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CC 2 LEC FINALS > THYROID GLAND > Flashcards

THYROID GLAND Flashcards

1
Q

Butterfly-shaped gland

A

THYROID GLAND

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2
Q

narrow band which connects the lobes

A

ISTHMUS

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3
Q

HAS TWO LOBES: THYROID

A

Found below the voice box or larynx

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4
Q

FOLLICULAR CELLS

A

Thyroid hormones
🔊Where T3 and T4 are secreted from

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5
Q

PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OR C CELLS

A

Calcitonin
🔊Responsible for the secretion of hormone calcitonin

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6
Q

Thyroid cells also known as____

A

thyrocytes

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7
Q

SHAPE OF THYROCYTES:

A

SPHERE

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8
Q

SHAPE OF THYROCYTES: DEPLETED

A

CUBOIDAL

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9
Q

SHAPE OF THYROCYTES: INCREASE

A

COLUMNAR

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10
Q

___ is a protein that contains tyrosine

A

Thyroglobulin

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11
Q

Sticky or viscous fluid that contains thyroglobulin

A

Colloid

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12
Q

___ is the main stimulus in the uptake of iodine

A

TSH

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13
Q

____ (residues) in thyroglobulin: production of MIT and DIT (Mono-, Diiodotyrosine)

A

iodination of tyrosine

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14
Q

___ is the most important element in the synthesis of the thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

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15
Q

The binding of iodide and tyrosine results in the product

A

hormones (T3 & T4)

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16
Q

🗣️Where does iodine came from?

A

✔ Circulation

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17
Q

🗣️Where will it proceed?

A

✔ From basal membrane , it will diffuse to thyroid cell to inside of the cell

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18
Q

🗣️By which process?

A

✔ NIS = Sodium Iodine Symporter

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19
Q

🗣️When iodine will enter, sodium will?

A

✔ Go out. It will have an active exchange with sodium and iodine.

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20
Q

🗣️After going inside the basal membrane, where it will go?

A

✔ Apical membrane of the cell and proceed to core of the colloid.

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21
Q

At ___ of gestation, there is production of Thyroid Hormones

A

11 weeks

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22
Q

(T3)

A

Triiodothyronine

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23
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

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24
Q

Considered to be the most potent or most active thyroid hormone in terms of activity

A

TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)

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25
Q

Better indicator for the recovery and recurrence of hyperthyroidism

A

T3

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26
Q

Major fraction of organic iodine is found in T4

A

TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4)

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27
Q

Prohormone for T3 production

A

TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4)

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28
Q

Thyroid hormones utilize____

A

negative feedback mechanism

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29
Q

🗣️What hormones does thyroid receptors belong?

A

✔ Group 1 hormones

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30
Q

___ has no affinity with T3

A

Prealbumin

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31
Q

Transports both T3 & T4 but only transports a little amount of T3 and T4

A

Thyroxine-Binding Albumin (TBA)

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32
Q

Among the three, which is not a transporter of T3?

A

TBP

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33
Q

🗣️Among the three, principal carrier of target hormones?

A

TBG

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34
Q

Controls the production and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

HPTA (HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS)

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35
Q

🗣️Other name for TSH?

A

✔ Thyrotropin

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36
Q

🗣️Responsible for the secretion of TSH?

A

erior pituitary gland

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37
Q

Involved in tissue destructive process, particularly in Hashimoto’s disease

A

TPO (thyroperoxidase )

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38
Q

Pre hormone for T4

A

T3

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39
Q

Pro hormone for T4

A

Thyroglobulin

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40
Q

🗣️Which comes first? Pre hormone or Pro hormone?

A

✔ Pro hormone, Pre hormone, Reactive hormone (in order)

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41
Q

🗣️How is T3 formed from T4? What process?

A

✔ Deionization (Removal of iodine from 1 tyrosine ring (outer ring))

42
Q

🗣️Removal of iodine from the outer ring, what will be formed?

A

T3

43
Q

🗣️If the removal of iodine from the inner ring, it is called?

A

rT3

44
Q

Problem is NOT from the anterior pituitary gland but comes from the thyroid gland itself

A

1° (Primary) Hyperthyroidism

45
Q

🔊Problem either in the anterior pituitary gland or hypothalamus

A

2° (Secondary) Hyperthyroidism

46
Q

Elevated T3 and T4, low TSH

A

1° (Primary) Hyperthyroidism

47
Q

Elevated T3 and T4, elevated TSH

A

2° (Secondary) Hyperthyroidism

48
Q

Group of syndromes caused by increased level of free thyroid hormones in the blood circulation

A

Thyrotoxicosis

49
Q

T3 THYROTOXICOSIS

A

Increased fT3,
Normal fT4,
Low TSH

50
Q

T4 THYROTOXICOSIS

A

Normal or Low T3
Increased T4
Low TSH

51
Q

(bulging of the eyes)

A

Exophthalmos

52
Q

Thyroid disorder wherein the thyroid turns into a woody or stony hard mass. In other words, the thyroid hardens

A

REIDEL’S THYROIDITIS

53
Q

Subclinical meaning no clinical symptoms
TSH levels are low with normal fT3 and fT4

