Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 > TP7 Respiratory System > Flashcards

TP7 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of the respiratory system (7 pts)

A
  1. Gas Exchange!! - O2 inspired, CO2 expired
  2. Temp regulation
  3. pH balance
  4. Elimination of water
  5. Removal of other wastes
  6. Phonation (speaking)
  7. Olfaction (nasal cavity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the components of the upper respiratory tract (5 pts)

A
  1. Nostrils
    2.Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx (voice box)
  4. Trachea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the components of the lower respiratory tract (2 pts)

A
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Nares/Nostrils

A
  • External openings of the airways
  • In most species:
    - Is soft, pliable and easily dilated
    - Supported by cartilage
  • In pigs:
    - Rigid nostrils for digging
    - Contain bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the nasal cavity

A
  • Separated by hard and soft palates
  • Palate is divided into bony hard palate rostrally and fleshy soft palate caudally
  • Divided into left and right by nasal septum
  • Moisten and warms air entering lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the location and function of the olfactory nerve

A
  • Sense of smell originates from sensory ending of olfactory nerve
  • Found in caudal area of the nasal cavity on conchal extensions of the bones in the front of the cranium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the three major conchae

A
  1. Dorsal conchae
  2. Ventral conchae
  3. Ethmoidal conchae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure and function of nasal conchae

A
  • Cartilaginous/slightly ossified scrolls
  • Make inspired air more turbulent
  • Increase S.A. in nasal cavity
  • Airspace in nasal cavity partitioned by conchae into nasal meatuses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the function and location of the pharynx

A
  • Located at the back of the throat
  • common passage for food and air
  • Soft palate separates entrance of mouth and nasal cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the structure and function of Paranasal sinuses

A
  • Air filled spaces within skull bones that connect with the nasal cavity via narrow openings
  • Prone to blockage if mucosa is inflamed or thickened
  • Each sinus located below the bone of the same name in the skull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the common paranasal sinuses in all farm animals

A
  • Maxillary sinus
  • Frontal sinus
  • Palatine sinus
  • Sphenoid sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the structure and location of the Pharynx

A
  • Common passage for food and air
  • Soft palate separates the entrance of the mouth and nasal passages
  • Located at the back of the throat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the structure and location of the Larynx

A
  • Connects between pharynx and trachea
  • Made up of five interconnected cartilages
    • Epiglottis
    • Thyroid
    • Arytenoid
    • Cricoid
  • Allows only gases to lower respiratory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the structure of the epiglottis

A
  • Ensures only gases can pass into deeper regions of the respiratory tract
  • epiglottis covers laryngeal opening when food is swallowed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the parts of the Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Lobes
  • Bronchi: branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi in lungs
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli: Increases S.A. available for gaseous exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the Trachea

A
  • Incomplete cartilage rings connected dorsally by a muscle
  • Bifurcates to become two bronchi
  • Mucous membrane lining ciliated
  • Mucociliary transport system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the bronchi

A
  • Incomplete cartilage rings
  • Smooth muscles in walls - contraction = constricted airways
  • Primary bronchi divides, forming secondary bronchi which further divide into tertiary bronchi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe bronchioles

A
  • Tertiary bronchus branches to form bronchioles
  • No supportive cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the role of terminal and respiratory bronchioles

A

Terminal bronchioles marks the end of the conducting zone and the respiratory bronchioles marks the beginning of the respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the roles of the alveoli

A
  • Increase S.A. available for gas exchange between inspired air and blood
  • Blood capillaries close to alveoli wall - allows gas exchange to take place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List and describe the two types of alveolar epithelial cells

A
  • Type I alveolar epithelial cells: exchange gases
  • Type II alveolar cells: secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe respiratory membrane

A
  • Close association of capillaries to alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the Pleura

A
  • Serous membrane covering lungs and inside thorax
  • Facilitates movement of lung during breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the two layers of the pleura

A
  1. Parietal pleura: pleural sac attached to the wall
  2. Visceral pleura: pleural sac attached to the lung
    - space between layers is the interpleural space filled with fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the structure of the Lungs

A
  • Divided into left and right
  • Each lung divided into lobes by fissures
  • Soft, spongy texture
  • Float in water (foetal lungs dont)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List the sections of the right lung

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Middle
  3. Caudal
  4. Accessory
25
Q

List the sections of the left lung

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Caudal
26
Q

Describe the structure of the diaphragm

A
  • Musculotendinous division between thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • Dome shaped
27
Q

List the parts of the conducting zone

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
28
Q

List the parts of the respiratory zone

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
29
Q

Outline the functions of the conducting zone

A
  • Passages for air to enter respiratory zone
  • air warmed and humidified
  • immune protection
  • goblet cells secrete mucous
  • ciliated cells move trapped particles in mucous out of lungs
30
Q

Outline the functions of the respiratory zone

A
  • Increase S.A.
  • Decrease thickness of epithelial wall
  • No cilia or goblet cells
31
Q

Describe pulmonary ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of lungs

32
Q

Describe atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A
  • Pressure of outside air
  • Normally 760mmHg at sea level
  • All other lung pressures expressed relative to atmospheric pressure
33
Q

