Toxicology - Hydrocarbon Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the general “thickness” of a liquid

A

Viscosity

lower viscosity flow more easily than ones with high viscosity

measured in Saybolt universal seconds (SUS)

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2
Q

low viscosity

A

gasoline, kerosene, mineral seal oil, and turpentine

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3
Q

high viscosity (>100 SUS)

A

diesel fuel, grease, mineral oil, paraffin wax, and petroleum jelly

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4
Q

refers to the property where liquid molecules tend to cohere to each other

A

Surface tension

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5
Q

refers to the ability of the liquid or solid to vaporize and is inversely related to the boiling point

A

Volatility

highly volatile liquids have a low boiling point.

Ingestion of liquids with low viscosity and surface tension and high volatility increases the risk for aspiration because these substances flow easily, spreading out widely on the oral mucosa, and vaporize at body temperature.

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6
Q

Pulmonary effects

A

Tachypnea, grunting respirations, wheezing, retractions

Necrotizing pneumonitis and hemorrhagic pulmonary edema may develop within minutes to hours

With less severe d age, symptoms usually subside within 2 to 5 days, except in the case of pneumatoceles and lipoid pneumonias

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7
Q

Cardiac effects

A

Ventricular dysrhythmias (may occur after exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons)

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8
Q

Central nervous

A

Slurred speech, ataxia, lethargy, coma

(1) direct toxic response to the systemic absorption of the hydrocarbon,
(2) indirect result of severe hypoxia secondary to aspiration, (3) simple asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen by the volatile hydrocarbon, or
(4) volatile substance abuse with a plastic bag that prevents adequate oxygenation

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9
Q

Peripheral nervous

A

Numbness and paresthesias in the extremities

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10
Q

GI AND HEPATIC EFFECTS

A

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hepatotoxicity, loss of appetite (mostly with halogenated hydrocarbons)

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11
Q

Renal and metabolic

A

Muscle weakness or paralysis secondary to hypokalemia in patients who abuse toluene

metabolic profile of renal tubular acidosis is a normal anion gap hyperchloremic acidosis with hypokalemia and a urine pH of >5.5.

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12
Q

Hematologic effects

A

Lethargy (anemia), shortness of breath (anemia), neurologic depression/syncope (carbon monoxide from methylene chloride), cyanosis (methemoglobinemia from aminecontaining hydrocarbons)

aplastic anemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and multiple myeloma

Naphthalene exposure is associated with hemolytic anemia

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13
Q

Dermal

A

Local erythema, papules, vesicles, generalized scarlatiniform eruption, exfoliative dermatitis, “huffer’s rash,” cellulitis

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14
Q

most common radiologic finding

A

bilateral infiltrates at the bases.

Multilobar involvement is more c mon than single-lobe involvement, and right-sided involvement is more common than left-sided involvement

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15
Q

Changes may be seen on radiology

A

early as 30 minutes after aspiration, but the initial radiograph in a symptomatic patient may be deceptively clear. Conversely, an asymptomatic patient can still have abnormal chest radiographic findings.

usually appear by 2 to 6 hours;

almost always present by 24 hours

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16
Q

The most worrisome acute complication found in solvent abusers

A

sudden sniffing death syndrome

catecholamine sensitization of the heart by hydrocarbons

simple asphyxia, respiratory depression, and vagal inhibition

17
Q

Peripheral toxicity

A

metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione

inhibit glutaraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,