THYROID GLAND Flashcards
1
Q
Butterfly-shaped gland
A
THYROID GLAND
2
Q
narrow band which connects the lobes
A
ISTHMUS
3
Q
HAS TWO LOBES: THYROID
A
Found below the voice box or larynx
4
Q
FOLLICULAR CELLS
A
Thyroid hormones
🔊Where T3 and T4 are secreted from
5
Q
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OR C CELLS
A
Calcitonin
🔊Responsible for the secretion of hormone calcitonin
6
Q
Thyroid cells also known as____
A
thyrocytes
7
Q
SHAPE OF THYROCYTES:
A
SPHERE
8
Q
SHAPE OF THYROCYTES: DEPLETED
A
CUBOIDAL
9
Q
SHAPE OF THYROCYTES: INCREASE
A
COLUMNAR
10
Q
___ is a protein that contains tyrosine
A
Thyroglobulin
11
Q
Sticky or viscous fluid that contains thyroglobulin
A
Colloid
12
Q
___ is the main stimulus in the uptake of iodine
A
TSH
13
Q
____ (residues) in thyroglobulin: production of MIT and DIT (Mono-, Diiodotyrosine)
A
iodination of tyrosine
14
Q
___ is the most important element in the synthesis of the thyroid hormones
A
Iodine
15
Q
The binding of iodide and tyrosine results in the product
A
hormones (T3 & T4)
16
Q
🗣️Where does iodine came from?
A
✔ Circulation
17
Q
🗣️Where will it proceed?
A
✔ From basal membrane , it will diffuse to thyroid cell to inside of the cell
18
Q
🗣️By which process?
A
✔ NIS = Sodium Iodine Symporter
19
Q
🗣️When iodine will enter, sodium will?
A
✔ Go out. It will have an active exchange with sodium and iodine.
20
Q
🗣️After going inside the basal membrane, where it will go?
A
✔ Apical membrane of the cell and proceed to core of the colloid.
21
Q
At ___ of gestation, there is production of Thyroid Hormones
A
11 weeks
22
Q
(T3)
A
Triiodothyronine
23
Q
T4
A
Thyroxine
24
Q
Considered to be the most potent or most active thyroid hormone in terms of activity
A
TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
25
Better indicator for the recovery and recurrence of hyperthyroidism
T3
26
Major fraction of organic iodine is found in T4
TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4)
27
Prohormone for T3 production
TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4)
28
Thyroid hormones utilize____
negative feedback mechanism
29
🗣️What hormones does thyroid receptors belong?
✔ Group 1 hormones
30
___ has no affinity with T3
Prealbumin
31
Transports both T3 & T4 but only transports a little amount of T3 and T4
Thyroxine-Binding Albumin (TBA)
32
Among the three, which is not a transporter of T3?
TBP
33
🗣️Among the three, principal carrier of target hormones?
TBG
34
Controls the production and secretion of thyroid hormones
HPTA (HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS)
35
🗣️Other name for TSH?
✔ Thyrotropin
36
🗣️Responsible for the secretion of TSH?
erior pituitary gland
37
Involved in tissue destructive process, particularly in Hashimoto’s disease
TPO (thyroperoxidase )
38
Pre hormone for T4
T3
39
Pro hormone for T4
Thyroglobulin
40
🗣️Which comes first? Pre hormone or Pro hormone?
✔ Pro hormone, Pre hormone, Reactive hormone (in order)
41
🗣️How is T3 formed from T4? What process?
✔ Deionization (Removal of iodine from 1 tyrosine ring (outer ring))
42
🗣️Removal of iodine from the outer ring, what will be formed?
T3
43
🗣️If the removal of iodine from the inner ring, it is called?
