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ENZYMES II Flashcards

1
Q

ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE/ AST [Also called as]
— transfer of amino group between aspartate and α-keto acids.

Coenzyme: _______________.

A

Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase/SGOT

Pyridoxal phosphate AST

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2
Q

AST ISOENZYMES
[2]
—No clinical significance in differentiation of the 2 as it is measured as a _________.

A

Cytoplasmic Isoenzyme
Mitochondrial Isoenzyme

whole
Total AST

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3
Q

TISSUE SOURCES
✔ Cardiac tissue
✔ Liver
✔ Skeletal muscle
✔ Small levels to kidneys, pancreas, RBC

A

AST

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4
Q

AMI IN AST
Rise:______
Peak: _______
Normalize: ______

A

6-8
12hrs-1day
5 days

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5
Q

AST [HIGHEST]: [3’

A

Acute Hepatobiliary disorder
Viral hepatitis
liver cirrhosis

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6
Q

__________: concentration will go as high as 100x the upper normal value of AST while 4x for _________.

A

Viral hepatitis

Liver cirrhosis

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7
Q

AST METHOD _______

[Reaction]
[False increase in]

A

Karmen Method

Aspartate + a-ketoglutarate –[AST]– glutamate + oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate + NADH + H –[MDH] – Malate + NAD

Hemolysis

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8
Q

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE/ALT
[Other Name]
— transfer of an amino group from alanine to a- ketoglutarate with the formation of _______ and ________.
[Reaction]

A

Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase/SGTPT

pyruvate
glutamate

ALT + a-ketoglutarate –[ALT]–> pyruvate + glutamic acid

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9
Q

ALT METHOD
[+ reaction]

A

Coupled Enzymatic Reaction
ALT + a-ketoglutarate –[ALT] – glutamate + pyruvate

Pyruvate + NADH+ H –[LD] – Lactate + NAD

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10
Q

Storage temperature and Days for AST and ALT

A

4C
3-4 days

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11
Q

TISSUE SOURCE: ✔ Liver

A

ALT

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12
Q

ALT

Good thing: HIGHER CONC= , elevated longer [as its half- life is ______hours during liver disorder]

A

16-24hrs

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13
Q

_____________
catalyze the HYDROLYSIS of various phosphomonoester at an alkaline pH.

Reaction catalyzed: SAME with ____________. function more on acidic pH

Its function is to LIBERATE _____________ from an _____________← with the concomitant production of an ___________

A

Alkaline Phosphatase/ALP

ACP

inorganic phosphate
organic phosphate ester

alcohol

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14
Q

ISOENZYMES
✔ Bone
✔ Liver
✔ Intestinal

A

ALP

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15
Q

􏰀 TISSUE SOURCES
✔ Bone
✔ Liver
✔ Intestine
✔ Placenta
✔ Small levels to kidney

A

Alkaline Phosphatase/ALP

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16
Q

✔ Bone isoenzymes ALP– high conc. is seen among children during their periods of _______. In adults, older than____ ← due to [2]
✔ Placental isoenzymes ALP– elevate during ______ weeks of ______.

A

growth
50
bone mineralization
osteoporosis

16-20 weeks
gestation

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17
Q

✔ [HIGHEST: Total ALP]: _____________
✔ [HIGHEST: Bone ALP]:
[2]

A

Obstructive jaundice

Paget’s disease
Osteitis deoformans

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18
Q

__________ : isoform of placental ALP
✔ __________ ALP- lungs, breast, ovaries, gynecological problem
✔ __________ ALP- adenocarcinoma of bile duct, pancreas, pleural cancer

A

Carcinoplacental ALP

Regan

Nagao

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19
Q

In Bower’s & Mccomb Method:
[INC]
✔ Osteitis deformans –___ ALP
✔ Osteomalacia –____ ALP
✔ Obstructive jaundice–___ ALP
✔ Rickets –____ ALP
✔ Bone CA –____ ALP
✔ Sprue –____ ALP
✔ Hepatitis/Cirrhosis –____ ALP
✔ Hyperparathyroidism–____ ALP

A

Bone
Bone
Liver
Bone
Bone
Intestinal
Liver
Liver

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20
Q

ALP is seperated by [3]

A

Electrophoresis
Heat Stability Test
Chemical Inhibition Test

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21
Q

Electrophoretic pattern for ALP
[cathode to anode]

A

Intestinal-Placental-Bone-Liver

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22
Q

Sometimes liver and bone ALP will have the same bonds since they are _______, to separate them we use ________.

