Emergency Care Children

Question 1

neonates

infants

toddlers

school-aged children

adolescents

Answer 1

neonates (birth to 1 month),
infants (1 month to 1 year),
toddlers (1 to 3 years),
school-aged children (3 to 12 years), and adolescents (12 to 18 years)

Question 2

unique c siderations in airway management

Answer 2

relatively large occiput, 
small jaw, 
high and anterior larynx, 
narrow cricoid cartilage, and 
large tongue

Question 3

increased rate of breathing

Answer 3

Tachypnea

Question 4

increased depth of respiration

Answer 4

hyperpnea

Question 5

Systolic blood pressure (5th percentile)

Answer 5

70 + [2 × (age in years)]

Question 6

12 mo: weight (kg)

Answer 6

4 + (age in months/2)

Question 7

1–12 y: weight (kg)

Answer 7

10 + [2 × (age in years)]

Question 8

imaging modality of choice for a number of disease conditions in children, such as pyloric stenosis, appendicitis, and intussusception

Answer 8

Ultrasound

Question 9

Neonatal resuscitation focuses

Answer 9

respiratory assistance with effective positive-pressure ventilation

Question 10

cardiac arrest is most commonly secondary to

Answer 10

respiratory failure in children

Question 11

cardiac arrest is most commonly secondary to

Answer 11

respiratory failure in children

Question 12

Common medications can have adverse effects in children

Answer 12

dental staining from tetracycline antibiotics and

life-threatening complications from antimotility drugs commonly used for adult diarrheal disease

Question 13

Caring for critically ill children is best accomplished with at least two patient care providers on each team in addition to the driver or pilot.

Answer 13

One of the patient care members should be a registered nurse with a minimum of 5 years of experience at least 3 years of neonatal or pediatric critical care or ED training

Additional member(s) may include a respiratory therapist, physician, or paramedic.

Question 14

guidelines to minimize the impact of the limitations inherent in a transport environment are

Answer 14

Prepare the transport vehicle

Stabilize the patient before transport

Monitor as many physiologic parameters as possible electronically

Anticipate deterioration

Question 15

Pediatric Conditions at Risk for Deterioration During Transport

Answer 15

• Pneumonia
• Recurrent brief resolved unexplained event
• Foreign body aspirations
• Airway obstructions
• Epilepsy
• Poisoning or overdose
• Multisystem or severe intracranial trauma
• Tracheitis
• Severe asthma
• Metabolic derangements
• Severe sepsis

Question 16

Preestablished transfer protocols should provide information about each regional center to which a patient might be referred

Answer 16

(1) special services available;
(2) criteria for referral;
( 3) telephone numbers for consultation, referral, and transport;
(4) distance and usual response time;
(5) type of transport personnel and their capabilities;
(6) type of transport vehicles; and
(7) protocols for preparation of patients

Question 17

most important factor determining the type of transport

Answer 17

team availability and skill level

Question 18

Pediatric Conditions Commonly Requiring Interfacility Transports

Answer 18

• Intracranial trauma
• Severe trauma
• Airway (upper or lower) airway disorders
• Sepsis/septic shock
• Seizures
• Developmental or neurologic condition
• Poisoning or overdose
• Intracranial trauma
• Multisystem trauma

Question 19

may do better without IV placement, because IV placement

Answer 19

particularly true for children with a partial airway obstruction from croup, a foreign body, or epiglottitis

Question 20

Standardized techniques can help mitigate c munication errors,

Answer 20

ISBARQ 
(introduction, 
situation, 
background, 
assessment, 
recommendation, 
questions) model

Question 21

referring physician and patient are identified

Answer 21

introduction

Question 22

working diagnosis and current medical condition

Answer 22

situation

Question 23

what is known about the patient, such as past medical history and past tests or treatments

Answer 23

background

Question 24

what is happening at the time of transport (current findings, patient needs, treatments, new test results)

Answer 24

assessment

Question 25

made by receiving physicians r ing further stabilization of the patient, sometimes at the request of the referring doctor

Answer 25

recommendations