Horses Flashcards
1
Q
The ability to extend the hock while flexing the stifle is characteristic diagnostic feature of what condition?
A
Peroneus tertius rupture disrupts the stay apparatus- when intact, this muscle prevents this motion,. Also mentioned: jerking movement as leg moved forward
2
Q
Horse % dry matter protein
A
12% (1.3 g/kg, 40g/1000kcal)
3
Q
Most common cause of maxillary sinusitis
A
Tooth root abscess (first molars)
4
Q
Strangulating lipoma signalment
A
15-20, gelding, obese
5
Q
Enterolith formation food, type of lith
A
Alfalfa hay in California; mg ammonium phosphate
6
Q
Findings: fiddleneck consumption
A
megalocytosis, bridging portal fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia of liver. (pyrrolizidine alkaloid)
7
Q
Findings: yellow star thistle
A
nigropalladial enecephalomalacia- loss of upper motor gnglia leading to loss of inhibition and dystonia (impossible to eat)
8
Q
Shaker foal syndrome- infectious agent
A
Clostridium bolulinum pre-formed toxin ingestion only
9
Q
Shake foal syndrome pathophys
A
spore toxin blocks acetylcholine at NMJ+ flaccid paresis/paralysis
10
Q
Shaker foal syndrome CS
A
weak tongue, weakness, flaccid paralysis, resp depression that cna lead to death
11
Q
Cerebellum- responsible for
A
coordination (range, rate, strength of movement), balance, posture
12
Q
CP deficits are on the ____ side of a brain lesion
A
Same
13
Q
Brain region w/ CS: intention tremor, hypermetria, hypometria, ataxia; normal mentation
A
Cerebellum
14
Q
What side is the lesion on compared to fast-phase of nystagmus
A
Fast phase away from lesion
15
Q
Lesion/head tilt association
A
Same side
16
Q
Name two ddx for symmetric ataxia, weakness, limb spasicity, toe dragging
A
EDM or CVM (wobblers)
17
Q
Dx EDM
A
no definitive test, low Vit E suggestive
18
Q
Club foot pathophys
A
(flexural deformity of DIPj) - d/t DDF tendon contracture
19
Q
Most common cuase of bacterial keratitis in horse
A
Psuedomonas- gram negative (less: e. coli, staph- gram +)
20
Q
Cantharadin tox- effect
A
Endotoxic shock and renal failure (blister beetle toxicity)
21
Q
Agent in Tyzzers Dz
A
Clostridium piliforme (aka bacillus piliformis)- (the only gram - clostridium!)
22
Q
Cause of Theiler’s Dz
A
4-10 weeks post Tetanus antitoxin most commonly (plasma blood)
23
Q
What is bog spavin
A
Chronic synovitiswith bilateral effusion of tibio-tarsal joints
24
Q
What is bone spavin
A
osteoarthritis of the hock
25
What important structures are in the guttural pouch
Internal and external carotids, cranial sympathetic trunk, CN 9, CN 7
26
Blocked by palmar digital
50-70% of the palmar surface of the foot including most of DIPj (except proximodorsal)
27
Blocked by abaxial sesamoid
Foot and PIPj, skin over palmar pastern and distal dorsal pastern
28
Blocked by low four point
entire MCPj (fetlock) and distal
29
Blocked by high four point
metacarpal region, entiere MCPj and digit structures
30
Tx keratitis with typical agent
Tx with aminoglycoside like tobramycin (Gram neg- Pseudomonas)
31
What agent/disease is most likely to cause pulmonary abscess, what age is this common
Rhodococcus Equi pneumonia- foals 2-6 months
32
Dx: Increasing forelimb lameness and short, choppy gait, swelling over fetlock, pain on flexion
Osselets
33
What are osselets, cause
Inflammation of the periosteum on dostal distal epiphyseal surface of MC3 and fetlock (usually bilateral), chronic stress injury from running
34
CS, pathophys purpura hemorrhagica
Type III (Ag-Ab complex) usually from strep equi equi, S. e. e. vax or resp pathogens; aseptic necrotizing vasculitis --> hemorrhage, edema, sloughing
35
Breed predilection- equine night blindness and recurrent uveitis
Apaloosa
36
Fescue toxicity
prolactin suppresion, thickened placenta, dystocia, agalactica
37
Red maple tox
heinz body anemia
38
St John's Wort tox
Photosensitization, hepatotoxicity
39
CS EHV-3
papules, pustules, ulcers to external genitalia (including balanoposthitis- prepuce)
40
Pathophys of all EE's
mosquito --> lymph spread--> 5d
41
How can you artificially start breeding season
16 hours of light, 60 days before breeding
42
What causes sheared heels, tx
heel asymmetry from foot/gait imbalance; corrective shoeing and supportive bar shoes
43
Ataxic/hypermetric 5-10 d post turnout: MOA, Px
GABA receptor de-inhibition - resolve within days of removing from rye/bermuda grass
44
Stringhalt agent
sweet pea, dandelion- when both hind affected (trauma cause of unilateral)
45
Cauda equina syndrome- MOA
Autoimmune
46
Breed: OA malformation
Arabians
47
Breed: cerebellar abitrophy
Arabians
48
Meningitis- age, agent
neonates, secondary to bacteremia
49
Most common CNS tumor
Lymphoma
50
Most common tumor in greys
Melanoma
51
Transmission, breed, signalment of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER)
Autosomal dominant with variable expression in nervous 2-3y TB- a degenerative change in myofibers
52
Tx Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Low carb, high fat - NO high grain- predisposes; less stress
53
HYPP (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) breed, transmission, MOA
Fancy QH (paint/appaloosa)autosomal dominant, muscle membrane sodium channels--> weakness, collapse, fascic THIRD EYELID
54
Chronic mgmt of HYPP
Acetazolamide K-wasting diuretic; genetic test!
