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INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Filter Photometry is also called as? [2]

A

Emission Flame Photometry
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry

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2
Q

The measurement of emitted light when an electron in an atom becomes excited by heat energy produced by the
flame.

A

Emission Flame Photometry /Flame Emission Spectrophotometry/ Filter Photometry

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3
Q

FES is used primarily to determine concentration of [3] since these alkali metals are easy to excite.

A

K+
Na
Lithium

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4
Q

Filter Photometry:
_________ is used to excite the electrons present in atoms → excited electrons release/emit light →__________ is being measured

Once the atom is exhausted, losing the light emitted → go back to ________

A

Flame
light energy

ground state

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5
Q

Components of the Flame Photometer
[4]

A

Gases
Atomizer or Burner
Monochromators
Detector

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6
Q

Excited atoms return to ground state by emitting light energy that is characteristic of that atomic species.

A

FES

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7
Q

FES
________ using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas [3 examples]

A

Gases

acetylene
propane
natural gas

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8
Q

FES:
Source or fuel of this machine producing the flame

A

Gases

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9
Q

FES:
breaks up the solution into finer droplets so that the atom will absorb heat energy from the flame and get excited.

A

Atomizer or Burner

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10
Q

FES:
Sprays onto fuel and covert it to finer droplets

A

Atomizer

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11
Q

FES Types of Burners

A

Total Consumption Burner
Premix Burner

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12
Q

aspirate sample directly into the flame, the gases are passed at high velocity over the end of the capillary suspended in the solution.

A

Total Consumption Burner

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13
Q

involves the gravitational feeding of solution through a restricting capillary into an area of high velocity gas flow where small droplets are produced and passed into the flame.

A

Premix burner

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14
Q

Total Consumption Burner or Premix Burner

Fuel is aspirated through capillary action (pulled upwards)

A

Total Consumption Burner

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15
Q

Total Consumption Burner or Premix Burner

Source of fuel comes from upper part of system

A

Premix Burner

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16
Q

FES Monochromators [3]

A

Na filter
K filter
Lithium

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17
Q

Na filter: transmit [color] light [#nm]
K filter: transmit [color] light [#nm]
Lithium: transmit [color] light [#nm]

A

yellow
violet
red

589
767
761

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18
Q

Filter Photometry Detector [1]

A

Photocell

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19
Q

referred to as the internal standard, also acts as a radiation buffer in Filter photometry

A

Lithium

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20
Q

Reasons why lithium is preferred in EFP?

A

Emission characteristics are similar to Na and K

Normally present as trace element in the human tissue + does not present interferences in the determination.

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21
Q

Its purpose is to achieve stability where there are fluctuations caused by
changes in fuel of air pressure which affects flame temperature and rate of sample aspiration.

A

Lithium

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22
Q

CRITERIA IN CHOOSING THE INTERNAL STANDARD/Lithium for EFP
➢ Its concentration must be precisely the ______ in all samples and standards.
➢ Energy required of the internal standard must be close to that required to ______ the element being measured.
➢ Must be [normally/not normally] found in ion being analyzed.

✓ In cases where lithium is the analyte ,_______ is used as internal standard

A

same

excite

not normally

cesium

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23
Q

Based on absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the atom

A

AAS

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24
Q

____________
The element is not excited but they are dissociated from their chemical bonds and placed in the __________________. Breaking chemical bonds

A

AAS

unionized, unexcited ground state

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25
Q

[MORE SPECIFIC] AAS:

sample + ______ = aspirated sample –> combined with [Radiaton source] –> Radiation source is modulated by________ –> [Wavelength selector] –> [Detector] –> _________ –> Signal processor

A

Burner

Hollow Cathode lamp

Mechanical Rotating Chopper

Monochromator- Prism/Diffraction gratings

Photomultiplier tubes

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26
Q

AAS:

sample + ______ = aspirated sample –> combined with ________ –> wavelength selector –> ________ –> _________ –> Signal processor

A

Atomizer
Detector
Amplifier

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27
Q

AAS components [6]

A

Light Source
Mechanical Rotating Chopper
Meter/Read-out device

Burner
Monochromator
Detector

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28
Q

AAS light source

A

Hollow cathode lamp

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29
Q

AAS
produces a wavelength of light, specific for the kind of metal in the cathode. Gives specific wavelength of light

A

Hollow cathode lamp

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30
Q

modulates/regulates light beam coming from the hollow cathode lamp. Controls amount of light that will go into the next component of the machine

A

Mechanical Rotating Chopper

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31
Q

uses flame to dissociate the chemical bonds and form free, unexcited state of atoms in AAS

A

Burner

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32
Q

A type of burner in AAS, flame is more concentrated and can be made hotter, thus lessening chemical interferences.

