Acid Base Disorders, Blood Gases, Pulse Oximetry

Question 1

every drop in the albumin level by 1 gram/dL, the normal AG range should be lowered

Answer 1

lowered by approximately 2.5

Question 2

With normal respiratory compensation, Pco 2 decreases by 1 mm Hg

Answer 2

For every 1 meq/L net decreasein HCO3

Question 3

Symptoms of metabolic acidosis

Answer 3

abdominal pain, 
headache, 
nausea with or without vomiting, 
and generalized weakness, 
and because acidosis stimulates the respiratory center, the patient may complain of dyspnea

can facilitate cardiac dysrhythmias,
stimulates inflammation,
and suppresses the immune response

Question 4

which tissue hypoxia is present and lactate production is elevated

Answer 4

type A

Question 5

Normal tissue oxygenation and impairment of lactate m lism define the second

Answer 5

type B.

Question 6

most accurate equation to identify true osmolal gap

Answer 6

(2 × [NA+]) + (1.4 × [glucose]) + (1.2 × [urea]) + (1.2 × [ETOH])

Question 7

most important step to the acidosis

Answer 7

determine whether there is a r tory component

Question 8

for each m lent per liter rise in [HCO3–] desired

Answer 8

dosed at 0.5 mEq/kg

Question 9

Anion gap

Answer 9

AG = [Na+] – ([HCO3–] + [Cl–])

Question 10

nonperfused areas of lung

Answer 10

physiologic dead space

30% of the tidal volume

Question 11

air remaining in the chest at the end of exhalation

Answer 11

functional residual capacity

Question 12

product of the respiratory rate and tidal volume

Answer 12

Minute ventilation

Question 13

percentage of oxygen in each breath

Answer 13

Fio 2

At sea level, room air is 21% oxygen

Each liter per minute of oxygen flow delivered via nasal cannula increases the Fio 2by about 4%.

Question 14

simple mask provides an Fio 2

Answer 14

35% to 60% at flows of 10 to 15 L/min

Question 15

nonrebreather mask with a reservoir

Answer 15

95% Fio 2with a supply flow rate of 10 to 12 L/min

Question 16

the recommended threshold for transfusion in the absence of acute bleeding

Answer 16

7.0 grams/dL (70 grams/L)

Question 17

most frequently used parameter for evaluating the severity of lung failure and is included in the current definition for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 17

Pao2/Fio 2ratio

Question 18

formula estimates the alveolar-arterial gradient

Answer 18

P (A-a)O2= [Fio2(P atm– PH2O) – (Pa CO2× 1.25)] – Pao2

normal gradient for young adults is <15 mm Hg.

gradient increases with age and is estimated with the following formula: age/4 + 4