55
Ddx RER; dx, tx
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)- mm. biopsy- necrosis/atrophy, increased glycogen; reduce stall rest, train gradually, increase fat/decrease soluble carbs
56
Agent- pigeon fever; tx
Pectoral abscesses! corynebacterium pseudoTB - penicillin or TMS, establish drainage
57
Cause of imm=med myositis
S. equi, influenza
58
Tx clostridial myositis
Make abscess aerobic by opening, systemic penicillin
59
Breeds- GBED
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency- auto recess in QH, paint; foals die in a few months bc cant store sugar
60
Transm, breed malignant hyperthermia
Auto dom, QH
61
Induce 2nd deg AV block
alpha 2 agonist sedation
62
Tx afib
quinidine- but high SE; conversion under anesthesia only
63
When does PDA close
1st day/week
64
T of Fallot-
overriding aorta, VSD, hypoplastic pulmonary a, RV hyperplasia (+ PDA = pentalogy
65
Most common site, cause- endocarditis
Ao = mitral strep
66
Most common site of degeneration
Ao > mitral
67
Systolic left murmur: valve, cause
mitral- exercise intolerance
68
Systolic right murmur: valve, cause
tricuspid- athletic, physiologic
69
Diastolic left murmur: valve, cause
Ao, older horse
70
Ddx dependent edema
hypoalb, intrathoracic dz (mediastinal masses, pleuritis), vasculitis (purpura, EVA, EIA, ana), urticaria, CHF
71
Bacterial cause of hemolysis
Lepto
72
Parasitic cause of hemolysis
Anaplasma, babesia
73
Three heinz body anemia causes
Phenothiazine tox, wild onion, red maple
74
Reportable ddx for hemolysis
EIA
75
MOA, CS, Tx- purpura hemorrhagica
Type III HS post- S. equi equi (or strangles vax); ventral/peripheral painful vasculitis/edema, petechiation of MM; steroids
76
EIA- transm, agent, MOA
Retrovirus, biting flies; HS vasculitis, imm-med hemolysis- virus attaches to RBC
77
Dx, Tx EIA
Coggins! isolation, slaughter, report
78
Agent, transm: equine granulocytic erlichiosis;
