Lab 3.4 - Cases Flashcards
What would be on your list of differential diagnosis with the following clinical exam findings?
-Diarrhea is watery, with no blood, strong/bad smell
-No discharges in other parts of the body
-Anorexic and slightly dehydrated
-Listless and quiet on examination
-Slightly higher body temperature and respiratory rate
Viral infection
- Parvovirus
- Canine Distemper
- Coronavirus
- Rotavirus
what do you need to do PPE wise when you suspect a virus infection animals
When you suspect a virus infected animal please make sure you take extra caution and wear personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, mask and eye protection) prior to conducting physical examination
what additional lab tests do you need if the results show a severe leukopenia characterized by a mild lymphopenis and moderate neutropenia (2 important ones)
- Detection of parvovirus antigen by ELISA (Ag in feces)***
- Identification of viral nucleic acid in feces by PCR (used to confirm Snap test)***
- Virus isolation (from feces)
- Demonstration of viral particles in feces by EM, HA, HI
- Demonstration of Ab in serum by HI, VN or ELISA
- Post –mortem:
- Histology: rare to see inclusion bodies, used mostly to rule out other causes
- FA (direct – Ag) in tissues: Payer`s patches (distal ileum), mesenteric lymph
nodes (antigen is in the macrophages and/or lymphocytes)
what are some possible reasons for a snap test to be a false negative?
-User error
-Issue with storage/manufacturing/etc.
-The sample collected did not have enough of the viral antigen in it to be able to detect with the test
-False-negative results can be seen early in the course of the disease (before peak viral shedding), because of the dilutional effect of large volume diarrhea
three general approaches for treatment of canine parvovirus
- Intravenous fluids (balanced electrolyte solution)
- Antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infection
- Antiemetics (persistent, severe vomiting)
prognosis of parvovirus and recovery time
- 68-92% of puppies administered appropriate supportive care will survive, having developed long-term (potential life-long) immunity against the virus.
- Recovery time: Approximately 1 week after surviving the first 3-4 days of illness
what would you expect to see in post mortem after parvo
- Small intestine: Severe necrotic and hemorrhagic enteritis, Necrosis in the Peyer’s patch
- Lymph nodes (intestinal, mesenteric): Multifocal hemorrhage
- Thymus: Severe diffuse hemorrhage
vaccination strategies for parvo
- Inactivated and modified-live vaccine at 6–8, 10–12, and 14–16 weeks
- Booster administered 1 year later and then 3 year later
- Usually given as a combination CORE vaccine→ DAPP (Distemper,
Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza) or DHPP (Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza) - Inactivated vaccines for pregnant bitches (reduced risk of abortion)
reasons a vaccine can fail (4)
- Faulty vaccine - improper storage or administration
- State of immune system at time of vaccination = Immature immune system and/or dog is unhealthy at time of vaccination
- Breed Differences! = Rottweilers and Dobermans are more susceptible to developing parvovirus enteritis despite vaccination!
- Maternal immunity - maternal antibodies block the live attenuated vaccine challenge
ideal timing of vaccination for parvo
when the maternal antibodies levels will be low enough to no longer protect the dog
what to use to kill parvo in a clinic
- Killing parvovirus (small naked DNA virus) requires strong disinfectants:
● Bleach (sodium hypochlorite)
● Potassium peroxymonosulfate
● Hydrogen peroxide
do Quaternary ammonium (soap) disinfectants kill parvo
no
virus shedding period for parvo
- Virus is shed in the feces of infected dogs within 4–5 days of exposure (often before clinical signs develop), throughout the period of illness, and for ~10 days after clinical recovery
clinical signs of bovine herpesvirus 1 (IBR = infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
- Clinical signs include fever, depression, profuse nasal discharge, unilateral or bilateral conjunctivitis with profuse lacrimation
- Bovine herpesvirus 1 can also cause reproductive signs including
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) and balanoposthitis
can you use PCR to detect IBR?
yeah - Used for detection of different pathogens associated with a syndrome. e.g. bovine respiratory disease complex
