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CC 2 LEC FINALS > TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Explains the effects of xenobiotics
Basis for rational therapy design and the development of
tests

A

MECHANISTIC TOXICOLOGY

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2
Q

Predicts what level of exposure will be harmful to humans

A

DESCRIPTIVE TOXICOLOGY

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3
Q

Set standards which defines the level of exposure that will
not be harmful to the public

A

REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY

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4
Q

Biologically synthesized either in the living organism or in
microorganism

A

Toxins

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5
Q

S depressants
● Exposure leads to:
○ Disorientation, confusion, euphoria
○ May progress: unconsciousness, paralysis and
death and coma 🔊Happens with

A

ALCOHOL

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6
Q

Oxidation of alcohol results
to generation of hydrogen
ions which can lead to
accumulation of ____which results to
acidosis

A

ketones &
lactate

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7
Q

Antidote for intoxication:
🔊This is for alcohol

A

diazepam

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8
Q

ETHANOL METABOLITES

A

Metabolites: acetaldehyde & acetyl coenzyme A

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9
Q

🔊Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde and acetyl
coenzyme A
➔ Through the action of hepatic____

A

Alcohol
Dehydrogenase

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10
Q

ALCOHOL Methods for testing:
PREFERRED METHOD:

A

○ Enzymatic method, gas-liquid chromatography,
electrochemical oxidation
○ Enzymatic method

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11
Q

COMMON INDICATORS OF ALCOHOL

A

HIGH
-GGT
-AST
-HDL
-MCV
AST/ALT RATION

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12
Q

___ is an excellent marker for alcohol abuse

A

GGT

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13
Q

Half life of GGT: ____and may be elevated
especially if there is damage in the liver

A

14-26 days

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14
Q

➔ If AST and ALT ratio is ___, it is related to ethanol abuse
or ethanol related liver disease

A

> 2.0

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15
Q

CONT. Ethanol
● Toxic blood level:

A

○ >400 mg/L
○ >500 mg/L for hemodialysis

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16
Q

Otherwise known as Wood alcohol
🔊First product of metabolism is ___

A

METHANOL, formaldehyde

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17
Q

ISOPROPANOL
● Metabolite: ___
Antidote: ___

A

Acetone
Activated charcoal

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18
Q

Found in hydraulic fluid and antifreeze substance

A

ETHYLENE GLYCOL

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19
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Metabolite:

A

oxalic acid and glycolic acid

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20
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Mode of treatment:

A

ADH inhibition

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21
Q

🔊Preferred method used is HPLC or High Performance liquid
chromatography

A

ETHYLENE GLYCOL

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22
Q

🔊Common victims are children because it has a sweet
taste

A

ETHYLENE GLYCOL

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23
Q

Rapidly absorbed into the circulation 🔊Colorless, tasteless and odorless substance but a very
toxic substance

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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24
Q

Higher affinity with hemoglobin and impairs O2
transport
🔊 200x faster than oxygen

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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25
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE
Indication of acute toxicity

A

○ Cherry red color of the face 🔊Due to carboxyhemoglobin

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26
Q

Death may occur in less than hour upon exposure to the
toxic level

A

CYANIDE

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27
Q

Most common substance used for suicidal attempts 🔊Product of pyrolysis or the burning of plastic
➔ Encourage not to burn plastics

A

CYANIDE

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28
Q

CYANIDE INHIBTS

A

Inhibits cellular respiration, electron transport, and ATP
formation

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29
Q

Indication of toxicity:
○ “odor of bitter almonds” breath
○ Altered mental status

A

CYANIDE

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30
Q

CYANIDE ANTIDOTE

A

Antidote: Sodium thiosulfate, amyl and sodium nitrite

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31
Q

CYANIDE TOXIC LEVEL

A

Toxic level: >2μg/mL

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32
Q

METALS
🔊All metals can be toxic, especially if they are ingested in large
quantities or ingested in their ionized form

A
  1. Arsenic
  2. Cadmium
  3. Lead
  4. Mercury
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33
Q

Found in ant poisons, rodenticides, paints and metal alloys

A

ARSENIC

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34
Q

ARSENIC INHIBITS

A

sulfhydryl enzymes throughout the body

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35
Q

Has high affinity to the thiol groups in proteins.

A

ARSENIC

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36
Q

ARSENIC 🔊Sample of choice:

A

Hairs and Nails.

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37
Q

Toxic forms:
🔊Most toxic form of arsenic

A

○ Sodium of arsenate
○ Copper arsenite
○ Carbarsone
○ Tryparsamide
○ Arsine gas

38
Q

Indication of toxicity:
○ Garlic odor breath
○ Metallic taste

A

ARSENIC

39
Q

ARSENIC
Acute fatal dose:

A

○ 120 mg (arsenic trioxide)
○ 30 ppm (arsenic gas)

40
Q

ARSENIC
Antidote:

A

British anti-lewisite (BAL)

41
Q

ARSENIC
Method:

A

Reinsch Test, AAS

42
Q

🔊Metal used for electroplating and galvanizing

A

CADMIUM

43
Q

Results from ingestion of acidic food stored or prepared in
metal containers

A

CADMIUM

44
Q

CADMIUM TOXIC EFFECTS

A

Toxic effects:
Destruction of type 1 epithelial cells in the lungs
Decreased ⬇ resistance to bacterial infection

45
Q

🔊Toxic indicator for cadmium in kidney:

A

Elevated levels of GGT
enzyme in the urine (positive for GGT)

46
Q

LEAD
An active enzyme inhibitor
● Blocks:

A

Delta aminolevulinic acid synthetase
Pyrimidine-5’-nucleotidase
Na-K ATPase

47
Q

is found greatly among paints & gasoline

A

🔊Lead

48
Q

Indications of toxicity:
○ Urinary aminolevulinic acid
🔊Because lead inhibits the enzyme delta
aminolevulinic acid synthase
○ Free RBC porphyrins
○ Presence of Basophilic Stippling in the RBC
🔊Indicators of toxicity with Lead

A

LEAD

49
Q

HALF LIFE OF LEAD

A

32 YEARS

50
Q

Why can’t we use serum or plasma for lead?

