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ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 > TP4 Skeletal System > Flashcards

TP4 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Support: major support tissue of the body and weight bearing
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage: minerals
  • Blood cell production
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2
Q

List the parts of the skeletal system

A
  • Bones
  • Joints
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments (bone to bone)
  • Tendons (muscle to bone)
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3
Q

Name the five types of bones

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Specialised bones
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4
Q

List the structures of the Axial skeletal division

A
  1. Skull
  2. Vertebral column
  3. Sternum
  4. Ribs
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5
Q

List the structures of the Appendicular skeletal division

A
  1. Scapula/pelvis
  2. Humerus/femur
  3. Radius + Ulna/Tibia + Fibula
  4. Carpus/Tarsus
  5. Metacarpals/Metatarsals
  6. Phalanges/digits
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6
Q

Describe the two bones of the skull

A

Cranium: provide protection to the brain
Facial bones: provide a location and protection for the organs of the special senses

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7
Q

What bones make up the cervical, axial skeleton division and what are the functions?

A
  • Neck bones
  • C1 Atlas (free movement of head)
  • C2 Axis (spinal cord protection)
  • Atlanto - occipital joint
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8
Q

Describe the roles of the ribs and sternum

A
  • Limits and provides protection for the thoracic viscera
  • Assists in respiration and blood flow
  • Attachment for the costal cartilages and bony origin for pectorals
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9
Q

Describe the parts of the vertebral axial skeleton

A
  • Cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L), sacral (S), caudal (Cd)
  • Species specific vertebral formulae
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10
Q

Describe cervical vertebrae shape

A
  • Cervical vertebrae: well developed articular process - help with neck movement
  • Atlas: C1 - no spinous process, articulates with the skull
  • Axis: C2 - articulates with the atlas in a pivot joint
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11
Q

Describe the thoracic, lumbar, sacral & caudal vertebrae shape

A
  • Thoracic vertebrae: well developed spinous process & articular facets for the ribs
  • Lumbar vertebrae: large, flat transverse process, more robust articular processes
  • Sacral vertebrae: fused to form a single, wedged shaped bone (sacrum)
  • Caudal vertebrae: from the bony basis of the tail
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12
Q

What makes the appendicular skeleton

A
  • The appendages
  • Bones of the front (thoracic) & hind (pelvic) limbs
  • The pectoral girdle (shoulder) & pelvic girdle (pelvis)
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13
Q

Describe the location of the digits

A

Region of the limb below metacarpo phalangeal joint

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14
Q

Describe the compact/dense/cortical bone

A

Hard layer covering most bones, forms shaft of long bones

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15
Q

Describe Cancellous (spongy) bone

A

Composed of spicules arranged to form porous network
Spaces usually filled with red marrow

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16
Q

Describe the Organic component of the matrix

A
  • 30-40% of matrix
  • Type I collagen
  • Glycoproteins
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17
Q

Describe the medullary (marrow) cavity

A
  • Space surrounded by cortex of a long bone
  • Filled with red marrow in young animals
  • Replaced by fatty, yellow marrow as animal ages
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18
Q

Describe the Inorganic component of the matrix

A
  • 60-70%
  • Minerals: hydroxyapatite crystals
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18
Q

Describe the Gross Anatomical Structures of long bones

A
  • Epiphysis
  • Diaphysis
  • Metaphysis
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
  • Epiphyseal plate/growth plate
  • Articular cartilage
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19
Q

Describe the Gross Anatomical Structures of flat bones

A
  • External and internal surfaces composed of compact bone
  • Middle layer of spongy bone
  • Contains bone marrow between the trabeculae but no marrow cavity
  • Some sutures not fully fused until after birth
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20
Q

Describe microscopic bone structure

A

Look at diagram in book

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21
Q

Describe Osteocytes

A
  • Mature bone cells: account for most of the cell population
  • Cant divide
  • Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
  • Involved in bone repair
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22
Q

Describe Osteoblasts

A
  • Bone Formation
  • Produce new bone matrix by making & releasing proteins and organic components
  • Assists in elevating local conc. of calcium, phosphate, promoting Ca deposition
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22
Q

Describe Osteoclasts

A
  • Bone resorption
  • Cells that remove & recycle bone matrix
  • Release stored minerals
  • Important in Ca & PO4 regulation
23
Q

Describe the structures of cartilage

A
  • Cells embedded in extracellular matrix
  • Matrix: H2O, Collagen, proteoglycans
  • Avascular - no nerve or lymphatic supply
24
Q

Describe the function of cartilage

A
  • Structural support
  • Sliding area for joints
  • Allows growth in long bones
25
Q

List the types of cartilage and their location

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage: provisional embryo skeleton, part of epiphyseal growth plates, lines articular joint, respiratory airway walls.
  2. Elastic Cartilage: Auricle of ear, epiglottis and Eustachian tube.
  3. Fibrocartilage: attaches bone to tendon, menisci of synovial and vertebral discs
26
Q

Describe the different classifications for joints.

