Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POD :( > Test 1 Studying > Flashcards

Test 1 Studying Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of regenerative anemia?

A

Hemorrhage or hemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is hemorrhage only applicable to regenerative anemia? why or why not

A

Internal hemorrhage is a cause for regenerative anemia

External hemorrhage is a cause for non regenerative anemia because the animal is losing the blood components (like iron) and then iron becomes a limiting factor in it being able to regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of primary BM disorder that lead to non regenerative anemia

A
  1. Hypoplasia/aplasia
  2. Myelodysplasia
  3. Leukemia
  4. Other causes of BM failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of secondary BM disorder that lead to non regenerative anemia

A
  1. Chronic inflammation
  2. FeLV
  3. Renal disease
  4. Metastatic neoplasia
  5. Endocrine disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes of monocytosis

A
  1. Corticosteroid excess
  2. IMHA
  3. Bacterial Infection
  4. Fungal infection
  5. Granulomatous inflammation
  6. Recovery from BM suppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

A
  1. Allergy
  2. Parasitic Infection
  3. Hypereosinophilic syndrome (leukemia, mast cell neoplasia, lymphoma)
  4. eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of lymphocytosis

A
  1. BLV
  2. Lymphocytic leukemia
  3. Recent vaccination
  4. Epinephrine mediated
  5. Chronic infection (erlichiosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

causes of lymphopenia

A
  1. Corticosteroid excess
  2. Acute infection
  3. Loss of lymphocyte rich fluid (chylothorax)
  4. Immunodeficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

causes of basophilia

A
  1. Parasitic infection
  2. Eosinophilic inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cells affected by lymphoproliferative leukemia

A

T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cells affected by myeloproliferative leukemia

A

granulocytes, platelets, monocytes, erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What cells do you find in acute vs chronic leukemia

A

blast cells vs mature cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the state of the BM in acute vs chronic leukemia

A

hypo/hypercellular vs hypercellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do you see organomegaly with acute or chronic leukemia

A

chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell morphology for acute vs chronic leukemia

A

may be dysplastic vs normal morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

any cytopenias present in acute vs chronic

A

pancytopenia vs none/anemia only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do small platelets indicate

A

ITP or iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do shift platelets indicate

A

increased thrombopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the dense granule contain

A

ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the lysosome contain

A

hydrolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the alpha granule contain

A

-B thromboglobulin
-platelet factors
-platelet derived growth factor
-Factor 5
-fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the anti-coagulant factors

A

-prothrombin 3, protein C, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the contact factors

A

11, 12, 13, prekallikrein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the vitamin K dependent factors

A

10, 9, 7, 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the non enzymatic factors

A

5, 8, fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what factors are involved in the extrinsic pathway

A

tissue factor, factor 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what factors are part of the common pathway

A

1, 2, 5, 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what factors are part of the intrinsic pathway

A

8, 9, 11, 12, 13, PK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do acanthocytes indicate

A

liver/spleen disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do spherocytes indicate

A

IMHA, transfused cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what do heinz bodies indicate

A

oxidative damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what do HJ bodies indicate

A

spleen issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do ghost cells indicate

A

immune component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do target cells indicate

A

liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what do eccentrocytes indicate

A

oxidative damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do shistocytes indicate

A

DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does agglutination indicate

A

underlying immune component to the disease

38
Q

what does rouloux indicate

A

indicates increased protein in dogs and ruminants. normal is horses and cats

39
Q

what are the causes of thrombocytopenia

A

destruction (ITP), production (BM dz), consumption (DIC)

40
Q

what are the cytological features of cancer

A
  1. size
  2. nuclear enlargement
  3. nucleolus presence
  4. increased mitotic figures
  5. hyperchromasia
41
Q

what is sialocele

A

submandibular swelling due to obstructed salivary duct

42
Q

wht are examples of inclusion cysts

A

degenerating epithelial cells, choleserol crysals, macrophages

43
Q

what features indicate bile peritonitis

A

neutrophils, macrophages, bile pigment

44
Q

what features indicate congestive heart failure

A

erythrophagocytosis and slightly elevated protein and cell concentrations

45
Q

what features indicate FIP effusion

A

high protein conc, yellow in colour, elevation in cell count, neutrophils

46
Q

what does FIP effusion cause

A

pyogranulomatous vasculitis

47
Q

what features indicate intestinal content

A

bacteria and plant materials

48
Q

what do you see with pyothorax/pyoperitoneum

A

suppurative inflammation with degradation of neutrophils indicating bacterial presence

49
Q

what features indicate uroabdomen

A

creatinine, inflammation, urinary crystals

50
Q

causes of hypoplasia/aplasia of BM

A

-infectious
-drug/chemical toxicity
-immune mediated

51
Q

characteristics of myelodysplasia

A

-peripheral blood cytopenias
-normal to hypercellular BM
-dysplastic features

52
Q

5 causes of myelofibrosis

A

-unknown
-necrosis
-chronic hemolytic anemia
-FeLV
-neoplasia

53
Q

how can chronic disease (inflammation and neoplasia) cause anemia via secondary marrow disease?