A

Total consumption burner

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33
Q

A type of burner in AAS, gases are mixed and the sample is atomized before entering the flame and the large droplets go to waste and not in the flame.

A

Premix burner

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34
Q

A type of burner in AAS, produces large droplets in the flame and produces a high acoustical noise.

A

Total consumption burner

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35
Q

A type of burner in AAS, where it has less noisy signals with longer pathlength and greater absorption and sensitivity.

A

Premix burner

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36
Q

A type of burner in AAS, where flame is less hot and therefore cannot dissociate metal complexes.

A

Premix burner

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37
Q

selects the desired wavelength from a spectrum of wavelength which could either be a [2]

A

Monochromator

prism
diffraction gratings

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38
Q

AAS DETECTOR – uses __________ to measure the intensity of the light signal.

A

Photomultiplier tubes

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39
Q

where results are displayed in AAS

A

Meter/Read-Out device

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40
Q

Interferences in AAS
[3]

A

Ionization
Matrix
Lanthanum or Strontium chloride

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41
Q

situation at which atoms in the flame become excited and emit energy instead of staying in the ground state.

A

Ionization

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42
Q

formation of solids from sample droplets due to enhancement of light absorption by organic solvents

A

Matrix

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43
Q

interefence in AAS which forms stable complexes with phosphate→to avoid calcium interference

A

Lanthanum/Strontium chloride

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44
Q

____________
The unknown sample is made to react with a known solution [________] in the presence of an indicator.

A

Volumetric/Titrimetry/Titration Method

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45
Q

Volumetric method is also called as? [2]

A

Titrimetry
Titration Method

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46
Q

Examples of Titration Methods [2 + their examples]

A

Chloride determination
– Schales and Schales

Calcium determination
– EDTA Titration

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47
Q

where indicator reacts to the acid

A

Point of equivalence

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48
Q

solution of the pure form of the sample and its derivatives + the determination of its dry weight.

A

Gravimetric

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49
Q

Example of Gravimetric

A

Total Lipid determination

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50
Q

Allow solutions to evaporate and wait for the analytes to form →measure the dry weight

A

Gravimetric

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51
Q

Determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation analytes will fluoresce/lit up esp. in dark background

A

Fluorometry

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52
Q

Measures the amount of light intensity (produced by analyte) present over a zero background

A

Fluorometry

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53
Q

Fluorometry light source

A

Mercury Arc
Xenon lamp

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54
Q

Fluorometry light detector

A

Photomultiplier tubes

55
Q

Fluorometry is affected by ________ – [4 changes]

A

ph
temp
chemical contaminants
UV light

56
Q

Fluorometry uses: measurement of [4]

A

Calcium
Catecholamines
Porphyrins
Magnesium

57
Q

Specific determinations of the following:

EFP/FES
Volumetric/Titration
Gravimetric
Fluorometry

A

Na
K
Lithium

Chloride
Calcium

Calcium
Catecholamines
Porphyrins
Magnesium

58
Q

It is the measurement of the light blocked by a suspension of particulate matter as light passes through the cuvette.

A

Turbidimetry

59
Q

Turbidimetry:

More amount of light blocked = more __________ present

Almost similar to principle of ________

A

analytes

spectrophotometry

60
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING TURBIDITY

A

size/number of particles
tube depth
each particle’s cross sectional area

61
Q

DISADVANTAGE of TURBIDIMETRY:

________________ due to _________ (combined together and settles at the bottom of the tube) particles which tend to settle out of the solution.

A

Variable absorption

aggregation

62
Q

It is the measurement of light scattered by small particles at an angle to the beam incident on the cuvette.