rT3
44
Problem is NOT from the anterior pituitary gland but comes from the thyroid gland itself
1° (Primary) Hyperthyroidism
45
🔊Problem either in the anterior pituitary gland or hypothalamus
2° (Secondary) Hyperthyroidism
46
Elevated T3 and T4, low TSH
1° (Primary) Hyperthyroidism
47
Elevated T3 and T4, elevated TSH
2° (Secondary) Hyperthyroidism
48
Group of syndromes caused by increased level of free thyroid hormones in the blood circulation
Thyrotoxicosis
49
T3 THYROTOXICOSIS
Increased fT3,
Normal fT4,
Low TSH
50
T4 THYROTOXICOSIS
Normal or Low T3
Increased T4
Low TSH
51
(bulging of the eyes)
Exophthalmos
52
Thyroid disorder wherein the thyroid turns into a woody or stony hard mass. In other words, the thyroid hardens
REIDEL’S THYROIDITIS
53
Subclinical meaning no clinical symptoms
TSH levels are low with normal fT3 and fT4
SUBCLINICAL HYPERTHYROIDISM
54
SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS
De Quevain’s thyroiditis
55
Known as painful thyroiditis
SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS
56
Elevated ESR and thyroglobulin
SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS THYROIDITIS
57
Surgery
Use of radioactive iodine
Radiation exposure
PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
58
🔊Deposition of mucopolysaccharides in the skin
MYXEDEMA
59
lEevated TSH & Positive with TPO antibody
HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE
60
Pituitary destruction or pituitary adenoma
SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
61
SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM DECREASED
Decreased/low T3, T4, TSH coming from the adenohypophysis
62
Due to hypothalamic disease
TERTIARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
63
PROBLEM: Hypothalamus
ERTIARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
64
Cretinism
🔊NOTES (GALLEGO):
Mental retardation
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
65
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
RESULTS
Low T4, Increased TSH as laboratory results
66
🗣️In hypothyroidism, What is the level of thyroid hormones? What do we expect from the level of TSH?
✔ Decrease (Thyroid Hormones)
✔ Increase (TSH), Compensate the low thyroid hormones (negative feedback)
67
🗣️In Primary Hyperthyroidism, What do we expect from the level of TSH & Why?
✔ Decrease (TSH), because the thyroid is overacting therefore
Increase T3 & T4 (Thyroid Hormones)
68
🗣️Where is TRH produced?
✔ Hypothalamus
69
____ meaning NORMAL
Euthyroid
70
🗣️When we say thyroid hormone resistance syndrome, what is the problem?
✔ Receptors
71
Low levels of both TRH and TSH is ___
hyperthyroidism
72
Elevated levels of TRH, but Low TSH is diagnostic for ____
primary hypothyroidism
73
In the water deprivation test, what did we give to the patient? What did we inject to the patient?
✔ Synthetic hormone in the form of TRH
74
What is the problem in primary hypothyroidism?
THYROID GLAND
75
🗣️With secondary hypothyroidism, What do we expect with T3 & T4? Without considering the TRH stimulation test.
✔ LOW, T3 & T4
76
Hormone that examines TSH =
PROLACTIN
77
DECREASED TSH
PRIMARY HYPERTHYROIDISM
SECONDARY AND TERTIARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
78
INCREASED TSH
PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS
79
Ability of the thyroid gland to trap/uptake iodine
RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPDATE
80
Post operative marker of thyroid cancer
TG ASSAY
81
🗣️What are the major transporters of T3 & T4?
✔ TBG (Thyroxine Binding Globulin)
82
Which of these transport mainly T4?
✔ Thyroxine Binding Prealbumin
83
Hyperthyroidism:
T4
TBG
Increased T4 but normal TBG
84
Euthyroidism:
T4
TBG
Increased T4 & TBG
85
T3 UPTAKE
increased:
Hyperthyroidism
Euthyroids patients
Chronic liver disease
86
T3 UPTAKE
DECREASED
DECREASED
Hypothyroidism
Oral contraceptives
Pregnancy
Acute hepatitis
87
TBG INCREASED:
Euthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Pregnancy
Use of Estrogens
88
TBG DECREASED
Anabolic steroids
Nephrosis
89
Considered to be the most accurate tool for the evaluation of the presence of thyroid nodules
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATIONS (FNA)
90
Tests for the presence of residual or recurrent disease
RECOMBINANT HUMAN TSH
91
Measure for presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
More greater agglutination means greater amount of anti-thyroglobulin antibodie
TANNED ERYTHROCYTE HEMAGGLUTINATION
92
Detection of residual thyroid metastasis in the MTC (medullary thyroid carcinoma)
SERUM CALCITONIN
93
Best markers for thyroid status
FT4 and TSH:
94
Specific indicators of thyroid function
FT4 and FT3
95
WithOUT thyroid disease but there are symptoms
Euthyroid sick syndromes:
96
WithOUT thyroid disease but there are symptoms
Euthyroid sick syndromes:
97
Why are the receptors of catecholamine located on the outer part of the target cell?
-Cannot cross the cell membrane for they are proteins and have a large size
- Group II Hormones
98
Give one example of a hormone that is released by the Adenohypophysis.
-GH,
-FSH & LH,
-ACTH,
-Prolactin,
-TSH
99
Being the target organ of TSH, whenever there is stimulation from the pituitary gland, what hormones will be produced by the thyroid gland?
-T3 & T4
100
What is considered to be the regulator of TSH?
-TRH coming from the hypothalamus
-T4 & T3 can regulate since thyroid hormones are part of the negative mechanism
Once the desired level is reached, it will send back a signal to stop the secretion of TSH.
