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Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Effect- Black widow

A

ascending motor paralysis, peripheral nerve destruction

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2
Q

MOA- black widow

A

Acetylcholine binds Ca channels

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3
Q

Warfarin- effect and MOA

A

interferes with 2, 7, 9 , 10; prolonged PT

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4
Q

Tx warfarin

A

Vit K1

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5
Q

Fleet enema- effect

A

hyperP, hypoCa (law of mass action); HyperNa (colon absorption)

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6
Q

Ethylene glycol- MOA, tx

A

Renal effects, metabolites chelate Ca (hypoCa) 4-MP ( targets alcohol dehydrogenase)- DOES NOT work on cats

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7
Q

Tx OP toxicity

A

2PAM (anticholinesterase) or atropine

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8
Q

OP toxicity MOA

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibition= muscarinic signs

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9
Q

Pyrethrins- CS

A

CATS! depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremor

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10
Q

Tx fleet enema

A

Ca Gluconate, P binders, insulin/dextrose in sever

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11
Q

Brodifacoum- effect, MOA

A

epoxide reductase –> loss of Vit K (2, 7, 9, 10) (like warfarin)

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12
Q

Acetaminophen- effects/MOA

A

CATS! lack of glutathione and glucoronyl transferase –> methemoglobinemia (choc blood and heinz bodies)

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13
Q

Tx pyrethrins

A

Methocarbamol

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14
Q

Zealalenone- spp., MOA, effect

A

PIGS, fusarium estrogenic metabolite, hyperestrogenism, pseudopregnancy

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15
Q

Tx Brodifacoum

A

Vit K

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16
Q

Snail bait toxicity- type, MOA

A

strychnine: CNS function loss affecting striated muscle- convulsions (STRychnine, STRiated)

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17
Q

Tx snail bait tox

A

methocarbamol for convulsions

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18
Q

Cholecalciferol- MOA, effect

A

Converted to active vit D- fatal hypercalcemia

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19
Q

Tx acetaminophen

A

N-acetylcysteine

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20
Q

Characteristic lesion, Na poisoning, LA

A

perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

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21
Q

Na poisoning- signs

A

neuro (headpress, seizure, etc), hemolysis

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22
Q

What toxin causes myelomalacia of lower spinal cord, describe

A

Sorghum; pelvic incoordination, urine dribble, death

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23
Q

Dx: oily sheen in rumen contents

A

Lead poisoning

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24
Q

CS of Yellow star thistle

A

nigropalladial encephalomalaci- weak tonue, dysphagia, tremor, loss of prehension - POOR Px

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25
Q

Copper toxicity- spp, source, effect

A

SHEEP, horse/cattle feed, hemolytic anemia d/t build up then mass release of Cu

26
Q

Effect of canary grasses (phalaris, lolium, cynodon, paspalum)

A

grass tetany/staggers- stiff gait, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, tremor, fall/flail wildly

27
Q

Source of crooked calf dz

A

arthrogryposis- malposition in uterus, cleft palate

28
Q

Effect- Fescue

A

ergopeptine alkaloids- dopamine agnosit: prolactin suppression- no lactation, thick placenta, prolonged gestation, repro failure (not congenital defect)

29
Q

Swayback- describe, cause

A

young lamb with ascending paralysis- copper deficiency

30
Q

Cause/source Ergotism

A

Claviceps purpura (parasitic fungus on rye, oat, wheat, bluegrass)

31
Q

Cantharidin- CS

A

Blister beetle: peracute colic horse, CV shock, arrhythmias, endotoxic shock, renal failure (tubular damag), oral vesicles, watery diarhea, progression to neuro if live

32
Q

Black walnut- effect

A

Laminitis in horses

33
Q

Oak leaves/acorns- CS, spp.

A

Hemorrhagic D, abdominal pain colic, death;

34
Q

What species has renal damage from Oak leaves

A

Cattle (NOT horses)

35
Q

Moldy red clover- type, CS

A

Slaframine, hypersalivation

36
Q

Source of hypomagnesemia, MOA

A

lactating animal in early spring on lush pastures fertilized with nitrogen/K- inhibit absorption from GI

37
Q

CS- hypomagnesemia

A

staggers, restlessness, excitable, fall/convulse

38
Q

CS claviceps purpura

A

(ergot in rye, wheat, bluegrass) Ergotism from alkyloids causing vasoconstriction, thrombosis, gangrene, GI signs/D/colic

39
Q

MOA, CS- blue green algae

A

MM absorption or neurotoxin from contaminated water causing post-synaptic depolarizing block= miosis, ptyalism, bradycardia, GI, ataxia, convlusions, sudden death

40
Q

What kind of toxin is Nightshade, CS

A

Atropine- CNS signs (mydriasis, progressive paralysis, depression)

41
Q

Water hemlock- MOA, CS

A

Grand mal seizures, salivation, birth defects; leaves very toxic

42
Q

CS- lead poisoning

A

Acute blindness, dullness, down, unaware

43
Q

Tx lead poisoning-

A

CaEDTA to chelate (NO sodium- will bind Ca!)

44
Q

MOA moldy sweet clover

A

Vit K antagonist (warfarin-like dicumarol)- HEMORRHAGE, not hemolysis

45
Q

Ponderosa pine needles- effect

A

Last trimester abortion, retained placenta

46
Q

Brown blood=

47
Q

DDx cherry red MM

A

cyanide (w/bitter almond smell) v Carbon Monoxide

48
Q

Effect- cyanide

A

blocks cell respiration, Hg can’t release O2- venous blood stays oxygenated

49
Q

Tx cyanide

A

Nathiosulfate, NaNitrate, methylene blue, NOT supplemental O2

50
Q

Dx: SQ edema, no rigor mortis in horse, unclotted blood from orifices

51
Q

Dx anthrax-

A
  • DO NOT NECROPSY, vitreous himor (or ear scrape blood)
52
Q

Name 6 cardiotoxins

A

milkweed, gossypol(cottonseed), oleander, rhododendron, foxglove, white snakeroot

53
Q

Describe, etio, tx Fog Fever

A

Acute bovine pulmonary edema/SQ emphysema, loud cough from brassicas (rape, kale, turnip)

54
Q

MOA, effect moldy sweet potato

A

4_IP causing atypical interstitial pneumonia- gunting, frothing, deep cough, resp distress, death in 2-5 days

55
Q

3MI and 4-IP lesions, sources

A

wet, firm, non-collapsing lungs; brassica (3MI), sw. pot )4IP

56
Q

MOA/source secondary photosensitization

A

in PA’s: phylloerythrin (chlorophyll breakdown products) not cleared in dmg’d liver reacts with UV

57
Q

What causes primary photosensitization

A

St John’s wort, brassica

58
Q

Name three pulmonary toxic plants

A

Moldy sweet potatio, perilla mint, brassica plants

59
Q

CS- aflatoxin

A

subacute hepatic necrosis/fibrosis- (like PAs w/o megalocytosis) -periportal fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia,

60
Q

Dx’v CS- pyrrolizidine alkaloids

A

megalocytosis, periportal fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia’ +/- secondary photosensitization

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