128
Q

as the rotor is accelerated centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into the cuvette. As the filled cuvette rotates past a fixed light beam, the absorbance of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically

A

Centrifugal Fast analyzers

129
Q

Examples of Centrifugal Fast Analyzers

A

CentrifiChem
RotoChem

130
Q

Thin film analyzers example

A

Kodak-Ektachem

131
Q

developed by Norman Anderson

A

Centrifugal fast analyzers

132
Q

A 16mm square chip which contains several thin layers, accepts a metered drop of serum, spreads it evenly int a reagent layer, then confines the colored product to a fixed area for reflectance spectrophotometry.

A

Thin-film Analyzers

CLIN CHEM (12 decks)

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