A

co-migrators
Neuramidase

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23
Q

In the Heat Stability test of ALP, the serum will be subjected to ___C for ____mins.

Most heat stable: _______ ALP
Most heat labile: ______ ALP

A

56C
10-15mins

Placental
Bone

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24
Q

● 3 molar urea–inhibit ____ ALP
● Phenylalanine – inhibit ____ ALP
● Levamisole – inhibit ____ ALP

A

Placental
Placental, Intestinal
Bone

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25
Q

In the Bower’s & McComb Method of ALP:
[technique used]
Reaction:
________–[ALP]-> [2]

Reference value: ______U/L
__________: ALP Inhibitor

A

Continuous Monitoring Technique

P-nirtophenylphosphate
P-niitrophenol
Phosphate ion

30-90
Phosphorus

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26
Q

_________________
Same reaction with ALP but in acidic pH [_____pH]

A

Acid Phosphatase/ACP

5.0 pH

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27
Q

TISSUE SOURCES
MAJOR:
✔ Prostate/-gland

A

ACP

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28
Q

Minor tissue sources:
RBC, Plt, bone

A

ACP

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29
Q

[Enzyme] USES:
✔ Forensic chemistry
- ______ cases: vaginal washing is examine for ______ ACP, persist for [#] days.
-
✔ Cancer detection: __________

A

ACP

rape
seminal fluid
4

prostatic cancer

30
Q

METHOD:
SHINOWARA METHOD
[same with ALP]
— Special consideration on enzyme activity

31
Q

INHIBITORS:
__________inhibits Prostatic ACP
__________ inhibits Red cell ACP

A

L-tartrate
Cupric ion formaldehyde

32
Q

__________- ACP + tumor marker PSA

A

Prostatic CA

33
Q

Total ACP:
Prostatic ACP:

A

2.5 -11.7 U/L

0– 3.5 ng/ml

34
Q

Hydrolase; SMALLEST enzyme

A

Amylase/AMS

35
Q

􏰀 filtered by kidneys
— from the acinar cells of pancreas + salivary gland

36
Q

[+] urine

37
Q

it catalyzes the breakdown of starch and glycogen → helps in the carbs digestion

38
Q

􏰀 ISOENZYMES
✔ S-TYPE – ______ [location]
✔ P-TYPE – ______ [location]

A

Ptyalin
Salivary gland

Amylopsin
Pancreas

39
Q

􏰀 TISSUE SOURCES MAJOR:
✔salivary gland
✔pancreas
MINOR:
✔adipose tissue
✔small intestine
✔skeletal muscle
✔fallopian tube

40
Q

Acute pancreatitis in AMS
Rise: __________
Peak: __________
Normalize: __________

A

2-12hrs
1 day
3-5 days

41
Q

AMS conditions aside from Acute Pancreatitis [3]

_________ – inflammation of the parotid gland
_________- [INC] ← failure of it to be ________.

● ___________– abnormal form of AMY; bound to _____ → makes AMY a large molecule

A

Parotitis
Renal failure
excreted

Macroamylase
Ig

42
Q

To differentiate the AMS isoenzyme we can use __________

[Electrophoretic pattern]
[cathode to anode]

A

electrophoresis

Cathode← P type, S type → Anode

43
Q

__________
METHOD: INHIBITOR; WHEAT GERM LECTIN, TAG, SUBSTRATE

Inhibitors:
________ inhibits Salivary amylase
________ inhibits Serum amylase
________ inhibits Substrate

A

AMS

Wheat germ lectin
TAG
Starch

44
Q

AMS Reference value:

A

95-290 U/L

45
Q

Both amylase and lipase are
_________ markers

A

pancreatic

46
Q

􏰀 Measures the amount of reducing sugar produced by the hydrolysis of starch by the usual glucose methods.

􏰀 Classic reference method expressed in ______.

A

Saccharogenic

SU/Somogoyi Method

47
Q

􏰀 Measures AMS activity by following the decrease in the substrate concentration [degradation of the starch]

A

Amyloclastic

48
Q

Measures AMS activity by the [INC] color intensity of the soluble dye-substrate solution produced in the reaction.

A

Chromogenic

49
Q

Measures AMS activity by the continuous monitoring technique.

It make use of OTHER ENZYMES:
[3]

A

Coupled Enzyme

alpha-glucosidase
G-f
hexokinase

50
Q

— hydrolyzes the ester linkages of fats to produce alcohol + fatty acid.

✔ Pancreas specific> AMY

51
Q

TISSUE SOURCES:
MAJOR:
✔ acinar cells of the pancreas

52
Q

✔ LIPASE Acute Pancreatitis
Rise: _______
Peak: _______
Normalize: _______

A

6hrs
1 day
8-14 days

53
Q

Lipase is decreased when there is the degradation of acinar cells, resulting to disease: _________.

A

Chronic Hepatitis

54
Q

LPS METHOD OF DETRMINATION
✔ SUBSTRATE: [2]
✔ ADDITION OF +_______- method will be sensitive and specific for determination of ________.

A

Olive oil
Triolein

Colipase
Acute Pancreatitis

55
Q

LIPASE METHOD: ___________

-hydrolysis of [substrate] after incubation for ____ hours @____C & titration of fatty acids using ______.

TAG + H2O —[LPS]—> monoglyceride [alcohol] + fatty acids
􏰀 Reference value: _____ U/mL

A

Cherry Crandal Method

olive oil
24
37
NaOH

0-1.0

56
Q

Glycolytic enzyme that splits fructose-1,6-diphosphate → 2 triose phosphate molecules in the glucose metabolism

57
Q

ISOENZYMES of ALDOLASE [+ designations]

A

Aldolase A- skeletal muscle
Aldolase B- WBC, liver, kidney
Aldolase C- brain

58
Q
59
Q

marker for hepatobiliary disease

Reference value: ______ units

A

5’ Nucleotidase

0-1.6

60
Q

— catalyzes the transfer of glutamyl groups between peptides or amino acid through linkage at a gamma carboxyl group.

A

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase/GGT

61
Q

TISSUE SOURCES:
✔Liver [>]
✔Kidney
✔Prostate & pancreas

62
Q

􏰀 Sensitive indicator of alcoholism [esp. occult alcoholism] + acute alcohol hepatitis

63
Q

GGT is increased in certain medications/therapy [3]

A

Warfarin
Phenobarbital & Phenytoin therapy

64
Q

GGT METHOD: ______________

SUBSTRATE: ____________
Reference value:
✔ Female: ________
✔ Male: _______[> alcohol drinking]

A

Rosalki & Tarrow Method

Gamma Glutamyl P-Nitroanilide

5-30 U/L
6-45 U/L

65
Q

— Produce from liver parenchyma
— MARKER: Liver + insecticide/ pesticide poisoning [esp. Organophosphate] [DEC]

A

Cholinesterase/Pseudocholinesterase

66
Q

Cholinesterase/Pseudocholinesterase major marker [1] and its decreased values in certain conditions such as [2] [1 example]

A

Liver

insecticide poisoning
pesticide poisoning

organophosphate

67
Q

METHOD of Cholinesterase/Pseudocholinesterase: _______________

􏰀 Reference value:______pH uni

A

Ellman Techniques or Potentiometry

0.5-1.3

68
Q

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME [ACE]
AKA: [2]
— INDICATOR [DEC]: neuronal dysfunction: ____________
- Specimen: ____________

A

Peptidyl-dipeptidase
Kininase-2

Alzheimer’s disease

CSF

69
Q

Ceruloplasmin TISSUE SOURCES: [2]

A

Macrophage
Epitheloid cells

70
Q

􏰀 copper carrying protein —MARKER: hepatolenticular disease: Wilsons’ disease [DEC]

A

Ceruloplasmin

71
Q

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE
—- deficiency of this enzyme can lead to→ ________ [2 drugs]

Ref Value: ______U/g Hb

A

drug-induced HA

Primaquine
anti-malarial drug

10-15

CLIN CHEM (12 decks)

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