A

➔ Lead is rapidly eliminated from the plasma or serum
◆ Results to falsely decreased levels of lead in
plasma or serum which is why whole blood for
chronic and urine for short term (Measurement
of Delta-ALA) is use

51
Q

MERCURY
🔊Has the ability to bind with ____

A

sulfhydryl proteins

52
Q

MERCURY INHIBITS

A

Inhibits COMT (Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase)

53
Q

TOXIC EFFECT OF ELEMENTAL MERCURY

A

-ACRODYNIA
-ERETHISM

54
Q

Toxic effect of alkyl mercury:

A

Congenital Minamata Disease

55
Q

MERCURY USES THE METHOD

A

Method: Reinsch test

56
Q

■ Reference method for the
confirmation of most drug of abuse

A

GC-MS

57
Q

Indication: Treatment of narcolepsy and attention-deficit
disorder

A

AMPHETAMINES

58
Q

___is a drug used to treat hyperactive children

A

🔊Ritalin

59
Q

administered daily
🔊 Commonly referred to as ECSTASY

A

METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE (ECSTASY)

60
Q

METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE (ECSTASY)
HALF LIFE

A

Half-life: 8-9 hours

61
Q

METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE (ECSTASY)
Elimination:

A

hepatic metabolism

62
Q

METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE (ECSTASY)
Onset of Effect:

A

30-60 minutes

63
Q

Chemically-related to testosterone
● Used as a treatment or another drug for male
hypogonadism

A

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

64
Q

ANABOLIC STEROIDS
Screening test:

A

Screening test:
○ Testosterone:Epitestosterone (T/E Ratio)

65
Q

These are groups of psychoactive compounds that are found on
marijuana or Hashish

A

CANNABINOIDS

66
Q

Marijuana
○ Came from ___

A

Cannabis sativa

67
Q

● Most active component of marijuana

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

68
Q

Tetrahydrocannabinol
Metabolite:

A

THC-COOH
● THCOOH (11-nor-delta tetrahydrocannabinol)

69
Q

Commonly known as “Crack” because some are in
powdered form; these are alkaloid salts extracted from
“coca plant

A

COCAINE

70
Q

Local anesthetic particular for persons going for
nasopharyngeal surgery

A

COCAINE

71
Q

COCAINE TREATMENT

A

● Treatment: Benzodiazepine

72
Q

COCAINE INHIBITOR

A

PROZAC (fluoxetine)

73
Q

COCAINE URINE METABOLITE

A

e: Benzoylecgonine

74
Q

Capable of analgesia (pain reliever), sedation, and
anesthesia

A

OPIATES

75
Q

Chemically modified opiates:

A

Heroin
Hydromorphone
Oxycodone (Percodan)

76
Q

HALF LIFE OF OPIATES

A

6-8 MINS

77
Q

🔊 Commonly tested form of Opiates is ___

A

Morphine and Codeine

78
Q

____ are major
metabolites of Heroin

A

Morphine and Acetylmorphine

79
Q

Common Synthetic Opiates

A

Meperidine (Demerol)
Methadone (Dolophine)
Propoxyphene (Darvon)
Pentazocine (Talwin)
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)

80
Q

Antagonist: __

A

Naloxone (Narcan)

81
Q

HALF LIFE PHENCYCLIDINE

A

11-12 HRS

82
Q

PHENCYCLIDINE
TREATMENT:

A

isolation

83
Q

Has therapeutic roles used as a therapy and depressants 🔊 Used to increased the effectiveness of Heroin
➔ Can be used along with heroin

A

SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS

84
Q

Commonly used:

A

○ Valium (diazepam)
🔊Therapeutic drug
○ Librium
○ Lorazepam (Ativan)

85
Q

Commonly abused:

A

○ Phenobarbitals
○ Secobarbital
○ Pentobarbital
○ Thiopental

86
Q

Most common adverse effects: panic reaction 🔊Bad trip
● Toxic Effects: Blurry Vision, synesthesia.

A

LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)

87
Q

___ is a neurologic condition wherein the
information to stimulate one other senses stimulates
several of your senses

A

Synesthesia

88
Q

Toxic Effects: Blurry Vision, synesthesia.

A

LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)

89
Q

Can be removed from the circulation using activated
charcoal

A

METHAQUALONE
● Sedative-hypnotic property also co

90
Q

🔊 Also produce or producing pleasant feelings as amphetamines
do.

A

PIPERAZINES

91
Q

🔊 A form of Serotonin or a derivative of serotonin
● E.g. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocin 🔊DMT is a short term for hallucinogen

A

TRYPTAMINES

CC 2 LEC FINALS (8 decks)

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