HORMONES CLASSIFICATION Flashcards
1
Q
TYPES OF HORMONES
A
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Juxtacrine
Intracrine
Exocrine
Neurocrine
Neuroendocrine
2
Q
Classic or traditional hormones
A
ENDOCRINE HORMONES
3
Q
Secreted in one location
A
ENDOCRINE HORMONES
4
Q
Secreted in endocrine cells
A
PARACRINE HORMONE
5
Q
Reach the target organs within the same site by diffusing through interstitial fluid (ECF) or spaces
A
PARACRINE HORMONES
6
Q
In short Hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood
A
PARACRINE HORMONES
7
Q
Binds to specific receptor on cell of origin resulting to self-regulation of its function
A
AUTOCRINE
8
Q
Best example of Autocrine Hormone:
A
Prolactin
9
Q
Secreted in endocrine cells and remain in relation to plasma membrane
A
JUXTACRINE HORMONES
10
Q
Acting on adjacent cell by direct cell-to-cell contact
A
JUXTACRINE HORMONES
11
Q
JUXTACRINE HORMONES Best example: ____
There is direct cell-to-cell interaction
A
Peptide Hormones
12
Q
Hormones that acts in the cell without being released
A
INTRACRINE HORMONES
13
Q
INTRACRINE HORMONES EXAMPLE:
A
INSULIN
14
Q
Produced / secreted in endocrine cells
A
EXOCRINE
15
Q
Released into the lumen of gut or GIT
A
EXOCRINE HORMONES
16
Q
Secreted in neurons
Released into the extracellular space
A
NEUROCRINE HORMONES
17
Q
Secreted in neurons
Released from the nerve endings
A
NEUROENDOCRINE HORMONES
18
Q
Specifically, there is classification of hormones based on composition:
A
Peptides and Proteins
Steroids
Amines
Eicosanoids
19
Q
Synthesized and stored within the cell in the form of secretory granules
A
PEPTIDES & PROTEINS
20
Q
__are large molecules which is why they cannot diffuse or cross cell membrane
A
Proteins
21
Q
Larger chains of Amino Acids
A
GLYCOPROTEINS
22
Q
More than___ amino acids and bound to one more carbohydrate group
A
100
23
Q
Chains of Amino acids only
A
POLYPEPTIDES
24
Q
PRECURSOR OF STEROIDS
A
CHOLESTEROL
25
Classification According to # of Carbon Atoms
ESTROGEN
ANDROGENS
GLUCOCORTICOIDS, MINERALOCORTICOIDS AND PROGESTINS
18,19 AND 21
26
Derived from Amino acids
Modified Amino Acids
Intermediary between steroid and protein hormones
AMINES
27
Derived from Thyroxine
Thyroid hormones
(T3 and T4)
28
Derived from Tryptophan
Melatonin
29
Derived from fatty acid, arachidonic acid
Modified Arachidonic Acid
EICOSANOIDS
30
GROUP 1 HORMONES
Steroids
Iodothyronines (Т3Т4)
Calcitriol
Retinoids
31
GROUP2 HORMONES
Polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Catecholamines
32
Production of anterior pituitary hormone
RELEASING HORMONE
33
Decreases / Suppress the secretion by another organ
INHIBITING HORMONE
34
For growth and activity of other endocrine glands
E.g.
TROPIC HORMONE
35
Produced by all other endocrine glands other than anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Responsible for physiologic changes
HORMONE PRODUCTION
36
Contains sequences leader of amino acids called a signal sequences
Pre-prohormone
37
Has a sequence of amino acids and is called
Pre-hormone
38
Testosterone converted to dihydrotestosterone (active hormones) by ____
5 alpha-reductase
39
Enzyme aromatase will convert testosterone to an active form, ____
estradiol
40
G proteins: binds and hydrolyze____
GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate)
41
Just like cAMP (second messenger)
Also a second messenger
IP3 (INOSITOL TRIPHOSPHATE)
42
Calcium binding protein
Calmodulin
43
As a second messenger, it promotes the release or mobilization of calcium
Specific function
IP3 (INOSITOL TRIPHOSPHATE)
44
Enzyme Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into ____
IP3 and DAG
45
____hormones are capable of diffusing into the cell membrane for they are smaller in size
Group I
46
HYPOTHALAMUS is connected to the posterior pituitary by___
infundibulum or pituitary stalk
47
Send process through the pituitary stalk
Supraoptic neurons and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
48
Directly involved of reabsorption of water by the renal tubules
Vasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone
49
CRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:
ACTH
ADRENAL GLAND
50
GNRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:
FSH AND LH
OVARY AND TESTES
51
PRF
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:
PROLACTIN
BREAST TISSUE
52
PIF
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:
PROLACTIN
BREAST TISSUE
53
TRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:
TSH
THYROID GLAND
54
GHRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:
GH
SOFT TISSUE AND BONE
55
MIF
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:
MSH
SKIN
56
Stimulates the contraction of the uterine muscle and reflexion in the breast during milk ejection
Needed during pregnancy and in preparation of childbirth or delivery , oxytocin levels are elevated
For uterine contraction and milk production
OXYTOCIN
57
Attached to the midbrain & responsible for production of melatonin
PINEAL GLAND
58
PINEAL GLAND is located at
3rd ventricle of the cerebrum
59
Inhibits the activity of the gonadotropin
Inhibits FSH & LH (gonadal hormones)
PINEAL GLAND
60
Release melatonin
PINEAL GLAND
61
FUNCTIONS OF MELATONIN
Cardiac rhythm regulation
Inhibits pituitary gonadal axis
Treatment of jetlag
Treatment of insomnia
Antioxidant activity
62
Melatonin came from amino acid, ____
Tryptophan
63
____ level of melatonin: inhibit growth of gonads
Increased
64
One of the by-products of melatonin that serves as a neurotransmitter
serotonin
65
Melatonin metabolism by-product
SEROTONIN
66
____platelets = increased serotonin
Increased
67
Metabolite of SEROTONIN:
5’OHIAA 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
68
“Master gland” , “hypophysis”
PITUITARY GLAND
69
Found on the small cavity, _____, or otherwise known as _____
“Turkish Saddle”, Sella Turcica
70
Connected by the pituitary stalk to the ___ of the hypothalamus
median eminence
71
LOBES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior pituitary or Adenohypophysis
Intermediate lobe or Pars Intermedialis
Intermediate lobe or Pars Intermedialis
72
Not secrete hormones but rather a storage of hormones coming from the hypothalamus, specifically ADH & Oxytocin.
Posterior pituitary or Neurohypophysis
73
“True endocrine gland
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
74
Largest portion of the pituitary gland
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
75
ANTERIOR PITUITARY FROM :
From Rathke’s pouch
76
5 TYPES OF CELLS BY IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST
Somatotrophs
Lactotrophs or mammotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Corticotrophs
77
5 TYPES OF CELLS BY IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST
Somatotrophs
Lactotrophs or mammotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Corticotrophs
78
CELL: SOMATOTROPHS
HORMONE
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:
CELL: SOMATOTROPHS
HORMONE : GH
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Acidophils -stained red with H&E
79
CELL: LACTOTROPHS
HORMONE
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:
CELL: LACTOTROPHS
HORMONE :PROLACTIN
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Acidophils -stained red with H&E
80
CELL: THYROTROPHS
HORMONE:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:
CELL: THYROTROPHS
HORMONE: TSH
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Basophils - Stained blue with H&E
81
CELL: GONADOTROPHS
HORMONE:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:
CELL: GONADOTROPHS
HORMONE: FSH AND LH
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Basophils - Stained blue with H&E
82
CELL: CORTICOTROPHS
HORMONE:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:
CELL: CORTICOTROPHS
HORMONE: Corticotrophs
POMC (cleaved within the pituitary to produce ACTH, beta-endorphin and beta-lipoprotein)
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Chromophobes -can't be stained with H&E / colorless
83
HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
GH
Gonadotropins (Gonadal Hormones)
TSH
ACTH (Beta Endorphin & Beta Lipoprotein)
PRL or Prolactin
84
GROWTH HORMONE
“Somatotropin”
85
GH- RH
Somatocronin
86
GHIH
Somatostatin
87
Deep Sleep inhibitor hormone
Somatostatin
88
before was used to treat psychiatric disorders,but now is used for Parkinson’s
Apomorphine
89
Glucocorticoids and Increased FA
Promote the decrease in the level of GHs
90
INCREASED IN GH
ACROMEGALY
CHRONIC MALNUTRITION
RENAL DISEASE
CIRRHOSIS
SEPSIS
91
DECREASE LEVELS
HYPERGLYCEMIA
OBESITY
HYPOTHYROIDISM
92
GH stimulates the liver to secrete ______
GH stimulates the liver to secrete somatomedins
93
Crucial factor for the regulation of cell proliferation, growth, migration, differentiation and survival
SOMATOMEDIN A
OR IGF II
94
SOMATOMEDIN A OTHER NAME
IGF II
95
SOMATOMEDIN C OTHER NAME
IGF I
96
Responsible for stimulating growth of all cell types and causing significant metabolic effects
SOMATOMEDIN C
OR IGF I
97
Has the ability to signal cells that sufficient nutrients are available for cells to undergo hypertrophy and cell division.
SOMATOMEDIN C
OR IGF I
98
GH DEFICIENCY
IDIOPATHIC GHD
PITUITARY ADENOMA
99
Gold standard FOR GHD
Insulin tolerance test
100
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR GHD
Insulin tolerance test
Gold standard
Arginine stimulation test
101
Confirmed with GH Deficiency if:
GH failed to increase about 5ng/mL in adults, and in children >10 ng/mL
102
Associated with Gigantism
Overproduction of the growth hormone (>50 ng/mL)
acromegaly
103
Excessive production of GH due to pituitary tumors in the pituitary gland
acromegaly
104
Buildup of plaque leading to blockage of blood vessels
atherosclerosis
105
Result of deposition of cholesterol
atherosclerosis
106
It quickens the deposition of lipids on the blood vessel wall
Accelerated atherosclerosis
107
Synthesized in the liver
Levels are low when GH levels are low
IGF 1
108
Elevated in patients with acromegaly
Levels are high when GH levels are high
IGF 2
109
acromegaly Confirmatory test:
Confirmatory test:
Glucose Suppression Test
OGTT (75 glucose)
110
Glucose load is given either in __ depending on physician
100g or 75g
111
Acromegaly if:
GH fails to decline less than _____
1 ng/mL
112
Acromegaly is when_____levels are both elevated
GH and IGF 1
113
🗣️How do we know that a woman is suffering from premature menopause?
✔ Elevated level of FSH
114
Synthesis of androgens, estrogens and progesterone
LH
115
Increase of FSH and LH:
Lack of estrogen
116
TSH
“Thyrotropin”
117
Main stimulus for the uptake of iodid
TSH
118
______stimulates or causes greater uptake of iodide
Assists on the elevation the number and size of follicular cells
TSH from the anterior pituitary gland
119
TSH Has 2 subunits:
Has 2 subunits:
T-alpha & Beta-subunits
120
Utilized to evaluate infertility both for men & women
TSH
121
What hormone that is responsible for the stimulating the thyroid gland produced by the thyroid hormones
-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
122
Identify where the specific site it is secreted from (TSH)
-Anterior Pituitary Gland
123
Identify the hormone that stimulates its production or What is the hormone that stimulates the production of TSH?
-Thyroid Releasing Hormone
124
Identify the hormone that stimulates its production (#3) or Where is TRH produced from?
-Hypothalamus
125
What is the amino acid present in the thyroglobulin?
-Thyroxine
