TPP - OSPE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Myocardial Infarction: Confirmed with ECG
Sudden ischemic death of myocardial tissue, often due to thrombotic occlusion from (ATHEROSCLEROSIS) plaque rupture in a coronary vessel.
Complications:
- Heart Failure: damage to heart’s pumping ability.
- Arrhythmias: potentially life threatening.
- Cardiogenic Shock: Severe heart pump failure leading
to inadequate blood flow.
Rhabdomyolysis
Rapid dissolution of damaged skeletal muscle, causing the direct release of intracellular muscle components (myoglobin, creatine kinase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase, electrolytes) into the bloodstream.
Complications:
- AKI
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Electrolyte imbalances: hyperkalaemia,
hyperphosphatemia
Asthma
Chronic inflammation of respiratory lining, involving tightening of respiratory smooth muscles and episodes of bronchoconstriction/airway hyperresponsiveness. Mast cells release histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
IgE antibodies respond to certain triggers in the environment.
Complications:
- Inflamed bronchi
- Narrowed lumen, irritated and contracted muscles
worsen symptoms.
- Inflammation prompts excessive sputum production,
further blocking airways.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation
COPD is a progressive and permeant damage to the lung structure. Characterized by poorly reversible airflow obstruction and abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs. 2 TYPES: emphesema and chronich bronchitis
Complications:
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Lung cancer
- Susceptibility to respiratory infections.
- Increased risk of myocardial infarction/cardiovascular
disease
Blunt trauma
May result in internal or external haemorrhage depending on location and mechanism. Body has trouble clotting due to the amount of blood.
Complications:
- Severe Hypotension
- Hypovolemic shock
- Death
Penetrating trauma
Penetration: The object pierces the body, disrupting tissues, blood vessels, and organs in its path. Cavitation: Rapid movement of the penetrating object creates a temporary cavity, causing additional tissue damage.
Complications:
- Local Tissue Damage - entry site and along trajectory
- Vascular Injury & Haemorrhage - the size and location
of the injured vessels, significant bleeding may occur,
leading to hypovolemic shock
- Infection Risk: Contamination: introduces foreign
material into the body & microbial Invasion: Bacteria
from the environment or skin can enter deeper
tissues, leading to infection.
Appendicitis
Obstruction of appendiceal orifice leads to an increase in intraluminal and intramural pressure, resulting in small vessel occlusion and lymphatic stasis
Complications:
- appendix becomes ischemic and necrotic
- Bacterial infection - peritonitis
- Acidosis &
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to invasion of tissue by pathogens.
Dysregulation of the inflammatory mediator cascade leads to capillary integrity loss, maldistribution of microvascular blood flow, and nitric oxide production, causing organ injury and dysfunction.
Complications:
- Decreased oxygen delivery
- Impaired CO2 removal lead to acidosis.
Addisonian Crisis
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in response to stressors. CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). ACTH upregulates cortisol production in the adrenal cortex.
Complications:
- Postural hypotension, compensatory tachycardia,
and potential vascular collapse.
- Reduced renal perfusion leads to water retention,
and potassium leakage = hyperkalemia and metabolic
acidosis.
- Circulatory collapse impairs waste product excretion,
elevating blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels.
Cocaine Toxicity
CNS Stimulant - Binds and blocks monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonin) re-uptake transporters
Cocaine leads to vasoconstriction via stimulation of the alpha-adrenergic receptor of the coronary artery’s smooth muscle cells
Significantly increases myocardial oxygen requirements, heart rate, and cardiac output.
This in turn with it’s vasoconstrictive properties can result in cocaine-induced MI, and accelerated ischaemic heart disease
Heart Failure
Is the point by wich the heart cant supply enough blood to meet the body’s demand and blood backs up into the lungs
Systolic HF - ventricles cant pump hard enough during systole
Diastolic HF - ventricles cant fill endough during diastole
Conmplications:
- Pulmonary Oedema
- Death
Anaphylaxis
severe, life-threatening, generalised or systemic hypersensitivity reaction. This is characterised by rapidly developing life-threatening airway and/or breathing and/or circulation problems, usually associated with skin and mucosal changes.
