Test 1 Studying Flashcards
What are the causes of regenerative anemia?
Hemorrhage or hemolysis
Is hemorrhage only applicable to regenerative anemia? why or why not
Internal hemorrhage is a cause for regenerative anemia
External hemorrhage is a cause for non regenerative anemia because the animal is losing the blood components (like iron) and then iron becomes a limiting factor in it being able to regenerate
Causes of primary BM disorder that lead to non regenerative anemia
- Hypoplasia/aplasia
- Myelodysplasia
- Leukemia
- Other causes of BM failure
Causes of secondary BM disorder that lead to non regenerative anemia
- Chronic inflammation
- FeLV
- Renal disease
- Metastatic neoplasia
- Endocrine disease
Causes of monocytosis
- Corticosteroid excess
- IMHA
- Bacterial Infection
- Fungal infection
- Granulomatous inflammation
- Recovery from BM suppression
Causes of eosinophilia
- Allergy
- Parasitic Infection
- Hypereosinophilic syndrome (leukemia, mast cell neoplasia, lymphoma)
- eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
causes of lymphocytosis
- BLV
- Lymphocytic leukemia
- Recent vaccination
- Epinephrine mediated
- Chronic infection (erlichiosis)
causes of lymphopenia
- Corticosteroid excess
- Acute infection
- Loss of lymphocyte rich fluid (chylothorax)
- Immunodeficiency
causes of basophilia
- Parasitic infection
- Eosinophilic inflammation
Cells affected by lymphoproliferative leukemia
T and B cells
Cells affected by myeloproliferative leukemia
granulocytes, platelets, monocytes, erythrocytes
What cells do you find in acute vs chronic leukemia
blast cells vs mature cells
what is the state of the BM in acute vs chronic leukemia
hypo/hypercellular vs hypercellular
do you see organomegaly with acute or chronic leukemia
chronic
cell morphology for acute vs chronic leukemia
may be dysplastic vs normal morphology
any cytopenias present in acute vs chronic
pancytopenia vs none/anemia only
what do small platelets indicate
ITP or iron deficiency
what do shift platelets indicate
increased thrombopoiesis
What does the dense granule contain
ADP
what does the lysosome contain
hydrolase
what does the alpha granule contain
-B thromboglobulin
-platelet factors
-platelet derived growth factor
-Factor 5
-fibrinogen
what are the anti-coagulant factors
-prothrombin 3, protein C, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
what are the contact factors
11, 12, 13, prekallikrein
what are the vitamin K dependent factors
10, 9, 7, 2
what are the non enzymatic factors
5, 8, fibrinogen
what factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway
tissue factor, factor 7
what factors are part of the common pathway
1, 2, 5, 10
what factors are part of the intrinsic pathway
8, 9, 11, 12, 13, PK
what do acanthocytes indicate
liver/spleen disease
what do spherocytes indicate
IMHA, transfused cells
what do heinz bodies indicate
oxidative damage
what do HJ bodies indicate
spleen issues
what do ghost cells indicate
immune component
what do target cells indicate
liver disease
what do eccentrocytes indicate
oxidative damage
what do shistocytes indicate
DIC
what does agglutination indicate
underlying immune component to the disease
what does rouloux indicate
indicates increased protein in dogs and ruminants. normal is horses and cats
what are the causes of thrombocytopenia
destruction (ITP), production (BM dz), consumption (DIC)
what are the cytological features of cancer
- size
- nuclear enlargement
- nucleolus presence
- increased mitotic figures
- hyperchromasia
what is sialocele
submandibular swelling due to obstructed salivary duct
wht are examples of inclusion cysts
degenerating epithelial cells, choleserol crysals, macrophages
what features indicate bile peritonitis
neutrophils, macrophages, bile pigment
what features indicate congestive heart failure
erythrophagocytosis and slightly elevated protein and cell concentrations
what features indicate FIP effusion
high protein conc, yellow in colour, elevation in cell count, neutrophils
what does FIP effusion cause
pyogranulomatous vasculitis
what features indicate intestinal content
bacteria and plant materials
what do you see with pyothorax/pyoperitoneum
suppurative inflammation with degradation of neutrophils indicating bacterial presence
what features indicate uroabdomen
creatinine, inflammation, urinary crystals
causes of hypoplasia/aplasia of BM
-infectious
-drug/chemical toxicity
-immune mediated
characteristics of myelodysplasia
-peripheral blood cytopenias
-normal to hypercellular BM
-dysplastic features
5 causes of myelofibrosis
-unknown
-necrosis
-chronic hemolytic anemia
-FeLV
-neoplasia
how can chronic disease (inflammation and neoplasia) cause anemia via secondary marrow disease?
iron sequestration (not iron deficiency) and suppressive cytokines
chronic disease (inflammation and neoplasia) characteristics:
-mild-moderate anemia
-normochromic and normocytic
how can FeLV cause anemia via secondary marrow disorder?
