History of TR/Sensitive terminology Flashcards
what were the Most ancient civilizations held beliefs & practices of therapeutic activity?
- > Egyptian culture: treatment of ill included dances & concerts
- Pharaohs were entombed in the pyramids with board games and toys.
- > Greek culture: treatment of mental disorders included music, gymnastics, & dancing
- > Roman culture: physicians prescribed games that afforded relaxation to the body & mind
- Extensive system of therapeutic baths, spas, gyms
- > Roman empire used leisure and entertainment as crowd control- a happy people does not complain
- > Chinese culture: activities were used to divert patient’s attention from severe primary treatments
- tai chi (breathing and movements) was developed for sedentary older adults
TR in the Dark Ages 5th – 15th Century?
- The benefits of play and recreation were viewed as evil.
- The Roman emphasis on leisure is replaced with a Christian emphasis on work.
- This is a major setback for play and recreation…but the church could not eliminate all forms of play
TR in the Middle Ages?
- The Religious Model of Disability is the predominant model of the era.
- Disabilities were caused by God’s displeasure, evil spirits, witchcraft.
- Persons with Mental health problems were possessed by the devil.
- In some cases, individuals were seen as beyond human or angelic since their “suffering” mimicked Christ’s.
TR during the Renaissance (14th – 17th Century)?
- Began in the late middle ages
- Rebirth of the arts, play, and recreation
- Resurgence of literature, language, and educational reform
TR during the Enlightenment (17th and 18th Century)?
- Starts in Europe and transfers to America
- Reform of Society using reason
- Many ideas rooted in tradition and faith were challenged by science
- Advancement of knowledge through the scientific method
what did phillipe pinel do in the 19th century in France?
- Protested harsh conditions & treatment in psychiatric hospitals (asylums)
- Replaced dungeon like warehouses with more pleasant home like environments with gardens
- Trained staff to model healthy behaviours & to treat clients with patience and kindness
what was the nursing and hospital reformation in the 19th century?
Ideas of benefits of recreation/leisure are applied in health care settings in purposeful/organized way
what did Florence nightingale do?
- Observed patients left on cots in dreary hospital environment after treatment until they got better, or until they past away.
- Created Inkerman café which was a Recreation room and coffee house
what happened in the 19th century industrial revolution?
- Changed from being a land of self-sufficient farmers to one of interdependent factory workers
- Urban environment left many human needs unmet
- One of the only form of recreation was drinking at bars
- Immigration continued to soar…lack of housing & supportive resources
- Stress of trying to succeed or survive was considerable
- Alcoholism, insane asylums, & prison rates were growing
what did Jane Adams do?
- Used rec and leisure to improve health and well-being of marginalized individuals
- Creation of coffee shop similar to Nightingale’s café (community vs clinical
what was the voices for the reform?
- Belief that people’s fate was not only determined by heredity, but that environment & nurturance played a large role
- Belief that recreation could improve the human condition by providing nurturing, educational, & character-building experiences.
what is the Joseph lee and playground movement?
focused on potentials of recreation experiences & focused on need for trained recreation specialists to ensure potentials were achieved
what happened in ww1?
Founded Recreational Training School at the Hull House in Chicago
what was the hull house?
founded by Jane Adams and Ellen gates Starr.
-used to promote and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises as a means of advancing social and civic life in the industrial centre of Chicago.
what happened in ww2?
- influx of injury…increase in hospital recreation workers
- four week training in recreation leadership & learning on the job
- never before had so many hospital recreation workers -extended services to so many patients
- new adaptations of equipment & activities developed for people with physical disabilities
- physicians & psychologists exposed to use of recreation in the treatment process
- as the war ended, demand for recreation therapy programs grew, however efficacy was challenged
how did the Paralympics start?
from drastic number of injured war veterans following ww2.
- Rehabilitation sport evolved to recreational sport and then to competitive sport.
- Dr. Guttmann organized the first competition for wheelchair athletes “Stoke Mandeville Games”
- 16 injured servicemen and women who took part in archery
- These Games later became the Paralympic games which first took place in Rome, Italy in 1960 featuring 400 athletes from 23 countries
what was the Middle Ages religious model disability?
Caused by God’s displeasure, evil spirits, witchcraft, possession by the devil
what was the 18-19th century medical model of disability?
- Rationality and objectivity based on increase understanding of the human body
- Human worth determined by productivity and work value (profitability)
- Health is absence of disease
- Creation of insane asylums
what was the rights based model of disability?
- influenced by early leaders, increased attention-> gave a new voice to people with disabilities
- Shift from dependence to independence
- Lead to much legislation to give more freedoms
- Disabilities act in the US (1990)
- Canadian charter of human rights (1980)
what was the deinstitutionalization movement?
Move from traditional asylum to community-based housing which allowed individuals to capitalize on their abilities and contribute to society
what is the international classification of functioning(ICF)?
a framework for describing and organising information onfunctioningand disability. It provides a standard language and a conceptual basis for the definition and measurement of health and disability
definition of disability?
Restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or range considered normal for a human being.
- Reduction or deprivation of a skill or power as a result of and impairment.
definition of handicap?
-Disadvantage that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that id normal (depending on age, gender, social, cultural factors).
-An interaction between environmental conditions and the individual, not an inherent condition in the person.
Because an individual may be handicapped in one situation and not in another, it is inaccurate to label the person as ”handicapped”.
activity includes performance tasks of…
- learning & applying knowledge
- general tasks & demands
- communication
- mobility
- self-care
- domestic life
- interpersonal interactions/relationships
- leisure!