A

SUBCLINICAL HYPERTHYROIDISM

54
Q

SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS

A

De Quevain’s thyroiditis

55
Q

Known as painful thyroiditis

A

SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS

56
Q

Elevated ESR and thyroglobulin

A

SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS

57
Q

Surgery
Use of radioactive iodine
Radiation exposure

A

PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

58
Q

🔊Deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the skin

A

MYXEDEMA

59
Q

lEevated TSH & Positive with TPO antibody

A

HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE

60
Q

Pituitary destruction or pituitary adenoma

A

SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

61
Q

SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM DECREASED

A

Decreased/low T3, T4, TSH coming from the adenohypophysis

62
Q

Due to hypothalamic disease

A

TERTIARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

63
Q

PROBLEM: Hypothalamus

A

ERTIARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

64
Q

Cretinism
🔊NOTES (GALLEGO):
Mental retardation

A

CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

65
Q

CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

RESULTS

A

Low T4, Increased TSH as laboratory results

66
Q

🗣️In hypothyroidism, What is the level of thyroid hormones? What do we expect from the level of TSH?

A

✔ Decrease (Thyroid Hormones)
✔ Increase (TSH), Compensate the low thyroid hormones (negative feedback)

67
Q

🗣️In Primary Hyperthyroidism, What do we expect from the level of TSH & Why?

A

✔ Decrease (TSH), because the thyroid is overacting therefore
Increase T3 & T4 (Thyroid Hormones)

68
Q

🗣️Where is TRH produced?

A

✔ Hypothalamus

69
Q

____ meaning NORMAL

A

Euthyroid

70
Q

🗣️When we say thyroid hormone resistance syndrome, what is the problem?

A

✔ Receptors

71
Q

Low levels of both TRH and TSH is ___

A

hyperthyroidism

72
Q

Elevated levels of TRH, but Low TSH is diagnostic for ____

A

primary hypothyroidism

73
Q

In the water deprivation test, what did we give to the patient? What did we inject to the patient?

A

✔ Synthetic hormone in the form of TRH

74
Q

What is the problem in primary hypothyroidism?

A

THYROID GLAND

75
Q

🗣️With secondary hypothyroidism, What do we expect with T3 & T4? Without considering the TRH stimulation test.

A

✔ LOW, T3 & T4

76
Q

Hormone that examines TSH =

A

PROLACTIN

77
Q

DECREASED TSH

A

PRIMARY HYPERTHYROIDISM
SECONDARY AND TERTIARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

78
Q

INCREASED TSH

A

PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS

79
Q

Ability of the thyroid gland to trap/uptake iodine

A

RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPDATE

80
Q

Post operative marker of thyroid cancer

A

TG ASSAY

81
Q

🗣️What are the major transporters of T3 & T4?

A

✔ TBG (Thyroxine Binding Globulin)

82
Q

Which of these transport mainly T4?

A

✔ Thyroxine Binding Prealbumin

83
Q

Hyperthyroidism:
T4
TBG

A

Increased T4 but normal TBG

84
Q

Euthyroidism:
T4
TBG

A

Increased T4 & TBG

85
Q

T3 UPTAKE
increased:

A

Hyperthyroidism
Euthyroids patients
Chronic liver disease

86
Q

T3 UPTAKE
DECREASED

A

DECREASED
Hypothyroidism
Oral contraceptives
Pregnancy
Acute hepatitis

87
Q

TBG INCREASED:

A

Euthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Pregnancy
Use of Estrogens

88
Q

TBG DECREASED

A

Anabolic steroids
Nephrosis

89
Q

Considered to be the most accurate tool for the evaluation of the presence of thyroid nodules

A

FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATIONS (FNA)

90
Q

Tests for the presence of residual or recurrent disease

A

RECOMBINANT HUMAN TSH

91
Q

Measure for presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
More greater agglutination means greater amount of anti-thyroglobulin antibodie

A

TANNED ERYTHROCYTE HEMAGGLUTINATION

92
Q

Detection of residual thyroid metastasis in the MTC (medullary thyroid carcinoma)

A

SERUM CALCITONIN

93
Q

Best markers for thyroid status

A

FT4 and TSH:

94
Q

Specific indicators of thyroid function

A

FT4 and FT3

95
Q

WithOUT thyroid disease but there are symptoms

A

Euthyroid sick syndromes:

96
Q

WithOUT thyroid disease but there are symptoms

A

Euthyroid sick syndromes:

97
Q

Why are the receptors of catecholamine located on the outer part of the target cell?

A

-Cannot cross the cell membrane for they are proteins and have a large size
- Group II Hormones

98
Q

Give one example of a hormone that is released by the Adenohypophysis.

A

-GH,
-FSH & LH,
-ACTH,
-Prolactin,
-TSH

99
Q

Being the target organ of TSH, whenever there is stimulation from the pituitary gland, what hormones will be produced by the thyroid gland?

A

-T3 & T4

100
Q

What is considered to be the regulator of TSH?

A

-TRH coming from the hypothalamus
-T4 & T3 can regulate since thyroid hormones are part of the negative mechanism
Once the desired level is reached, it will send back a signal to stop the secretion of TSH.

CC 2 LEC FINALS (8 decks)

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