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CC 2 LEC FINALS > HORMONES CLASSIFICATION > Flashcards

HORMONES CLASSIFICATION Flashcards

1
Q

TYPES OF HORMONES

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Juxtacrine
Intracrine
Exocrine
Neurocrine
Neuroendocrine

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2
Q

Classic or traditional hormones

A

ENDOCRINE HORMONES

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3
Q

Secreted in one location

A

ENDOCRINE HORMONES

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4
Q

Secreted in endocrine cells

A

PARACRINE HORMONE

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5
Q

Reach the target organs within the same site by diffusing through interstitial fluid (ECF) or spaces

A

PARACRINE HORMONES

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6
Q

In short Hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

A

PARACRINE HORMONES

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7
Q

Binds to specific receptor on cell of origin resulting to self-regulation of its function

A

AUTOCRINE

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8
Q

Best example of Autocrine Hormone:

A

Prolactin

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9
Q

Secreted in endocrine cells and remain in relation to plasma membrane

A

JUXTACRINE HORMONES

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10
Q

Acting on adjacent cell by direct cell-to-cell contact

A

JUXTACRINE HORMONES

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11
Q

JUXTACRINE HORMONES Best example: ____
There is direct cell-to-cell interaction

A

Peptide Hormones

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12
Q

Hormones that acts in the cell without being released

A

INTRACRINE HORMONES

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13
Q

INTRACRINE HORMONES EXAMPLE:

A

INSULIN

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14
Q

Produced / secreted in endocrine cells

A

EXOCRINE

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15
Q

Released into the lumen of gut or GIT

A

EXOCRINE HORMONES

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16
Q

Secreted in neurons
Released into the extracellular space

A

NEUROCRINE HORMONES

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17
Q

Secreted in neurons
Released from the nerve endings

A

NEUROENDOCRINE HORMONES

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18
Q

Specifically, there is classification of hormones based on composition:

A

Peptides and Proteins
Steroids
Amines
Eicosanoids

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19
Q

Synthesized and stored within the cell in the form of secretory granules

A

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

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20
Q

__are large molecules which is why they cannot diffuse or cross cell membrane

A

Proteins

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21
Q

Larger chains of Amino Acids

A

GLYCOPROTEINS

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22
Q

More than___ amino acids and bound to one more carbohydrate group

A

100

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23
Q

Chains of Amino acids only

A

POLYPEPTIDES

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24
Q

PRECURSOR OF STEROIDS

A

CHOLESTEROL

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25
Q

Classification According to # of Carbon Atoms
ESTROGEN
ANDROGENS
GLUCOCORTICOIDS, MINERALOCORTICOIDS AND PROGESTINS

A

18,19 AND 21

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26
Q

Derived from Amino acids
Modified Amino Acids
Intermediary between steroid and protein hormones

A

AMINES

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27
Q

Derived from Thyroxine

A

Thyroid hormones
(T3 and T4)

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28
Q

Derived from Tryptophan

A

Melatonin

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29
Q

Derived from fatty acid, arachidonic acid
Modified Arachidonic Acid

A

EICOSANOIDS

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30
Q

GROUP 1 HORMONES

A

Steroids
Iodothyronines (Т3Т4)
Calcitriol
Retinoids

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31
Q

GROUP2 HORMONES

A

Polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Catecholamines

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32
Q

Production of anterior pituitary hormone

A

RELEASING HORMONE

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33
Q

Decreases / Suppress the secretion by another organ

A

INHIBITING HORMONE

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34
Q

For growth and activity of other endocrine glands
E.g.

A

TROPIC HORMONE

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35
Q

Produced by all other endocrine glands other than anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Responsible for physiologic changes

A

HORMONE PRODUCTION

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36
Q

Contains sequences leader of amino acids called a signal sequences

A

Pre-prohormone

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37
Q

Has a sequence of amino acids and is called

A

Pre-hormone

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38
Q

Testosterone converted to dihydrotestosterone (active hormones) by ____

A

5 alpha-reductase

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39
Q

Enzyme aromatase will convert testosterone to an active form, ____

A

estradiol

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40
Q

G proteins: binds and hydrolyze____

A

GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate)

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41
Q

Just like cAMP (second messenger)
Also a second messenger

A

IP3 (INOSITOL TRIPHOSPHATE)

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42
Q

Calcium binding protein

A

Calmodulin

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43
Q

As a second messenger, it promotes the release or mobilization of calcium
Specific function

