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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING > Flashcards

TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics

A

TOXICOLOGY

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2
Q

Any chemical or drug that is not normally found in or produced by the body

A

XENOBIOTICS

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3
Q

It includes the study of symptoms, mechanisms, detection methods, and treatment of poisons

A

TOXICOLOGY

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4
Q

What are the different disciplines of toxicology?

A

Mechanistic toxicology
Descriptive toxicology
Forensic toxicology
Clinical toxicology
Regulatory toxicology
Analytical Toxicology
Environmental Toxicology
Food Toxicology
Occupational toxicology

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5
Q

This discipline studies the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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6
Q

The research development in this area could provide insights to therapeutics and improved laboratory tests that would assess the degree of exposure of poisoned individuals

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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7
Q

This discipline studies animal exposure to poisons and use the findings to interpret what would be the level that would be considered lethal for humans.

A

Descriptive toxicology

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8
Q

This discipline is important in risk assessment, which would be establishing the standards that describe the level of exposure of certain substances that will be a public health or safety risk

A

Descriptive toxicology

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9
Q

This discipline is focused more with the medicolegal consequences of toxin exposure, with special focus on the validation of analytic methods to ascertain the cause of death.

A

Forensic Toxicology

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10
Q

This discipline involves studying interrelationships between toxin exposure and disease states

A

Clinical toxicology

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11
Q

This area includes diagnostic testing and therapeutic interventions.

A

Clinical toxicology

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12
Q

This discipline gathers and evaluates the data derived from mechanistic and descriptive studies to determine standards that define the level of exposure that is not considered harmful to public health or safety

A

Regulatory toxicology

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13
Q

This discipline involves identification of toxic substances through laboratory analysis of body fluids, wastes or tissues

A

Analytical toxicology

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14
Q

This discipline involves the study of substances that contaminate food, water, soil, or the atmosphere.

A

Environmental toxicology

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15
Q

This discipline is primarily responsible for the delivery of safe and edible food supply to consumers.

A

Food toxicology

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16
Q

This discipline studies the health effects from exposure to toxic substances in the workplace

A

Occupational toxicology

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17
Q

The actual amount of chemical that enters the body

A

Dose

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18
Q

the dose was given over a short period of time usually within 24 hours

A

Acute exposure

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19
Q

the dose was given over a long period of time.

A

Chronic exposure

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20
Q

Contact with a chemical that can occur one time or occur on a short-term or long-term basis

A

Exposure

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21
Q

Describes the relationship of the body’s response to different amounts of agents such as a drug or toxin

A

Dose-response

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22
Q

It simply describes the relationship between exposure and health effect, often determined by measuring the effect relative to the dose.

A

Dose-response

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23
Q

Exogenous agents causing adverse effects on biological systems and are often used to describe chemicals derived from animals, plants, minerals, or gas

A

Poisons

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24
Q

Refers to the effect of a chemical exposure that will produce injury to one kind of living organism but has no effect to another closely related living organism

A

Selective toxicity

25
Q

Dose or exposure level below which the harmful effects of the chemical are not seen in a population

A

Threshold dose

26
Q

No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or the no effect level (NEL)

A

Threshold dose

27
Q

This may not be applicable to cancer-causing substances since there is no safe level of exposure for these substances.

A

Threshold dose

28
Q

Refers to the fatal effects of toxins to the body after exposure through the different routes with a chemical.

A

Toxic

29
Q

Any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants; a poison.

A

Toxicant

30
Q

Produced by or are a by-product of human-made activities

A

Toxicant

31
Q

Endogenous substances that are produced naturally in living organisms

A

Toxins

32
Q

The degree to which a chemical substance damages an organ system, disrupts a biochemical process or disturbs an enzyme system

A

Toxicity

33
Q

Amount it takes to elicit a toxic effect compared with other chemicals

A

Potent

34
Q

Done for some toxic exposures (blood lead levels or metabolites of chemicals)

A

Biologic monitoring

35
Q

These influences toxicity of the substance and its dose as it enters the body

A

Site
Route of exposure

36
Q

The fastest route for toxins to enter the systemic circulation, produces toxic effects throughout the body

A

Inhalation

37
Q

Intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are some of the examples

A

Injection

38
Q

This is more permeable to fat-soluble chemicals that water-soluble once.

A

Skin

39
Q

any exposure less than 24 hours up to 72 hours

A

Acute exposure

40
Q

Toxic gases require how many hours for toxicity?

A

less than 24 hours

41
Q

Repeated exposures to a substance for greater than 72 hours but less than 1 month.

A

Subacute exposure

42
Q

This refers to continuous or repeated intermittent exposure

A

Chronic exposure

43
Q

a period of exposure extending beyond 3 months.

A

Sub chronic exposure

44
Q

This is the cumulative action of a chemical or a xenobiotic’s absorption, biotransformation and elimination

A

Disposition

45
Q

A process where toxicants cross body membranes and enter the bloodstream

A

Absorption

46
Q

What are the main sites of absorption?

A

GI tract
Lungs
Skin

47
Q

Most common cause of unintentional exposure to a toxicant

A

Accidental ingestion

48
Q

The common cause of intentional overdoses most frequently occur via

A

Oral route

49
Q

The phenomenon of the removal of chemicals in the liver before entrance into the systemic circulation

A

First-pass effect

50
Q

The absorption of the toxicant depends on its physical properties, such as

A

Solubility
Dissolution rate

51
Q

This acts as a primary barrier since it is covered by a film of fluid which retains gas molecules if they are very water soluble or react with cell surface components.

A

Nose

52
Q

Size of particle that can penetrate the alveolar sacs of the lungs

A

1μm and smaller

53
Q

These have the greatest likelihood of depositing in the alveolar region

A

Nanoparticles

54
Q

The single most important barrier to preventing absorption of xenobiotics into the body

A

Stratum corneum

55
Q

Important factors of stratum corneum as a single most important barrier to preventing absorption of xenobiotics into the body

A

thickness
Integrity
Hydration status

56
Q

These compounds are generally absorbed quickly

A

Lipophilic (lipid-loving)

57
Q

These compounds are absorbed more slowly

A

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

58
Q

The movement of compounds through the layers of the skin is through ..

A

Passive diffusion

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (8 decks)

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