A

Nephelometry

63
Q

Factors affecting nephelometric measurements are the same factors affecting ______________.

A

Turbidimetric

64
Q

It is used to measure the disintegration per minute of time of a radioisotope.

A

Scintillation Counter

65
Q

Measures radiation

A

Scintillation Counter

66
Q

2 Types of Scintillation Counter

A

Solid
Liquid

67
Q

Solid Scintillation Counter measure _________ radiation using ____________ as scintillator and ________ as detector with preamplifier circuit.

A

gamma

thallium-activated Na iodate crystal
photomultiplier tube

68
Q

Liquid Scintillation Counter – measures _______ radiation using _________ as scintillator

A

beta

liquid flour

69
Q

An immunologic procedure involving the use of radioisotope. Use of antigen and antibody for the detection of analytes

A

RIA

70
Q

Substances involved in RIA

A

Unlabeled Ag
Radiolabeled Ag
Ab

71
Q

substance being analyzed in RIA

A

Unlabeled Ag

72
Q

acts as label aids in detecting
the unlabeled in RIA

A

Radiolabeled Ag

73
Q

provide binding sites for the 2 antigens in RIA

A

Ab

74
Q

measurement of differences in voltage at a constant current

A

Potentiometry

75
Q

Potentiometry follows the _______equation

A

Nernst

76
Q

Reference electrode of potentiometry

A

Calomel and Silver-silver chloride

77
Q

Calomel and Silver-silver chloride is used as an reference for what specific method under Potentiometry

A

Ion Selective Electrode

78
Q

conceptualized ISE selectivity

A

Nicolsky-Eisenmann

79
Q

measurement of differences in current at a constant voltage.

A

Polography/Polarography

80
Q

Polarography is used to measure [4]

A

amino acid
Vit. C
O2
trace metals

81
Q

Polarography follows the _______ equation

A

Ilkovic

82
Q

measurement of amount of electricity (in terms of coulombs) at a fixed potential.

A

Coulometry

83
Q

Coulometry follows what law?

A

Faraday’s law

84
Q

measurement of chlorite (serum and sweat, CSF)

A

Coulometry

85
Q

sweat inducer to collect sample in Coulometry

A

Pilocarpine

86
Q

Coulometry Interferences

A

Bromide cyanide
Cysteine

87
Q

In Coulometry,
patients w/ __________, they secret high number of electrolytes esp. chlorite in their body secretions due to this one of the samples that can be used is sweat. In , Coulometry

A

cystic fibrosis

88
Q

the measurement of the amount of current that flows when a constant voltage is applied to the measuring electrode.

A

Amperometry

89
Q

he measurement of the current flow between 2 non- polarizable electrodes between which a known electrical potential is established

A

Conductometry

90
Q

_____________
separation of a mixture on the basis of specific differences of the physical-chemical characteristics of the different components on a supporting medium called ____________.

A

Chromatography

sorbent/absorbent

91
Q

The amount of the mixture is separated by a continuous redistribution between [2 phases] in Chromatography:

A

Stationary phase
Mobile phase

92
Q

Mobile phase in Chromatography is also called as

A

Eluent/Carrier fluid

93
Q

Kinds of Chromatography [8]

A

Column
Gel
Gas
Ion-exchange
Liquid-Liquid/Partition
High performance Liquid
Paper
Thin layer

94
Q

______________
A spot of the substance to be fractionated is placed on the _______ just above the solvent level.

A

Paper chromatography

paper

95
Q

_______________
_________ (mobile phase) moves up through the paper by capillary action and various fractions in the sample move at different rates. Separation takes place

A

Paper Chromatography

Organic solvent

96
Q

Sorbent used in Paper Chromatography

A

Special grades of filter paper

97
Q

Example of Paper Chromatography

A

Whatman Phase Separating Paper

98
Q

Paper Chromatography basis of separation: [3]

A

Rate of diffusion
Solute solubility
Solvent’s nature

99
Q

solvent’s nature in Paper chromatography

A

Organic

100
Q

Clinical use of Paper chromatography

A

Fractionation of:
amino acids
barbiturates
sugars

101
Q

When a mixture of small and large molecules is allowed to pass over small particles in a column, the smaller molecules diffuse into the gel, whereas larger molecules tend to pass rapidly in the column and appear in the eluate first.