A

IP3 (INOSITOL TRIPHOSPHATE)

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44
Q

Enzyme Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into ____

A

IP3 and DAG

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45
Q

____hormones are capable of diffusing into the cell membrane for they are smaller in size

A

Group I

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46
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS is connected to the posterior pituitary by___

A

infundibulum or pituitary stalk

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47
Q

Send process through the pituitary stalk

A

Supraoptic neurons and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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48
Q

Directly involved of reabsorption of water by the renal tubules

A

Vasopressin or Antidiuretic Hormone

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49
Q

CRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:

A

ACTH
ADRENAL GLAND

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50
Q

GNRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:

A

FSH AND LH
OVARY AND TESTES

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51
Q

PRF
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:

A

PROLACTIN
BREAST TISSUE

52
Q

PIF
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:

A

PROLACTIN
BREAST TISSUE

53
Q

TRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:

A

TSH
THYROID GLAND

54
Q

GHRH
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:

A

GH
SOFT TISSUE AND BONE

55
Q

MIF
RELEASING:
TARGET ORGAN:

A

MSH
SKIN

56
Q

Stimulates the contraction of the uterine muscle and reflexion in the breast during milk ejection
Needed during pregnancy and in preparation of childbirth or delivery , oxytocin levels are elevated
For uterine contraction and milk production

A

OXYTOCIN

57
Q

Attached to the midbrain & responsible for production of melatonin

A

PINEAL GLAND

58
Q

PINEAL GLAND is located at

A

3rd ventricle of the cerebrum

59
Q

Inhibits the activity of the gonadotropin
Inhibits FSH & LH (gonadal hormones)

A

PINEAL GLAND

60
Q

Release melatonin

A

PINEAL GLAND

61
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MELATONIN

A

Cardiac rhythm regulation
Inhibits pituitary gonadal axis
Treatment of jetlag
Treatment of insomnia
Antioxidant activity

62
Q

Melatonin came from amino acid, ____

A

Tryptophan

63
Q

____ level of melatonin: inhibit growth of gonads

A

Increased

64
Q

One of the by-products of melatonin that serves as a neurotransmitter

A

serotonin

65
Q

Melatonin metabolism by-product

A

SEROTONIN

66
Q

____platelets = increased serotonin

A

Increased

67
Q

Metabolite of SEROTONIN:

A

5’OHIAA 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

68
Q

“Master gland” , “hypophysis”

A

PITUITARY GLAND

69
Q

Found on the small cavity, _____, or otherwise known as _____

A

“Turkish Saddle”, Sella Turcica

70
Q

Connected by the pituitary stalk to the ___ of the hypothalamus

A

median eminence

71
Q

LOBES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND

A

Anterior pituitary or Adenohypophysis
Intermediate lobe or Pars Intermedialis
Intermediate lobe or Pars Intermedialis

72
Q

Not secrete hormones but rather a storage of hormones coming from the hypothalamus, specifically ADH & Oxytocin.

A

Posterior pituitary or Neurohypophysis

73
Q

“True endocrine gland

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

74
Q

Largest portion of the pituitary gland

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

75
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY FROM :

A

From Rathke’s pouch

76
Q

5 TYPES OF CELLS BY IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST

A

Somatotrophs
Lactotrophs or mammotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Corticotrophs

77
Q

5 TYPES OF CELLS BY IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST

A

Somatotrophs
Lactotrophs or mammotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Corticotrophs

78
Q

CELL: SOMATOTROPHS
HORMONE
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:

A

CELL: SOMATOTROPHS
HORMONE : GH
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Acidophils -stained red with H&E

79
Q

CELL: LACTOTROPHS
HORMONE
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:

A

CELL: LACTOTROPHS
HORMONE :PROLACTIN
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Acidophils -stained red with H&E

80
Q

CELL: THYROTROPHS
HORMONE:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:

A

CELL: THYROTROPHS
HORMONE: TSH
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Basophils - Stained blue with H&E

81
Q

CELL: GONADOTROPHS
HORMONE:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:

A

CELL: GONADOTROPHS
HORMONE: FSH AND LH
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Basophils - Stained blue with H&E

82
Q

CELL: CORTICOTROPHS
HORMONE:
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:

A

CELL: CORTICOTROPHS
HORMONE: Corticotrophs
POMC (cleaved within the pituitary to produce ACTH, beta-endorphin and beta-lipoprotein)