A
  1. Fixed: Axial skeleton, most are fibrous joints
  2. Semi-moveable: Axial skeleton
  3. Moveable: Predominate in limbs and lined with articular cartilage
26
Q

Describe Fibrous joints

A

Connected by dense connective tissue: mainly collagen
Fixed/immovable: do not have a joint cavity

27
Q

Describe Cartilaginous joints

A

United by cartilage, no intervening joint cavity

28
Q

Describe synovial Joints

A

Bones separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid - lubricant and nutrients

28
Q

Describe the two types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. Synchondroses: immovable
  2. Symphyses: flattened discs of fibrocartilage between bones
29
Q

Describe the parts of a synovial joint

A
  • Synovial membrane: lines the cavity, sensitive and supplied with blood vessels
  • Articular cartilage: covers the surface between the attachment of the joint capsule and the end of each bone
  • Fibrous membrane: surrounds capsule and attaches bones on either side, so the movement on joint are limited
30
Q

Describe the types of joint movement

A
  1. Gliding: Intercarpal & intertarsal joints, vertebrocostal joints
  2. Hinge: move only in the sagittal plane
  3. Pivot: atlas/axis, proximal radioulnar joint
  4. Condylar joint: flexion-extension & rotation
  5. Ellipsoidal: radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints
  6. Saddle: 1st carpometacarpal joint, distal interphalangeal joint
  7. Ball & Socket: Shoulder, hip
30
Q

Describe tendons

A
  • Join muscle to bone
  • Pull bone to flex joints
  • Have little stretch
  • Made of collagen and ground substance
    • Ground substances = proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans
    • Higher % collagen
    • Lower H2O and proteoglycans
31
Q

Describe the structure of tendons

A

densely packed collagen, more parallel -> Cells in parallel lines

31
Q

Describe ligaments

A
  • Join bone to bone
  • Stabilise bones
  • Stretchy
  • Made of collagen and ground substance
    • Ground substances = proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans
    • Lower % collagen
    • Higher H2O and proteoglycans
32
Q

Describe the structure of ligaments

A

densely packed collagen , not totally parallel -> Cells more scattered

33
Q

What are the three bones of the stifle joint

A

Femur, tibia, patella

34
Q

Describe the features of the synovial joint

A
  • Capsule: lined by synoviocytes
  • Filled with synovial fluid
  • Articular cartilage on the surface of the bones
    AND…
  • 2x Menisci
  • Cartilage pads between the femur and tibia
  • Ligaments: patella and collateral
    inside the joint -> cruciate ligaments
35
Q

Describe the horse stifle

A

Femur - medial epicondyle is large and has a depression above it, forming a hook
Medial patellar ligament thick and robust
->uses muscles to hook patellar ligament in grove - ‘locks’ the stifle

36
Q

Describe the key features of claws

A

cuticle: hard keratin, no nerves
live dermis: under keratin cuticle, painful if damaged
- Protects end of toe
- Used for: grooming, grasping, digging, defence

37
Q

Describe the key role of hooves

A
  • Protects the toe
  • Used for: walking/weight bearing
38
Q

Describe the key features of external of hooves

A

Hoof wall: made of keratin, 3x layers
Sole, heal, toe
coronary band: junction between skin and horn of hoof wall
Frog: spongy triangle shaped tissue in sole
White line: junction between wall and sole

39
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification

A
  • Bone formed directly into connective tissue
  • Formation of ossification center
  • Calcification
  • Formation of trabeculae
  • Development of periosteum
39
Q

Describe the key features of internal of hooves

A

Tendons: extensor and flexor
Bones: middle and distal phalanx, distal sesamoids
Fat pad: under heel
Laminae/lamellae: interdigitating tissue - holds hoof horn of the wall to underneath bone

40
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A
  1. Development of cartilage model
  2. Growth of cartilage model
  3. Development of primary ossification center
  4. Development of secondary ossification center
  5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
41
Q

Describe the process of bone growth in length

A

Chondrocytes produce new cartilage in epiphyseal plate ->epiphyseal plate widens = bone lengthens -> chondrocytes die -> osteoblasts replace chondrocytes & lay down bone

42
Q

Describe the role of Growth hormone in bone growth

A
  • Stimulates release of IGF-1
  • IGF-1 stimulates chondrocyte proliferation = bone length
42
Q

Describe the process of bone growth in width

A
  • New bone deposited on outer surface of bone
  • Osteoclasts in endosteum dissolve bone in center = bone enlarges
43
Q

Describe the role of Sex hormones during puberty and bone growth

A
  • Causes increased growth during puberty
  • Causes epiphyseal plate to close so no more growth
44
Q

Describe the role of Thyroxine hormone in bone growth

A

Required for skeletal mineralisation

45
Q

Describe the role of bone morphogenic proteins in bone growth

A
  • Embryonic development of skeleton
  • Intramembranous ossification
46
Q

List other important factors of bone metabolism

A
  • Environment: Vitamin D deficiency
  • Diet: Vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, oxalate containing pastures
  • Mechanical load: body mass/exercise = increased bone density
47
Q

Explain the role of Ca homeostasis and bone

A

Contains 99% body’s Ca & 85% of Phosphate
- stored as hydroxyapatite
- forms Ca reserve

48
Q

List the three major hormones in Ca homeostasis and bone

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  2. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
  3. Calcitonin (CT)
49
Q

Describe the response to low blood [Ca2+]

A

PTH secretion!!!
- stimulates osteoclast activity
- decreases Ca2+ excretion from kidneys
- increase intestinal absorption of Ca2+

50
Q

Describe the response to high blood [Ca2+]

A

Calcitonin secretion!
- Inhibits osteoclast activity
- increases Ca2+ excretion from kidneys

ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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