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ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 > TP8 Endocrine System > Flashcards

TP8 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of the endocrine system

A
  • Regulation of internal physiology
  • Co-ordinates embryonic development
  • Balance levels of minerals and nutrients to match demands
  • Stimulated growth of metabolism
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2
Q

Describe hormones

A
  • Chemical messengers
  • Work slow and overtime
  • travel via cardiovascular system to tissues/organs
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3
Q

List and describe the two types of cell communication

A
  • Direct signalling: cells connected by gap junctions
  • Indirect signalling: chemical messenger released - messenger binds with target cell
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4
Q

List the six different functional classifications of chemical messengers

A
  1. Paracrines
  2. Autocrines
  3. Cytokines
  4. Neurotransmitters
  5. Hormones
  6. Neurohormones
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5
Q

Describe paracrines (3 pts)

A
  • Made locally and act on a few adjacent cells in the same tissues or organs
  • Transmitted via extracellular fluid
  • Growth factors - transferred from cell to cell within a single tissue
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6
Q

Describe Autocrines (2pts)

A
  • Hormones produced and exerted effects on same cell
  • Secretory and target cells same
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7
Q

Describe cytokines (2 pts)

A
  • Referred to as immunohormones
  • Produced by non-gland cells
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8
Q

Describe hormones (4 pts)

A
  • Secreted from specialised endocrine glands
  • Transported via circulatory system
  • Long distances
  • Can be transported as either free hormones, or bound to carrier proteins
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9
Q

Describe neurohormones (5 pts)

A
  • Secreted by neurosecretory cells
  • Secreting cell responds to an electrical signal
  • Release neurohormones into the blood
  • Travel to the target cells
  • Different from ‘normal’ neurons - over a short distance
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10
Q

What does chemical structure determine?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic - influences mechanisms of synthesis, storage, transport, release and signal transductions

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11
Q

List five chemical classifications of messengers

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Eicosanoids
  3. Amino acid derivatives
  4. Proteins and peptides
  5. Amino acids
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12
Q

Describe steroids (4 pts)

A
  • Derived from lipids
  • Synthesised on demand
  • Long distance transport, bound to carrier proteins
  • Hydrophobic
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13
Q

Describe Eicosanoids (5 pts)

A
  • Derived from lipids
  • Hydrophobic
  • Synthesised via membrane phospholipids
  • Synthesised on demand, released immediately
  • Involved in inflammation
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14
Q

Describe amino acid derivatives

A
  • Derived from amino acids
  • Synthesised in cytosol
  • Most are hydrophilic
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15
Q

Describe proteins and peptides (3 pts)

A
  • Derived from glycoproteins, short polypeptides and small proteins
  • Bind to transmembrane receptors
  • Hydrophilic
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16
Q

Describe Amino acids

A
  • 4x amino acids = chemical messengers
    1. A-glutamate
    2. Aspartate
    3. Glycine
    4. GABA
  • Neurotransmitters in CNS
  • Transported in vesicles
  • Released by exocytosis
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17
Q

Describe the influencers in magnitude of response

A
  1. Messenger concentration
  2. Number receptors
  3. Affinity of receptors
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18
Q

Describe Agonist

A

Ligand bind to receptor = response

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19
Q

Describe Antagonist

A

Ligand bind to receptor = no response

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20
Q

List and describe the four types of receptors

A
  1. Intracellular: bind to hydrophobic ligands
  2. Ligand- gated ion channels: lead to changes in membrane potential
  3. Receptor enzymes: lead to changes in intracellular enzyme activity
  4. G-protein-coupled: activation of membrane bound G-proteins = change in cell activity
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21
Q

Describe G-protein-coupled receptors

A
  • Extracellular chemical messenger binds
  • Results in production of second messenger
  • Second messenger continues signal transduction intracellularly
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22
Q

Describe primary endocrine organs

A
  • Act to secrete hormones
  • Anterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals
23
Q

Describe secondary endocrine organs

A
  • Hormone secretion is secondary action
  • Heart, liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, skin, kidneys
24
Q

Describe the function of the anterior pituitary

A

Glandular

25
Q

Describe the function of the posterior pituitary

A

Neural

26
Q

Describe communication between hypothalamus and A. pituitary

A

Via Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

27
Q

Describe the posterior pituitary gland

A
  • Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei both have vasopressin and oxytocin producing neurons
  • Hormones synthesised in the hypothalamus
  • Stored in posterior pituitary
  • Released into systemic circulation on demand
28
Q