A

iron sequestration (not iron deficiency) and suppressive cytokines

54
Q

chronic disease (inflammation and neoplasia) characteristics:

A

-mild-moderate anemia
-normochromic and normocytic

55
Q

how can FeLV cause anemia via secondary marrow disorder?

A

-chronic disease
-myelophthisis from hematologic neoplasia
-pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)- aplastic bone marrow

56
Q

FeLV characteristics on RBC

A

normocytic or macrocytic

57
Q

how can chronic kidney disease cause anemia via secondary marrow disorder?

A

-reduced RBC lifespan
-reduced EPO
-reduced marrow response to EPO

58
Q

what can cause an increased BMBT mean

A

-vWD
-drug treatments
-DIC

59
Q

what can cause thrombocytosis? (7)

A

-inflammatory disease
-splenic contraction
-hemorrhage
-iron deficiency
-paraneoplasia
-non neoplastic FeLV-associated disease
-myeloproliferative disease

60
Q

what specific issues can an APTT/ACT test indicate?

A

-DIC
-hemophilias, some vWDs
-vitamin K deficiency/antagonism
-hereditary factor XII or XI deficiency
-therapeutic anticoagulation

61
Q

hemophilia A is caused by…

A

factor 8 deficiency

62
Q

what specific issues can an OSPT test indicate

A

-hereditary factor VII deficiency
-DIC
-vitamin K deficiency/antagonism

63
Q

decreased fibrinogen could be a sign of?

A

-DIC
-hereditary hypo- or dysfibrinogenemia
-therapeutic anticoagulation

64
Q

what can increased fibrinogen be a sign of

A

acute phase response

65
Q

what can an FDP test indicate?

A

-DIC
-renal disease (need to know kidney function)
-internal hemorrhage

66
Q

features of epinephrine (fight or flight) response and what happens to cause the changes

A

-mild neutrophilia
-no left shift
-mild lymphocytosis
-marginating pool moves into circulating pool

67
Q

features of stress leukogram and what happens to cause the changes

A

-mild to moderate neutrophilia
-no left shift
-lymphopenia + eosinopenia
-possible monocytosis and/or eosinophilia
-release of bone marrow storage pool of segmented neutrophils
-lymphocytes retained in lymph nodes

68
Q

features of acute inflammation and what happens to cause the changes

A

-neutrophilia with moderate to marked left shift
-depletion of segmented neutrophils and release of band neutrophils from bone marrow

69
Q

features of chronic inflammation and what happens to cause the changes

A

-marked neutrophilia with variable left shift
-monocytosis
-increased production and release of segmented neutrophils from bone marrow

70
Q

features of tissue necrosis or neoplasia and what happens to cause the changes

A

-mild to marked neutrophilia
-often with left shift
-cytokine mediated increase in production of neutrophils

71
Q

what is indicated when you see toxic changes and a left shift

A

tissue demand for neutrophils exceeding bone marrow storage

72
Q

when does tissue demand for neutrophils exceed bone marrow storage

A

acute suppurative inflammation

73
Q

what can decrease neutrophil production

A

-radiation
-drugs
-estrogen toxicity
-leukemia

74
Q

what causes neutrophil cytoplasmic vacuolation

A

autophagocytosis

75
Q

what cell type recirculates, has a long lifespan and inhabits in mucosal sites

A

lymphocytes

76
Q

what specific phenomenon do you see in rottweilers

A

pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils/eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

77
Q

what is myelophthisis

A

crowding out of normal cells in marrow

78
Q

4 types of leukemia

A

-lymphoproliferative
-myeloproliferative
-myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
-lymphoma associated leukemia

79
Q

what are two features of myelodysplastic syndrome

A

-pancytopenia
-no acute leukemia cells in peripheral blood (see mature dysplastic cells)

80
Q

what type of leukemia has no pancytopenia and organ infiltration (patchy infiltration of bone marrow)

A

lymphoma associated leukemia

81
Q

what do you see with reactive hyperplasia cytology

A

-small lymphocytes still predominate
-increase in large lymphocytes and plasma cells
-may see russell bodies in plasma cells (called Mott cells) in chronic stimulation

82
Q

what cells are increased in lymphadenitis

A

increase in neutrophils, eosinophils, or macrophages (may see giant cells)

83
Q

soft tissue sarcoma, fibroma, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma are examples of what type of cell cancer?

A

mesenchymal

84
Q

adenoma, carcinoma, adenocarcimona, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma are examples of what type of cell cancer?

A

epithelial cell cancer

85
Q

histiocytoma, melanoma, mast cell tumor and plasmocytoma are examples of what type of cell cancer

A

round cell cancer

86
Q

types of sampling for respiratory cytology

A

-TTW
-BAL

87
Q

what would you expect to see in aspiration pneumonia cytology

A

-marked inflammation
-bacterial morphologies
-plant material
-keratinizing squamous cells

88
Q

what would you expect to see in chronic non-inflammatory airway inflammation cytology

A

-suppurative with nondegenerate neutrophils
or
-eosinophilic inflammation ± mast cells

-curshmanns spirals (dislodged mucus plugs) seen in chronic inflammation

89
Q

what leads to transudate

A

increased intravascular pressure

90
Q

what leads to an exudate

A

-tissue inflammation→increased
-vascular permeability→leakage and movement of protein and cells into body cavity

POD :( (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions