Activity Modification/TR Theory Flashcards
what are principles of activity modification?
- > Keep the activity as close to the original activity as possible.
- This allows clients to learn skills that could be transferable to inclusive settings
- > Modify only the aspects of the activity that need adapting.
- Ian individual with a cognitive disability may only need modifications to the rules
- > Individualize the modification
- Helps clients to reach individualized goals and objectives
- > Modifications should be as temporary as possible.
- Purpose is to help individual to build skills to assist them in participating in regular activity to fullest extent.
when making activity modifications, what are questions to ask yourself?
- What are the goals for the activity, session or client?
- Are appropriate facilities available?
- Is necessary equipment available?
- Are there enough participants for the activity?
- Are qualified staff available in sufficient numbers?
- Do clients have the physical skills necessary?
- Do clients have the cognitive skills necessary?
- Do clients have the social skills necessary?
- Do participants have the emotional skills necessary?
- Is the total modified activity appropriate & feasible to conduct?
- Does the activity still meet the goal and objective?
what is theory?
- A plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena
- The analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one another
- A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action
why is theory important?
-Guides the development of models of practice that guide our TR practice
-Framework that combines, organizes, and synthesizes concepts from a body of knowledge
-Provides a logical, scientific basis for explaining and predicting a phenomenon
-Basis for developing and testing new knowledge
to advance clinical practice
-Provide a conceptual base to plan interventions that promote change
what is deficits-based theory?
- individual problems
- root of problem, pathology,limitations
- nature of problem, pathology,limitations
- symptoms
- corrects, fixes, remedies
- learned helplessness
- professionals knowledge and expertise
what is strengths- based theory?
- individuals within context and environment
- capacity (Indiv & envir) for well-being
- nature of strengths, capacities, interests, talents and abilities
- pathways toward well-being
- facilitates potential, resilience, well-being and happiness
- learned optimism, empowerment
- empowers individual-knowledge and expertise
what is positive psychology? (seligman)
- Scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
- Belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and enhance their experiences of love, work, and play
what enables us to flourish?
- > Positive emotions and experiences
- Cultivating positive emotion enriches life and helps guide us through hard times
- > Positive individual traits
- Abilities, character strength, virtues
- > Positive relationships
- > Positive and enabling institutions
- Strengths that help build strong communities; justice, tolerance, leadership, democracy, teamwork, responsibility
*50% of happiness is determined genetically (‘baseline’), 10% life circumstances, 40% we control!
what are thinking and behaviour patterns of happy people?
- nurturing relationships with family & friends
- grateful, express gratitude
- offer help
- practice optimism
- present-focused, savour pleasures
- exercise regularly
- lifelong goals & ambitions
- when faced with adversity, cope with poise & inner strength
what are some TR theories?
- Learned helplessness
- Learned optimism
- Self-determination
- Self-efficacy
- Optimal arousal/incongruity
- Flow
- Leisure coping
- Normalization
- Social role valorization
what is learned helplessness and what does it result in?
-After experiencing failure, helplessness & hopelessness are learned
Results in:
- unwillingness to believe that behaviour makes a difference
- inability to perceive personal causation
- heightened emotions
what is the role of TR in learned helplessness?
enhance sense of control in leisure experiences - translates to life in general
(competence + choice = perceived control)
what is learned optimism?
- Can acquire cognitive skills that shift habitual pessimism toward optimism
- Thoughts influence feelings which influence behaviours
- Make permanent & universal explanations for good events; temporary & specific explanations for bad events
what is self-determination?
- perceive greater control = greater motivation, competency & autonomy
- more aware of values, beliefs & preferences
- leads to more full participation in life
- more likely to take responsibility for our choices & regulate our behaviour
- enhances self-worth & self-advocacy
what are the dimensions of self-determination?
- Autonomy
- Self-actualization
- Self-regulation
what is the process to self-determination?
- identify & express your needs, interests & abilities
- set expectations & goals to meet your needs & interests
- make choices & plans to meet your goals & expectations
- take action to complete your plans
- evaluate the result of your actions
- adjust your plans & actions to meet your goals more effectively
how can TR help with self-determination?
- Leisure participation helps to foster self-determination for people with disabilities
- choice in leisure activities
- opportunity to experience freedom of self-expression, creativity, and enjoyment
what is self-efficacy?
- people’s beliefs in their capabilities to perform in ways that give them control over events that affect their lives
- form the foundation of human agency
- unless people believe they can produce results by their actions, they have little incentive to act.
what are pathways to self-efficacy?
- > mastery experiences
- success in challenging situations
- > social modeling
- observing those similar to us performing skills/activities we wish to master (competent model)
- > social persuasion
- others convincing us that we could succeed
- > physical & emotional states
- When we feel bad, sense of self-efficacy goes down, and vice versa
how can TR help with self-efficacy?
Nurture sense of mastery:
- Place in situations where they could learn new skills and excel in chosen leisure/recreation activity
- Structure environment to support optimal learning
- Provide examples of similar people who have accomplished leisure goals that they aspire to
- Positive feedback/reinforcement
what are the 3 assumptions of optimal arousal?
- optimal arousal = pleasure
- ability to learn to maintain optimal arousal
- activity, not quiescence, is the normal state
how can TR help with optimal arousal?
leisure is the best way to manipulate environment for optimal arousal; divert attention from stress; evoke relaxation
what is flow?
intense experience:
- deeply absorbed; loss of sense of time; merging of action & awareness; focus on the task at hand
- exceptional moments – control, focused, entirely engaged
- when skills & abilities are challenged optimally (matched)- results in motivation to participate
- sense of personal growth – link with intangible forces e.g, joy, creativity, discovery, transcendence
what is leisure coping?
- reducing/eliminating negative demands of the situation
- increasing positive resources
what are coping strategies?
- > problem-focused coping
- adjust the situation - focus on internal or external
- e.g., problem solving, adjusting motivations, enhancing skills
- > emotion-focused coping
- adjust emotional response to the situation
- e.g. reappraisal, distraction, avoidance, acceptance
what is normalization?
- making available to all persons patterns of life and conditions of everyday living that are as close as possible as the regular circumstances and ways of life of their communities and culture
- person-centred – normalized, diversified, dispersed, citizen-controlled
*typical, usual, regular, common, everyday
what are culturally normative patterns?
- rhythm of the day
- rhythm of the week
- rhythm of the year
- experiences of the life cycle
- respect for the individual & right to self-determination
- sexual patterns of their culture
- economic patterns & rights of society
- environmental patterns & standards in the community
what is social role valourization?
- importance of valued social roles in order to increase social status & acceptance
- enhance social image or value as perceived by others
- enhance the person’s competencies & skills
what is social capital?
- connections among individuals
- social networks
- the norms of reciprocity & trustworthiness that arise from them
- value brought on by the relationship
