Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 > TP5 Nervous System > Flashcards

TP5 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the two components of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
- Sensory and motor nervous system
- Nerve fibres extending to other parts of body
- Afferent (sensory) division - carries info from sensors to CNS
- Efferent (motor) division - transmits info from CNS to effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe somatic and autonomic subdivisions of the nervous systems

A
  • Subdivisions of motor neurons
  • Somatic controls voluntary movements
  • Autonomic controls involuntary movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the functions of the nervous system

A
  • Co-ordination of physical activity (homeostasis and locomotion)
  • Interpret information gathered by the sensory system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  • Subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic division controls fight or flight
  • Parasympathetic division controls rest or digest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the typical structure of a neuron

A
  • Excitable cells - transmit electrical signals. Produce and conduct electrochemical impulses.
  • Release chemical regulators
  • Cannot divide by mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of the cell body of a neuron

A

Controls metabolism of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Description of the terminals

A

End of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Description and function of the dendrites

A
  • Conducts electrical impulses towards the cell body
  • Collects info from cells, passes to cell body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Description and function of the terminal branches

A
  • Branches of the axon
  • Carry impulses to synaptic knobs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Description and function of the axon

A
  • Conducts impulse away from cell body
  • Carry impulses away from cell body over long distances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Description and function of the Nissl body

A
  • Rough ER
  • Processes proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Description and function of the Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • Myelin-free gaps between the Schwann cells
  • Allows rapid conduction of impulses - forces them to jump
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Description and function of the Axon hillock

A
  • Where axon starts
  • Start of axon potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Description and function of the Schwann cell

A
  • Glial cell covering the axon
  • Inner layer forms myelin sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of the myelin sheath

A

Insulation prevents distortion of impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the different neuron structure classifications

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Bipolar neurons
  3. Pseudounipolar
  4. Multipolar (most common)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the different neuron functional classifications

A
  1. Sensory (afferent): Transmits impulses towards the CNS
  2. Motor (efferent): carry impulses away from CNS
  3. Interneurons: shuttle signals through CNS pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe afferent neurons

A
  • sensory receptor - at peripheral end
  • peripheral axon - extends sensory receptor to cell body
  • cell body - in dorsal root ganglion outside CNS
  • central axon - extends from cell body to spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe efferent neurons

A
  • Dendrites and cell body in CNS
  • Axon - projects to effector organ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe interneurons

A
  • Lie entirely within the CNS
  • Integration of peripheral responses to peripheral information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe glial cells

A
  • Connective tissue of the CNS
  • Do not initiate or conduct nerve impulses
  • Maintain composition of the ECF environment surrounding neurons
  • Important in learning and memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List and describe the four types of glial cells

A
  • Astrocytes: support neurons
  • Oligodendrocytes: myelin sheaths
  • Ependymal cells: form cerebrospinal fluid
  • Microglia: immune defense of CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe polarization

A

Charges are separated across plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe depolarisation

A

Membrane less -ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe repolarisation

A

Membrane returns to resting potential after being depolarised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe hyperpolarisation

A

Membrane is more -ve than resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the conditions during resting membrane potential

A
  • Plasma membrane polarised - more +ve ions outside than inside - maintained by Na+/K+ pump
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the value of a resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the conditions of a cell/nerve at rest

A
  • Membrane relatively impermeable to ions: Na+/K+ will not freely diffuse
30
Q

Describe the conditions of a cell/nerve at stimulation

A
  • Ion channels open = ions move = influx of Na+
31
Q

Describe an action potential

A
  • Occur due to movement
  • Brief and rapid
  • threshold potential not reached = no action potential
32
Q

List the steps in an AP

A
  1. Depolarisation
  2. Repolarisation
  3. Hyperpolarisation
  4. Return to rest
33
Q

What determines the rate of impulse propagation

A
  • Axon diameter: larger = faster
  • Presence of myelin sheath = faster
34
Q

Describe the two types of conduction

A
  1. Contiguous conduction: neurotransmission of action potentials along unmyelinated fibres
  2. Saltatory conduction: current jumps from node to node
35
Q

Describe pre and post synaptic neurons

A
  • Pre-synaptic neuron: conducts impulses towards synapse
  • Post-synaptic neuron: transmits impulses away from synapse
36
Q

List the two types of transmission signals

A
  1. Electrical: direct
  2. Chemical: indirect (much slower)
37
Q

Describe the GABA neurotransmitter

A
  • Gamma aminobutyric acid
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
  • opens CL- channels, Indirectly opens K+ and blocks Ca2+ channels
38
Q

Describe the Glutamate neurotransmitter

A
  • Excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
  • learning and memory
39
Q

Describe acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • Fast excitatory neurotransmitter
  • Released in the PNS (neuromuscular junction) and CNS (synapses in the brain/spinal cord)
40
Q