IMMUNOCHEMICAL TEST RESULT:Chromophobes -can’t be stained with H&E / colorless

83
Q

HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

A

GH
Gonadotropins (Gonadal Hormones)
TSH
ACTH (Beta Endorphin & Beta Lipoprotein)
PRL or Prolactin

84
Q

GROWTH HORMONE

A

“Somatotropin”

85
Q

GH- RH

A

Somatocronin

86
Q

GHIH

A

Somatostatin

87
Q

Deep Sleep inhibitor hormone

A

Somatostatin

88
Q

before was used to treat psychiatric disorders,but now is used for Parkinson’s

A

Apomorphine

89
Q

Glucocorticoids and Increased FA

A

Promote the decrease in the level of GHs

90
Q

INCREASED IN GH

A

ACROMEGALY
CHRONIC MALNUTRITION
RENAL DISEASE
CIRRHOSIS
SEPSIS

91
Q

DECREASE LEVELS

A

HYPERGLYCEMIA
OBESITY
HYPOTHYROIDISM

92
Q

GH stimulates the liver to secrete ______

A

GH stimulates the liver to secrete somatomedins

93
Q

Crucial factor for the regulation of cell proliferation, growth, migration, differentiation and survival

A

SOMATOMEDIN A
OR IGF II

94
Q

SOMATOMEDIN A OTHER NAME

A

IGF II

95
Q

SOMATOMEDIN C OTHER NAME

A

IGF I

96
Q

Responsible for stimulating growth of all cell types and causing significant metabolic effects

A

SOMATOMEDIN C
OR IGF I

97
Q

Has the ability to signal cells that sufficient nutrients are available for cells to undergo hypertrophy and cell division.

A

SOMATOMEDIN C
OR IGF I

98
Q

GH DEFICIENCY

A

IDIOPATHIC GHD
PITUITARY ADENOMA

99
Q

Gold standard FOR GHD

A

Insulin tolerance test

100
Q

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR GHD

A

Insulin tolerance test
Gold standard
Arginine stimulation test

101
Q

Confirmed with GH Deficiency if:

A

GH failed to increase about 5ng/mL in adults, and in children >10 ng/mL

102
Q

Associated with Gigantism
Overproduction of the growth hormone (>50 ng/mL)

A

acromegaly

103
Q

Excessive production of GH due to pituitary tumors in the pituitary gland

A

acromegaly

104
Q

Buildup of plaque leading to blockage of blood vessels

A

atherosclerosis

105
Q

Result of deposition of cholesterol

A

atherosclerosis

106
Q

It quickens the deposition of lipids on the blood vessel wall

A

Accelerated atherosclerosis

107
Q

Synthesized in the liver
Levels are low when GH levels are low

A

IGF 1

108
Q

Elevated in patients with acromegaly
Levels are high when GH levels are high

A

IGF 2

109
Q

acromegaly Confirmatory test:

A

Confirmatory test:
Glucose Suppression Test
OGTT (75 glucose)

110
Q

Glucose load is given either in __ depending on physician

A

100g or 75g

111
Q

Acromegaly if:
GH fails to decline less than _____

A

1 ng/mL

112
Q

Acromegaly is when_____levels are both elevated

A

GH and IGF 1

113
Q

🗣️How do we know that a woman is suffering from premature menopause?

A

✔ Elevated level of FSH

114
Q

Synthesis of androgens, estrogens and progesterone

A

LH

115
Q

Increase of FSH and LH:

A

Lack of estrogen

116
Q

TSH

A

“Thyrotropin”

117
Q

Main stimulus for the uptake of iodid

A

TSH

118
Q

______stimulates or causes greater uptake of iodide
Assists on the elevation the number and size of follicular cells

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

119
Q

TSH Has 2 subunits:

A

Has 2 subunits:
T-alpha & Beta-subunits

120
Q

Utilized to evaluate infertility both for men & women

A

TSH

121
Q

What hormone that is responsible for the stimulating the thyroid gland produced by the thyroid hormones

A

-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

122
Q

Identify where the specific site it is secreted from (TSH)

A

-Anterior Pituitary Gland

123
Q

Identify the hormone that stimulates its production or What is the hormone that stimulates the production of TSH?

A

-Thyroid Releasing Hormone

124
Q

Identify the hormone that stimulates its production (#3) or Where is TRH produced from?

A

-Hypothalamus

125
Q

What is the amino acid present in the thyroglobulin?

A

-Thyroxine

CC 2 LEC FINALS (8 decks)

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