A. phagocytophila via Ixodes (morulae in neuts, eos!)
79
Dx/Tx equine granulocytic erlichiosis
Oxytetracycline
80
what does Ixodes carry
anaplasma phago (equine granulocytic erlichiossi) babesia caballi, theileria equi (eq piroplasmosis)
81
CS, tx- equine piroplasmosis
anemia, monocytosis, icterus, Hgb'uria, lethargy, eyelid swelling; FAD- iso, euth
82
Most sen renal measure
Creat
83
three nephrotoxic Abx
ATP- aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, polymixin B
84
Effect of aminoglycosides; how to lower risk
renal tubular necrosis; SID >> TID
85
tendon calcification lameness, great vessel calcification: dz, cause, clip path findings
cestrum diurnum- Vit D tox (D3>D2); HyperCa, hyperPhos, azo, isosthenuria with
86
Cause of imm-med GN
EIA, post-strangles/lepto/herpes
87
Dx uroperitoneum
HypoNaCl, hyperK, Ab tab creat 2x serum
88
Young acute diarrhea (2)
C. dif/perf, sepsis, rota
89
Post-op or performance horse actue D
Right dorsal colitis
90
Widespread acute D
Salmonella, rota
91
Post-Abx D
Salm, C. dif
92
Dx salm
5 cultures q 12 h
93
Dx coronoa vs rota D
Corona PCR, Rota ELISA (think: CP, RE)
94
Dx PHF agent
N. risticii PCR of buddy coat
95
Fluids for acute D
Avoid acidifying NaCl- plasma, hetastarch colloids
96
Tx endotoxin in D
Flunixin
97
Which D Abx to use in adult horses
ONLY in- PHF: oxytetra; Clostridium: metro (or vanco in Ca resistance); luekopenia
98
Most common Salm serogroup
B, C, E (A-I pathogenic)
99
What % horses with GI dz shed Salm
60% (1-5% are subclin shedders)
100
Transm: PHF
snail or mayfly ingestion (has trematode or metacercariae)
101
CS: PHF
laminitis, fever, +/- D
102
C. perf enterotoxin type severity
C worse than A (C.P-CA)
103
C. dif toxins, targets
A- entero, B- cyto (think consonant/vowel) (C.D-AB)
104
What is DTO-smectite
BioSponge toxin binder in clostridium
105
CS- cantharidin
Sloughing/necrosis of oral, GI, urinary mucosa; hypoCa, Mg, prot
106
Bute- SE and SE-MOA
Right dorsal colitis- mild colic, weight loss, hypoAlb if colon leaky d/t decreased mucosal protection from prostaglandins
107
Tx RDC
complete pelleted food
108
Weanling diarrhea and PLE - agent
(age- 6-9m) Lawsonia intracellularis (gram- rod)
109
Dx, Tx lawsonia
IMPA serology AND fecal PCR; oxytetra
110
DPJ findings, MOA
Duod-prox jejunitis: ++ reflux, pain (mod-sev)- d/t hypersecretion of SI = dec. motility ((28% get laminitis)
111
2 forms of gastric ulcers and causes; Tx
Squamous (TB, pastured broodmare; stress, meal feed) > glandular (NSAID); omeprazole
112
Lawsonia sig/presentation, dx findings:
6-9m weanling with D, corrugated SI (ileum >jej), hypoproteinemia
113
Acute abdominal hemorrhage in periparturient- location
middle uterine a. (in broad ligament)
114
Seq: epiploic foramen entrapment
Caudal vena cava rupture --> acute abd hemorrhage
115
Most important liver values
GGT, SDH
116
Liver function test
Bile acids (pre/post), ammonia, clotting
117
Tx, Px Theiler's dz
Lactulose, neomycin, support for acute hepatic necrosis- poor Px
118
Cause of cholangiohepatitis
Ascending G (-) GI rods
119
Hyperlipemia vs Hyperlipidemia- define, Tx
-LIPemia TG <500mg/dL, LIPIDemia-TG > 500mg/dL (Neg energy balance- give gluc/insulin IV)
120
2 toxic hepatopathies
Aflatoxins, BG algae, clover
121
Tx PA tox
Steroids, poor PX bc CS already too late
122
PA plants
Crotalaria, senecio
123
FOPT
<400 (partial 400-800)- detect: SNAP>RID
124
What does Coombs test dx
immunoglobin agglutination- used in NNI
125
Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NNI) - most common Ab
Aa and Qa
126
Signalment- Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NNI)
Multiparous mares, rebred to same stallion
127
Ddx NI
septicemia
128
MOA- sweet itch
Culicoides HS I- CS from self trauma d/t itch
129
Sweeny- MOA
Suprascapular nn. dmg (infra, supra spinatus mm.)
130
What is ringbone
OA or bony exostosis in the pastern (high ringbone) or coffin (low ringbone) joints.
131
Most common cause of pneumonia in both adult and foal
Strep. streptococcus
132
Most common 2-6m foal pneumonia
Rhodococcus equi
133
Equine Motor Neuron Dz- cause, findings
Low Vit E, "elephant on drum", mm. atrophy, tremble/fasciculations, shifting body weight, low head carriage in older horse *dry lots*
134
Dx high freq repetitive bursts and 'dive bomber' sound heard on EMG
is produced by repetitive firing after contraction of affected muscle fibers and is essentially pathognomonic for myotonia.
135
Foals with self-resolving copious nasal d/c and mares with late abortion
Herpes
136
Dx, agent UAE respiratory case
Mallein test for nasal form of Glanders; agent- Burkholderia mellei
137
Tx acute abdominal hemorrhage in peri-parturient mare
Aminocaproic acid to facilitate clot stabilization via blocking plasminogen activation ( into plasmin-clot dissolver)
138
Block laminitis
Abaxial sesamoid
139
Low-potassium hay
Timothy