List some of the most common neuropeptides

A
  • Catecholamines: dopamine and noradrenaline/adrenaline
  • Indolamines: serotonin and histamine
41
Q

List the major subdivisions and components of the brain

A
  • Brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum
  • Forebrain: hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, cerebellum
42
Q

List and describe the structures protecting the CNS

A
  • Bony structures: cranium and vertebral column
  • Meninges: 3x membrane between brain and nervous tissue
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Blood-brain barrier: junctions between capillary endothelial cells
43
Q

List the three meninges

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
44
Q

Describe cerebral ventricles

A
  • Spaces within the brain: connected and continuous with the spinal cord
45
Q

Describe the role of CSF

A
  • Shock absorption / mechanical trauma
  • Exchange of materials between neural cells and ISF
46
Q

Describe the role of the BBB

A
  • Highly selective - exchanges across capillaries in brain strictly regulated and limited
  • BBB acts to limit exchange
47
Q

Describe White matter in the brain

A
  • dense collections of myelinated fibres
48
Q

Describe Grey matter in the brain

A
  • mostly cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated fibres
49
Q

List the four main lobes of the cerebrum and their functions

A
  1. Frontal: voluntary motor activity, planning, reasoning
  2. Parietal: receives and integrates sensory information, movement
  3. Temporal: hearing, smell, learning, memory
  4. Occipital: visual center
50
Q

Describe the roles of the Sulci and gyri

A

The sulci and gyri are the grooves and folds in the brain increasing the S.A. in mammals

51
Q

Describe the inner and outer layer of the cerebrum

A

Inner layer consists of the basal nuclei/cerebral medulla
Outer layer - cerebral cortex consists of three functional types of cortexes: motor, sensory, association

52
Q

List the regions of the brain involved with the control of movement, memory formation, storage and emotion

A

Frontal lobe and temporal lobe

53
Q

List the regions of the brain involved with receiving information

A

Primary motor cortex and somato-sensory

54
Q

Describe the role of the Thalamus

A
  • Relaying and processing/filtering sensory information
  • Role in motor control
  • Acts as filter for info
55
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates many homeostatic functions:
    • temp, thirst, urine, food intake
    • links nervous and endocrine systems
    • involved in emotion and behaviour
  • Sleep and emotions
56
Q

Describe the role of the cerebellum

A
  • coordinating and modulating motor commands
    • balance
    • posture
    • co-ordination and planning skilled voluntary
      muscle activity
  • Posture and balance
57
Q

Where do cranial nerves come from?

A

Cranial nerves come directly from the brain

58
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs - 2x from forebrain and 10x from mid/hind brain

59
Q

List the different cranial nerves

A
  • Olfactory: smell (sensory)
  • Optic: vision
  • Oculomotor: Eye movement (motor)
  • Trochlear: Eye movement (motor)
  • Trigeminal: Mastication, speech, facial sensation (both)
  • Abducens: Eye movement (motor)
  • Facial: Facial movements (both)
  • Vestibulocochlear: Hearing and balance (sensory)
  • Glossopharyngeal: swallowing, muscles and taste (both)
  • Vagus: motor control (both)
  • Accessory: head, shoulders and neck movement (motor)
  • Hypoglossal: Tongue movement (motor movement)
60
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

Within the spinal canal of the vertebral column

61
Q

Describe the structure of the end of the spinal cord

A

Spinal cord ends in lumbar region and fans out

62
Q

Describe the structure of the epidural space

A

Meninges, like in the brain but dura mater not fused to bone

63
Q

Describe the grey matter of the spinal cord

A
  • “Horns”
  • Dorsal: interneuron cell bodies
  • Ventral: motor neuron cell bodies
  • Lateral: autonomic nervous system
64
Q

Describe the White matter of the spinal cord

A
  • “columns”
  • Axons
  • Grouped into tracts of common locations and functions
65
Q

What are the roots of the spinal cord?

A

Connecting points between spinal nerves and spinal cord

66
Q

Describe the function of the spinal cord

A
  • Links the brain and body
  • integrates information without brain input
67
Q

Describe the process of a typical reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor -> 2. Afferent pathway -> 3. Integration center -> 4. Efferent pathway -> 5. Effector
68
Q

List the two types of reflex arcs

A

Monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes

69
Q

List the main structures of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • smooth, cardiac muscles, glands
70
Q

List the functions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Regulates all body systems
  • Including skeletal muscle since muscles contain blood vessels
71
Q

List the main functions of the sympathetic system

A
  • Prepares for strenuous physical activity in emergency situations
    • Heart rate increases
    • Respiratory airways open
    • Glycogen and fat stores broken down
    • Blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles dilate
    • Pupils dilate
72
Q

List the main functions of the parasympathetic system

A
  • General housekeeping activities in relaxed situations
    • Digestion
    • Emptying urinary bladder

ASC171 - Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions