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POD :( > Toxicology Mechanism of Actions > Flashcards

Toxicology Mechanism of Actions Flashcards

1
Q

ionophore MOA

A

bind and transport cations down concentration gradients -> uncontrolled ion transport leading to electrolyte imbalances -> loss of ATP in mitochondria -> cell death -> necrosis

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2
Q

nitrate MOA

A

rumen microbes convert nitrate -> nitrite -> ammonia

nitrite oxidizes Fe2+ -> Fe3+ -> methemoglobin -> hypoxia

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3
Q

NPN MOA

A

urea -> ammonia -> neuro signs

ATP depletion?

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4
Q

Na ion intoxiation/water deprivation MOA

A

rapid rehydration -> edema -> increased intracranial pressure -> decreased perfusion -> ischemia/necrosis/PEM

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5
Q

sulfur MOA

A

converted to hydrogen sulfite by ruminal microbes -> inhibit cytochrome C oxidase -> decreased ATP -> PEM

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6
Q

mycotoxins MOA

A

protein synthesis inhibitors

tremorgenic mycotoxins cross BBB -> block glycine and cause presynaptic Ach release

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7
Q

methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) MOA

A

-increased intracellular Ca
-release of catecholamines

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8
Q

allium spp MOA

A

oxidative damage; disulfides, thiosulfate

Hb oxidation; heinz bodies, eccentrocytes

RBC + Na/K pump damage; hemolysis

methemoglobin; hypoxia

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9
Q

grape/raisin MOA

A

unknown. tartaric acid suspected

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10
Q

macadamia nut MOA

A

unknown

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11
Q

xylitol MOA

A

depletion of ATP -> oxidation damage from ROS

hypoglycemia -> liver necrosis

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12
Q

NSAID MOA

A

inhibition of COX enzymes -> decreased PG synthesis

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13
Q

marijuana MOA

A

CB1 and CB2 agonist

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14
Q

meth MOA

A

release catecholamines

inhibit monoamine esterase

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15
Q

lead MOA

A

gamma-aminolevulinic acid -> protoporphyrin

binds to RBCs and inhibits maturation = rubricytosis, basophilic stippling

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16
Q

copper MOA

A

hepatic injury / inflammation / fibrosis; RBC oxidation and hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperbilirubinuria, nephrosis

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17
Q

iron MOA

A

oxidative stress (fenton reaction) -> lesions in GI and liver

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18
Q

mercury MOA

A

reduced protein synthesis, lipid peroxidation (ROS), crosses BBB causing neuronal degeneration

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19
Q

arsenic MOA

A

trivalent/arsenite = interferes with krebs cycle

pentavalent/arsenate = uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

carbon monoxide MOA

A

forms carboxyhemoglobin = impaired cell respiration = loss of ATP = cell death

21
Q

organophosphates/carbamates MOA

A

cholinesterase inhibiting = facilitate ACh activity

22
Q

organochlorides MOA

A

endocrine disruptor

23
Q

pyrethrins and pyrethroid (botanicals) MOA

A

slow opening/closing of neuronal Na channels = continued depolarization = hyperexcitability

24
Q

neonicotinoids MOA

A

nAChR agonist = paralysis

25
Q

anticoagulant rodenticides MOA

A

block vitamin K1 epoxide reductase = no reduction of vitamin K1 epoxide to vitamin K1 = no conversion of vitamin K dependent coagulants

26
Q

bromethalin MOA

A

uncouples oxidative phosphorylation = decreased ATP = inhibits Na/K ATPase = increased intracellular Na = edema

27
Q

choleocalciferol MOA

A

increased absorption of Ca and P = soft tissue mineralization

28
Q

zinc phosphide MOA

A

inhibits cytochrome oxidase

29
Q

strychnine MOA

A

blocks glycine in the CNS = unchecked reflexes = hyperexcitability to muscles

30
Q

paraquat MOA

A

produces free radicals = lipid peroxidation, NADPH oxidation, mitochondrial damage

31
Q

cyanogenic glycosides MOA

A

binds to cytochrome C oxidase and inhibits ETC = decreased ATP = cell death

32
Q

toxic alkaloids MOA

A

neurotoxin

33
Q

taxine alkaloids

A

depress cardiac conduction (inhibit Na and Ca channels)

34
Q

cardiac glycosides MOA

A

inhibit Na/K ATPase = increased intracellular Ca = myocardial contraction

interferes with cardiac conduction

35
Q

dieffenbachia spp MOA

A

formulation of calcium oxalate crystals - GI irritation, salivation

36
Q

lectins MOA

A

ricin and ricinin inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis

37
Q

giant hogweed MOA

A

bonds chemically to epithelium when exposed to sunlight

38
Q

st johns wort MOA

A

involves primary photosensitization

39
Q

ragwort MOA

A

damages the liver

40
Q

bracken fern MOA

A

BM suppression

horses; thiaminase = thiamin deficiency

cows; ptaquiloside = hematuria

41
Q

red maple MOA

42
Q

yellow star thistle MOA

A

neurotoxic

43
Q

russian knapweed MOA

A

glutathione depletion = increased ROS = oxidative damage = neuron cell death

inhibits dopamine release = parkinsons signs

44
Q

lily MOA

A

renal tubular necrosis

45
Q

black walnut MOA

46
Q

false hellebore MOA

A

involves cyclopamine (tetragenic alkaloid)

POD :( (12 decks)

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