-chronic disease
-myelophthisis from hematologic neoplasia
-pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)- aplastic bone marrow
FeLV characteristics on RBC
normocytic or macrocytic
how can chronic kidney disease cause anemia via secondary marrow disorder?
-reduced RBC lifespan
-reduced EPO
-reduced marrow response to EPO
what can cause an increased BMBT mean
-vWD
-drug treatments
-DIC
what can cause thrombocytosis? (7)
-inflammatory disease
-splenic contraction
-hemorrhage
-iron deficiency
-paraneoplasia
-non neoplastic FeLV-associated disease
-myeloproliferative disease
what specific issues can an APTT/ACT test indicate?
-DIC
-hemophilias, some vWDs
-vitamin K deficiency/antagonism
-hereditary factor XII or XI deficiency
-therapeutic anticoagulation
hemophilia A is caused by…
factor 8 deficiency
what specific issues can an OSPT test indicate
-hereditary factor VII deficiency
-DIC
-vitamin K deficiency/antagonism
decreased fibrinogen could be a sign of?
-DIC
-hereditary hypo- or dysfibrinogenemia
-therapeutic anticoagulation
what can increased fibrinogen be a sign of
acute phase response
what can an FDP test indicate?
-DIC
-renal disease (need to know kidney function)
-internal hemorrhage
features of epinephrine (fight or flight) response and what happens to cause the changes
-mild neutrophilia
-no left shift
-mild lymphocytosis
-marginating pool moves into circulating pool
features of stress leukogram and what happens to cause the changes
-mild to moderate neutrophilia
-no left shift
-lymphopenia + eosinopenia
-possible monocytosis and/or eosinophilia
-release of bone marrow storage pool of segmented neutrophils
-lymphocytes retained in lymph nodes
features of acute inflammation and what happens to cause the changes
-neutrophilia with moderate to marked left shift
-depletion of segmented neutrophils and release of band neutrophils from bone marrow
features of chronic inflammation and what happens to cause the changes
-marked neutrophilia with variable left shift
-monocytosis
-increased production and release of segmented neutrophils from bone marrow
features of tissue necrosis or neoplasia and what happens to cause the changes
-mild to marked neutrophilia
-often with left shift
-cytokine mediated increase in production of neutrophils
what is indicated when you see toxic changes and a left shift
tissue demand for neutrophils exceeding bone marrow storage
when does tissue demand for neutrophils exceed bone marrow storage
acute suppurative inflammation
what can decrease neutrophil production
-radiation
-drugs
-estrogen toxicity
-leukemia
what causes neutrophil cytoplasmic vacuolation
autophagocytosis
what cell type recirculates, has a long lifespan and inhabits in mucosal sites
lymphocytes
what specific phenomenon do you see in rottweilers
pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils/eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
what is myelophthisis
crowding out of normal cells in marrow
4 types of leukemia
-lymphoproliferative
-myeloproliferative
-myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
-lymphoma associated leukemia
what are two features of myelodysplastic syndrome
-pancytopenia
-no acute leukemia cells in peripheral blood (see mature dysplastic cells)
what type of leukemia has no pancytopenia and organ infiltration (patchy infiltration of bone marrow)
lymphoma associated leukemia
what do you see with reactive hyperplasia cytology
-small lymphocytes still predominate
-increase in large lymphocytes and plasma cells
-may see russell bodies in plasma cells (called Mott cells) in chronic stimulation
what cells are increased in lymphadenitis
increase in neutrophils, eosinophils, or macrophages (may see giant cells)
soft tissue sarcoma, fibroma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma are examples of what type of cell cancer?
mesenchymal
adenoma, carcinoma, adenocarcimona, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma are examples of what type of cell cancer?
epithelial cell cancer
histiocytoma, melanoma, mast cell tumor and plasmocytoma are examples of what type of cell cancer
round cell cancer
types of sampling for respiratory cytology
-TTW
-BAL
what would you expect to see in aspiration pneumonia cytology
-marked inflammation
-bacterial morphologies
-plant material
-keratinizing squamous cells
what would you expect to see in chronic non-inflammatory airway inflammation cytology
-suppurative with nondegenerate neutrophils
or
-eosinophilic inflammation ± mast cells
-curshmanns spirals (dislodged mucus plugs) seen in chronic inflammation
what leads to transudate
increased intravascular pressure
what leads to an exudate
-tissue inflammation→increased
-vascular permeability→leakage and movement of protein and cells into body cavity
