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Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Effect- Black widow

A

ascending motor paralysis, peripheral nerve destruction

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2
Q

MOA- black widow

A

Acetylcholine binds Ca channels

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3
Q

Warfarin- effect and MOA

A

interferes with 2, 7, 9 , 10; prolonged PT

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4
Q

Tx warfarin

A

Vit K1

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5
Q

Fleet enema- effect

A

hyperP, hypoCa (law of mass action); HyperNa (colon absorption)

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6
Q

Ethylene glycol- MOA, tx

A

Renal effects, metabolites chelate Ca (hypoCa) 4-MP ( targets alcohol dehydrogenase)- DOES NOT work on cats

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7
Q

Tx OP toxicity

A

2PAM (anticholinesterase) or atropine

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8
Q

OP toxicity MOA

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibition= muscarinic signs

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9
Q

Pyrethrins- CS

A

CATS! depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremor

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10
Q

Tx fleet enema

A

Ca Gluconate, P binders, insulin/dextrose in sever

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11
Q

Brodifacoum- effect, MOA

A

epoxide reductase –> loss of Vit K (2, 7, 9, 10) (like warfarin)

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12
Q

Acetaminophen- effects/MOA

A

CATS! lack of glutathione and glucoronyl transferase –> methemoglobinemia (choc blood and heinz bodies)

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13
Q

Tx pyrethrins

A

Methocarbamol

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14
Q

Zealalenone- spp., MOA, effect

A

PIGS, fusarium estrogenic metabolite, hyperestrogenism, pseudopregnancy

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15
Q

Tx Brodifacoum

A

Vit K

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16
Q

Snail bait toxicity- type, MOA

A

strychnine: CNS function loss affecting striated muscle- convulsions (STRychnine, STRiated)

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17
Q

Tx snail bait tox

A

methocarbamol for convulsions

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18
Q

Cholecalciferol- MOA, effect

A

Converted to active vit D- fatal hypercalcemia

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19
Q

Tx acetaminophen

A

N-acetylcysteine

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20
Q

Characteristic lesion, Na poisoning, LA

A

perivascular infiltration of eosinophils

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21
Q

Na poisoning- signs

A

neuro (headpress, seizure, etc), hemolysis

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22
Q

What toxin causes myelomalacia of lower spinal cord, describe

A

Sorghum; pelvic incoordination, urine dribble, death

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23
Q

Dx: oily sheen in rumen contents

A

Lead poisoning

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24
Q

CS of Yellow star thistle

A

nigropalladial encephalomalaci- weak tonue, dysphagia, tremor, loss of prehension - POOR Px

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25
Copper toxicity- spp, source, effect
SHEEP, horse/cattle feed, hemolytic anemia d/t build up then mass release of Cu
26
Effect of canary grasses (phalaris, lolium, cynodon, paspalum)
grass tetany/staggers- stiff gait, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, tremor, fall/flail wildly
27
Source of crooked calf dz
arthrogryposis- malposition in uterus, cleft palate
28
Effect- Fescue
ergopeptine alkaloids- dopamine agnosit: prolactin suppression- no lactation, thick placenta, prolonged gestation, repro failure (not congenital defect)
29
Swayback- describe, cause
young lamb with ascending paralysis- copper deficiency
30
Cause/source Ergotism
Claviceps purpura (parasitic fungus on rye, oat, wheat, bluegrass)
31
Cantharidin- CS
Blister beetle: peracute colic horse, CV shock, arrhythmias, endotoxic shock, renal failure (tubular damag), oral vesicles, watery diarhea, progression to neuro if live
32
Black walnut- effect
Laminitis in horses
33
Oak leaves/acorns- CS, spp.
Hemorrhagic D, abdominal pain colic, death;
34
What species has renal damage from Oak leaves
Cattle (NOT horses)
35
Moldy red clover- type, CS
Slaframine, hypersalivation
36
Source of hypomagnesemia, MOA
lactating animal in early spring on lush pastures fertilized with nitrogen/K- inhibit absorption from GI
37
CS- hypomagnesemia
staggers, restlessness, excitable, fall/convulse
38
CS claviceps purpura
(ergot in rye, wheat, bluegrass) Ergotism from alkyloids causing vasoconstriction, thrombosis, gangrene, GI signs/D/colic
39
MOA, CS- blue green algae
MM absorption or neurotoxin from contaminated water causing post-synaptic depolarizing block= miosis, ptyalism, bradycardia, GI, ataxia, convlusions, sudden death
40
What kind of toxin is Nightshade, CS
Atropine- CNS signs (mydriasis, progressive paralysis, depression)
41
Water hemlock- MOA, CS
Grand mal seizures, salivation, birth defects; leaves very toxic
42
CS- lead poisoning
Acute blindness, dullness, down, unaware
43
Tx lead poisoning-
CaEDTA to chelate (NO sodium- will bind Ca!)
44
MOA moldy sweet clover
Vit K antagonist (warfarin-like dicumarol)- HEMORRHAGE, not hemolysis
45
Ponderosa pine needles- effect
Last trimester abortion, retained placenta
46
Brown blood=
nitrates
47
DDx cherry red MM
cyanide (w/bitter almond smell) v Carbon Monoxide
48
Effect- cyanide
blocks cell respiration, Hg can't release O2- venous blood stays oxygenated
49
Tx cyanide
Nathiosulfate, NaNitrate, methylene blue, NOT supplemental O2
50
Dx: SQ edema, no rigor mortis in horse, unclotted blood from orifices
Anthrax
51
Dx anthrax-
- DO NOT NECROPSY, vitreous himor (or ear scrape blood)
52
Name 6 cardiotoxins
milkweed, gossypol(cottonseed), oleander, rhododendron, foxglove, white snakeroot
53
Describe, etio, tx Fog Fever
Acute bovine pulmonary edema/SQ emphysema, loud cough from brassicas (rape, kale, turnip)
54
MOA, effect moldy sweet potato
4_IP causing atypical interstitial pneumonia- gunting, frothing, deep cough, resp distress, death in 2-5 days
55
3MI and 4-IP lesions, sources
wet, firm, non-collapsing lungs; brassica (3MI), sw. pot )4IP
56
MOA/source secondary photosensitization
in PA's: phylloerythrin (chlorophyll breakdown products) not cleared in dmg'd liver reacts with UV
57
What causes primary photosensitization
St John's wort, brassica
58
Name three pulmonary toxic plants
Moldy sweet potatio, perilla mint, brassica plants
59
CS- aflatoxin
subacute hepatic necrosis/fibrosis- (like PAs w/o megalocytosis) -periportal fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia,
60
Dx'v CS- pyrrolizidine alkaloids
megalocytosis, periportal fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia' +/- secondary photosensitization

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