TR Models Flashcards
why TR models?
- Visual representation/blue print of TR
- Understand foundation & beliefs that support practice
- Framework for organizing service
- Guide for decision making
- Supported by theory - provides rationale for service
- Guides practice
- Tools to compare, evaluate and develop services based on theory and shared philosophy
similarities among models?
- Theoretical basis
- Continuum models vs. integrated models (linear vs systems approach)
- Conflict between self-determination and therapy
- Integration of health and leisure
what are key characteristics of leisure?
- Pleasurable in expectation, experience or recollection
- Engaging
- Competence
- Intrinsically motivated
- Optional in nature
- Autonomous
- Freedom
what is well-being?
- What does it mean to be living a ‘good life’?
- Well-being is internal and external
- 10 core capabilities (Nussbaum, 2006) that must be present for the ‘good life’, well-being, and overall human dignity
Core Capabilities = the bare minimum of what respect for human dignity requires – enable a sense of well-being and flourishing
Life: being able to live to the natural end of a human life
Bodily integrety: Being secure and safe, without fear of harm as one travels from place to place
Emotions: experiencing range of emotions
What things contribute to your well-being, the good life?
Health, happiness, QoL
Martha Nussbaum – capabilities approach
Internal (how well one is able to be and to achieve) & external (sources of well-being – public action & social policy)
what are core capabilities (Martha Nussbaum)?
- Life
- Being able to live to the natural end of a human life - Bodily health
- Being able to have good health and adequate nourishment - Bodily integrity
- Being secure, safe, without fear of harm as one travels from place to place - Senses, imagination, and thought
- Being able to think, reason, and imagine - Emotions
- Having opportunities to love and be loved, and to experience a broad range of emotions - Practical reason
- Being able to form an idea about goodness, and engage in critical reflection - Affiliation
- Being able to live and engage fully with others, with self-respect and non-discrimination - Other species
- Being able to live in a sustainable and respectful way with the natural world - Play
- Being able to enjoy recreational activities, to laugh, and to play - Control over one’s environment
- Being able to participate in the political process, to have material possessions, and to work in respected employment
what is quality of life?
- Degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of her/his life (University of Toronto Quality of Life Research Unit)
- Being – who you are
- > physical being (health, appearance, hygiene, nutrition, exercise)
- > psychological being (health, cognition, emotions, self perceptions)
- > spiritual being (values, standards, beliefs)
- Belonging – connections with your environment
- > physical belonging (home, work, neighborhood, community)
- > social belonging (family, friends, relationships)
- > community belonging (income, services, employment, education, recreation)
- Becoming – achieving personal goals, hopes & aspirations
- > practical becoming (domestic activities, paid work, school/volunteer activities, seeing to health/social needs)
- > leisure becoming (activities that promote relaxation and stress reduction)
- > growth becoming (maintenance and improvement of knowledge/skills, adapting to change)
what is the leisure ability model?
- One of the first models developed
- Based on the assumption that leisure is a basic human right and people encounter barriers to enjoyable leisure experiences
- Purpose of TR is to “facilitate the development, maintenance, and expression of an appropriate leisure lifestyle for individuals with physical, mental, emotional and social limitations”
- Appropriate leisure lifestyle: social skills; decision making ability; knowledge of leisure resources, attitudes, & behaviours; perception of choice; independence
Continuum model – move from less functional and unhealthy to more functional and healthy
Assumption that person has deficits that must be fixed in order to move toward health and QoL
what is self-determination and enjoyment enhancement model?
- Autonomy, ability to choose options, ability to adjust if only one option is available
- Control - fosters sense of interest & commitment
- Need to create environments that offer many options
- Assist participants to develop skills and confidence to make decisions, communicate preferences, set goals, and increase self-awareness
- Ultimate outcome is to cultivate enjoyment and functional improvement
Chapter calls Integrated Models
Ultimate outcome is the cultivation of enjoyment and functional improvement – strongly related
Theories – self-determination, flow, intrinsic motivation
Self-reinforcing cycle – more control leads to greater gains leads to more control, etc
Enjoyment + functional improvement = greater self-determination, which leads to greater challenges, and then greater self-determination, an so on.
Manageable challenge = flow
what is the optimizing lifelong health model?
-Grounded in developmental theory Supported by: ->health advancement ->reform in health & human service ->life course perspective -Components: ->Selection (of activities and goals) ->Optimizing (of personal and environmental resources) ->Compensating (for impaired abilities) ->Evaluation (of available options for effectiveness in promoting a valued leisure lifestyle)
Health advancement: behviours to prevent health risks, maintain/promote health, facilitate independence
Reform: Role in TR services is chancing due to change in clientele; transition from hospital setting to community; enhance the role of TR in the community
Life course: development leads to changing needs, resources, health status, and environments
Successful aging through selective optimization – participants make informed decisions either independently or interindepedently, to remain involved in values leisure activities
***Allows for flexibility—it contends that independence may not be realistic or desired!
*TR as an educator and facilitator
what is the cyclical model?
Cyclical model – focus on abilities of participants in their environment, participants make informed decisions in order to remain involved in valuable leisure activities.
*TRS – education and facilitation: TRS helps to adapt/modify for any impaired abilities
Leisure helps to enhance and maintain health
what is the leisure and well-being model?
Strengths-based approach: based on the key concepts of leisure, a strengths-based focus on resource development, well-being
Proximal goals (intermediate) – enhanced leisure experience and strengthened resources – contribute to wellbeing (**reciprocal rel’p)
Distal goals (ultimate goal) – positive affect and expression of one’s full potential – WELL-BEING Based on concept of leisure and well-being, strengths
3 parts – Components of TR Service (2 main areas: enhancing leisure experiences and developing resources),
Components of TR Service Delivery (5 ways to cultivate quality in leisure experiences: savoring leisure, authentic leisure, leisure gratifications, mindful leisure and virtuous leisure) Developing resources (internal resources – psychological, social, cognitive, physical) - Environmental Resources (next slide)
what is the developing resources?
4 Internal resources (about the individual)
Environmental: External to the individual
Summary: TRS focuses on participants’ strengths, interests, preferences, and abilities to develop resources and enhance leisure
TRS is a leisure educator, counselor, advocate, facilitator, skills trainer, coach
TWO AREAS of TR intervention according to this model: enhancing leisure experience and developing resources!!
what are the considerations in selecting a relevant TR model?
- Which model should you use in practice??
- Should consider the following questions (adapted from Mobily & Ostiguy, 2004):
1. Does it cover all essential components of TR services offered?
2. Is the model supported by theory relevant to your clients, agency mission, department goals?
3. Does it provide a blueprint to orient your clients and other professionals to TR services?
4. Does it help to educate the uninformed on the role of TR in your agency?
5. Does it support your agency/dept definition of TR services?
6. Does it address all domains covered by TR services?
7. Does it clearly identify your role as TRS?
8. Does it provide direction for services?
what are cultural considerations?
-Problematic culturally biased assumptions in TR Models (study by Dieser & Peregoy):
- Definition of ‘normal’ behaviour is accepted as universal
- Health and leisure universally recognized as the same and have the same meaning in all cultures
- Cultural history not necessary for understanding contemporary issues
- All people employ linear thinking to understand the world
- Emphasis on western values of independence and individualism
- Individuals (not communities) are the building blocks of society
- Many TR models do not include cross-cultural assumptions
NOTE: Some of the newer models that have emerged since address some of these issues!