A

Gel chromatography

102
Q

In Gel Chromatography, a mixture of small and large molecules is allowed to pass over [small/large] particles in a column, the [smaller/larger] molecules diffuse into the gel, whereas [smaller/larger] molecules tend to pass rapidly in the column and appear in the eluate [last/first]

A

small

smaller

larger

first

103
Q

Basis of separation of Gel chromatography

A

Molecular weight/size
Ion charge
Hydrophobicity of molecules

104
Q

Gel chromatography clinical uses

A

Fractionation of:
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
Proteins [enzymes/isoenzymes]

105
Q

Substances to be separated are passed on the ion-exchange column and depending on the [2] of the solution; the substance is absorbed from solution in the_________. Main basis is charge

A

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

net pH
charge

ion-change resin

106
Q

IEC
Ions with [greatest/lowest] charge densities will be held most strongly on an ion-exchange material.

A

greatest

107
Q

Sorbent used in IEC

A

Anion/Cation resin w/ functional groups

108
Q

Basis of separation in IEC

A

Differences in sign + ionic charge densities

109
Q

Separation of unwanted substances present in a solution mixture

A

IEC

110
Q

Concentration of solute of interest in highly diluted samples can be determined.

A

IEC

111
Q

sorbent used in Thin Layer Chromatography

A

Thin plastic plates impregnated to a layer of:
alumina
silica gel
starch gel/polyacrylamide gel

112
Q

Basis of separation in TLC

A

Diffusion rate
Solute Solubility
Solvent’s nature

113
Q

____________________
A highly polar substance tends to be more soluble in a highly polar solvent [______], while the less polar substance tends to be more soluble in a less polar solvent, [______].

A

Liquid-Liquid/Partition Chromatography

water
organic solvent

114
Q

Partition chromatography follows what principle?

A

Like dissolves like

115
Q

Column chromatography basis of separation

A

pH differences
Solvent’s polarity

116
Q

Column chromatography clinical use

A

Fraction of sugars

117
Q

It is capable separating and measuring nanogram and picogram amounts of volatile substances.

A

Gas chromatography

118
Q

follows the concept of selective adsorption.

A

HPLC

119
Q

It applies 4,000- 10,000-lbs/square inch pressure for the rapid identification and separation of high molecular weight components and many labile biologic compounds such as [7]

A

antibiotics
barbiturates
drug lipids
hormones
peptides
steroid

120
Q

Mostly applied to drug testing

A

HPLC

121
Q

It refers to the migration or movement of charged particles in an electric field. Basis is the difference in electrical charge and principle that opposite attracts; instead of absorbent, electric field is used

A

Electrophoresis

122
Q

Charged particle or ion will migrate towards the anode or cathode depending on the _________ (____) of the solution under the influence of an externally applied electric field.

A

Electrophoresis

isoelectic pH
pI

123
Q

migration of small charged ions

A

Iontophoresis

124
Q

– migration of charged
macromolecules

A

Zone electrophoresis

125
Q

migration of ions with either + or - charge

A

Amphoteric

125
Q

zero net charge

A

Isoelectric point

125
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF MIGRATION in electrophoresis

A

Molecule size/shape
Net electric charge
Electric fluid strength
Nature of Supporting media

126
Q

Support media of Electophoresis

A

Paper
Starch gel
Cellulose acetate
Agarose gel
Polyacrylamide gel

127
Q

Other components of Electrophoretic System other than the support media

A

Electrophoretic chamber
Power supply

128
Q

To easily identify or visualize the bonds after migration

A

Stains

129
Q

Stains in Serum Protein Electrophoresis

A

Amido black
Ponceau S

130
Q

Stains in Lipoprotein Electrophoresis

A

Oil red O
Sudan Black
Fat red 7B

131
Q

Stains in CSF Protein/CHON electrophoresis

IT IS FOR DIAGNOSING?

A

Coomasie blue

multiple sclerosis

CLIN CHEM (12 decks)

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