TOXICOLOGY: TUMOR MARKES Flashcards
____ is a group of more than 100 diseases that develop
across time and involve the uncontrolled division of the
body’s cells
Cancer
formation of tumor
🔊Tumorigenesis
the spreading of tumor
🔊Metastasis
Also called, mass of cells, formed of these abnormal cells
may remain within the tissue in which it originated (a
condition called in situ cancer), or it may begin to invade
nearby tissues (a condition called invasive cancer).
TUMOR
An invasive tumor is said to be____, and cells shed
into the blood or lymph from a malignant tumor are likely
to establish new tumors (metastases) throughout the body
malignant
TUMOR MARKERS
🔊Other term: Cancer Marker
___ are measurable biochemicals that are
associated with a malignancy
Formation of New Blood Vessels
Angiogenesis
From the Greek word___, meaning vessel, the
formation of blood vessels from existing vasculature.
Angêion
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Biochemical Events:
○ Blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation,
chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA
fragmentation, and global mRNA decay
Apoptosis results when the ___) break down
cytoskeleton (by proteases)
and DNA (by endonucleases
Phases of cell activity divided into Growth, DNA
Synthesis and Mitosis.
Cell Cycle
Chromosome duplication occurs during the ___of the
cell cycle, whereas most other cell components are
duplicated continuously throughout the cycle.
S phase
During ___, the replicated chromosomes are
segregated into individual nuclei (mitosis), and the cell
then splits in two (cytokinesis).
M phase
Encodes a protein that promotes uncontrolled cell growth
when mutated
ONCOGENE
Uncontrolled tissue growth
● Malignant or Benign
NEOPLASM
🔊As the disease progresses, both proliferation & metastasis occur
at expense of normal organ processes.
🔊Stage 1: Localized Primary Tumor
➔ Only one is affected
🔊Stage 2: Invasion of Primary Tumor through Epithelium and into
Blood Vessels 🔊Stage 3: Migration of Tumor into Regional Lymph Node
➔ Liver in cancer but lymph nodes are affected
🔊Stage 4: Metastasis & Invasion of Tumor to Distant Tissues
➔ Lung cancer but it reached the brain
Tumor marker concentration generally elevates during the
progression of tumor
Prognosis
Types of Tumor Markers
Enzyme
Serum protein
Endocrine (Hormones)
Carbohydrate & Cancer Antigen
Receptor
Prostate-Specific Antigen
● Tumor type:
● Clinical importance:
● Tumor type: Prostate cancer
● Clinical importance: Prostate cancer screening, therapy
monitoring, recurrence
LD
● Tumor type:
● Clinical importance:
● Tumor type: HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
● Clinical importance:prognostic indicator, elevated
non-specifically in numerous CA
ALP
● Tumor type:
● Clinical importance:
● Tumor type: Metastatic bone CA, hepatocellular CA
(found in the liver) , osteosarcoma (for the bone),
lymphoma, leukemia
● Clinical importance:determination of liver and bone
involvement; nonspecific elevation in many bone related
and liver cancers
Neuron-Specific Enolase
● Tumor type:
● Clinical importance:
● Tumor type: : Neuroendocrine tumors
● Clinical importance:Prognostic indicator and monitoring
disease