List the factors that influence hormone secretion

A
  • Level of hormone in the blood
  • Feedback regulation
  • Hormone interactions
29
Q

Describe feedback regulation

A
  • Provide communication between:
    • cells and tissues (sensors)
    • integrating centers
    • target tissues (effectors)
  • Allow homeostasis to be maintained!
30
Q

Describe negative feedback

A
  • Moderates response
  • Feeds back to decrease its own production
  • Promotes homeostasis
31
Q

Describe positive feedback

A
  • Amplifies response
  • Feeds back to increase its own production
  • Pushes system away from homeostasis
32
Q

Describe synergestic effect

A

Effects of hormones additive, combined effect greater than the individual

33
Q

Describe permissive effect

A
  • One hormone needed for another to produce an effect
34
Q

Describe integrative/additive effects

A
  • Hormones cause the same in target cell
  • Hormones don’t use same signal pathway
  • Response of target cell combinations of these hormones is additive
35
Q

List the influences of hormones

A
  • Morphological changes
  • Accelerate cell division/alter gene expression
  • Protein synthesis
  • Stimulation of smooth muscle contraction
  • Affect exocrine secretions
  • Control endocrine secretions
  • Regulate ion and water movement
  • Affect behaviour
36
Q

Describe factors that increase blood glucose

A
  • Glucose absorption from digestive tract
  • Hepatic glucose production:
    • Through glycogenolysis of stored glycogen
    • Through gluconeogenesis
37
Q

Describe factors that decrease blood glucose

A
  • Transport of glucose into cells:
    - For utilisation for energy production
    - For storage
    - as glycogen through glycogenesis
    - as triglycerides
  • Urinary excretion of glucose abnormally
38
Q

Describe the environment when fed

A

Increased:
- glucose oxidation
- glycogen synthesis
- fat synthesis
- protein synthesis

39
Q

Describe the environment when fasted

A

Increased:
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
- ketogenesis

40
Q

Describe the structure of the Adrenal gland

A
  • Small paired gland sitting on top of each kidney
  • Outer layer: cortex (80%)
  • Inner layer: medulla (20%)
41
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce

A
  • Lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol
  • Amine derivatives of tyrosine
42
Q

Describe the cortical steroid hormones ‘Glucocorticoids’

A
  • Primarily cortisol and corticosterone, which regulate an animals response to stress
  • Lipophilic
  • Rate of secretion = rate of synthesis
  • Poorly soluble in blood
  • Effects generally catabolic
43
Q

Describe the effects of cortisol secretion on adipose tissue

A

Lipolysis increases

44
Q

Describe the effects of cortisol secretion on muscle and other tissue

A
  • Protein breakdown increases
  • Protein synthesis decreases
45
Q

Describe the effects of cortisol secretion on liver

A

Gluconeogenesis increases

46
Q

Describe the cortical steroid hormones ‘Mineralocorticoids’

A
  • Primarily aldosterone
  • Regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
  • If there ISN’T sufficient mineralocorticoids
    • K+ extracellular fluid and blood increases
    • Na+ and Cl- decreases
    • Total vol extracellular fluid and blood
      decreases
  • Mineralocorticoids play key role in increasing extracellular fluid vol by increasing Na+ reabsorption
47
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce

A

Catecholamines

48
Q

Describe the structure of Catecholamines

A

80% adrenaline and 20% noradrenaline and less than 1% dopamine

49
Q

Describe the function of Catecholamines

A
  • Response for the immediate fight or flight response
    • Increase HR, BP, cardiac contractility
    • Dilation of pupils, airways, blood vessels in
      skeletal muscles
    • Increase cellular O2 consumption
    • Increase lipolysis, gluconeogenesis,
      glycogenolysis
50
Q

What do follicular cells produce?

A
  • Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
50
Q

Describe the thyroid

A

Functional unit: colloid (unique)
Parafollicular ‘C’ cells - calcitonin
Chief constituent of colloid is thyroglobulin Tg

51
Q

Describe the effects of thyroid hormones (6 pts)

A
  • Increase BMR
  • Decreases body weight
  • Increases cardiac output
  • Increases rate and depth of respiration
  • Influences skin and hair growth
  • Important for metamorphosis in amphibians
52
Q

Describe the structure of the parathyroid gland

A
  • Two paired smaller structures which sit on the posterior/dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is an important regulator of blood calcium levels

ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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