Describe Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)

A
  • Air pressure within alveoli
  • At rest, is equivalent to Patm (therefore 0mmHg)
  • Varies during phases of ventilation
  • Pressure gradient due to difference between Palva and Patm
34
Q

Describe intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A
  • Pressure inside pleural space - around 4mmHg at rest
  • Always less than Palv and always -ve during normal breathing
34
Q

Describe how a collapsed lung occurs

A
  • Pleural space breaks -> -ve Pip lost = lung recoils and collapses
35
Q

Describe respiratory pressures

A
  • Air moves down pressure gradient
  • Inspiration: pressure in alveoli < atmospheric pressure = air moves in
  • Expiration: pressure in alveoli > atmospheric pressure = air moves out
36
Q

Describe Boyle’s Law

A

For a given quantity of gas, in a container at a constant temp, the pressure is inversely related to the volume of the container.
Therefore:
- Decrease vol = increase pressure
- Increase vol = decrease pressure

37
Q

Describe Inspiration

A
  • Active process - requires energy
  • Enlargement of thorax and lungs
  • Diaphragm contracts and is pulled down and intercoastal muscles contract
    = CHEST ENLARGEMENT
38
Q

Describe Expiration

A
  • Passive process
  • Decrease in size of thorax and lungs
  • Relaxation of diaphragm and intercoastal muscles
    = CHEST VOL DECREASES
39
Q

Describe the gas exchange between blood and tissues

A
  • Follows pressure gradient
  • PO2 in blood > PO2 in tissues = O2 diffuses from blood into peripheral tissues
  • PCO2 in tissues > PCO2 in blood = CO2 moves out of tissues into blood
40
Q

Where does Oxygen transport occur

A

In blood in alveolar capillaries

41
Q

Write the equation for carbon dioxide transport

A

CO2 + H20 <–> H2CO3 <–> H+ + HCO3-

42
Q

Describe carbon dioxide transport in tissues

A
  • Bicarbonate ions form in RBC with the help of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase
  • CO2 travels primarily as bicarbonate ions in the bloodstream
43
Q

Describe carbon dioxide transport in the lungs

A

Once it reaches the lungs, CO2 diffuses down pressure gradient from blood in pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli for exhalation
- Causes bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in RBC’s to combine, forming carbonic acid, which is converted into CO2 and H2O
- Hydration reaction drives to the left!

44
Q

How are lung volumes and capacities measured?

A

A technique called spirometry

45
Q

Describe Tidal volume (VT)

A

Volume of air that moves into and out of lungs during a single, unforced breath

46
Q

Describe Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Max vol of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration

47
Q

Describe Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Max vol of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration

48
Q

Describe Residual Volume (RV)

A

Volume of air remaining in lungs after max expiration due to -ve intrapleural pressure

49
Q

Describe Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

Max vol of air that can be inspired at the end of a resting expiration
IC = VT + IRV

50
Q

Describe Vital capacity (VC)

A

Max vol air that can be expired following max inspiration
VC = VT + IRV + ERV

51
Q

Describe Total Lung Capacity

A

Vol of air in lungs at the end of max inspiration
TCL = VT + IRV + ERV + RV

52
Q

How is respiration controlled?

A
  • Controlled by the Respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain stem
  • Chemoreceptors detect chemical signals
53
Q

Describe the following Pathological conditions:

A
  • Hypoxia/Hyperoxia: lower/higher O2 than normal in blood
  • Hypocapnia/Hypercapnia: lower/higher CO2 than normal in blood
  • Emphysema: air sacs in lungs damaged and enlarged
  • Pneumonia: lung inflammation due to bacterial/viral infection
  • Anorexia: No oxygen
  • Bronchitis: Infection/inflammation of bronchi
54
Q

List the differences between avian and mammalian respiratory systems (6 pts)

A
  • No blind ended alveoli
  • Has conducting passages that eventually become tiny one-way passages, parabronchi
  • Lungs aren’t divided into lobes
  • No diaphragm
  • Air capillaries open off walls of each parabronchus
  • Larger S.A.:V ratio in avian
55
Q

Describe the features of fish respiratory systems

A
  • Ventilation unidirectional
  • Water enters buccal cavity through the mouth, passes over row of gills and exits
56
Q
A
57
Q

Describe the structure of fish respiratory system (4 pts)

A
  • Gill opening covered by operculum
  • Gills consist of bony or cartilaginous stiffened arches - anchor pairs of gill filaments
  • Lamellae are site of gas exchange
  • Dense capillary beds
58
Q

Describe the respiratory system of turtles

A
  • Rib cage fused to shell
  • Aquatic turtles: mucous membranes lining inside of mouth capable of extracting O2 from water
58
Q

Describe the respiratory system of snakes and lizards

A
  • Use intercoastal muscles to ventilate lungs
  • Some sea snakes use skin of respiration when submerged
  • Trachea, bronchi, lungs, air sac
  • No diaphragm
59
Q

Describe the respiratory system of crocodiles

A
  • Connective tissues hepatic septum attached to liver; paired diaphragmaticus muscles
  • Muscle anchored to pubic bone - pulls down lungs and expands them
  • No diaphragm

ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions