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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > LGDNAS (LECTURE) > Flashcards

LGDNAS (LECTURE) Flashcards

1
Q

Situated in the neck, in front of the larynx and trachea at the level of the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical and thoracic vertebrae

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

Highly vascular gland

A

Thyroid gland

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3
Q

This gland weighs 25 g

A

Thyroid gland

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4
Q

This gland is surround by a fibrous capsule

A

Thyroid gland

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5
Q

The shape of the thyroid gland is

A

Butterfly-shaped

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6
Q

This gland is composed largely of spherical follicles formed from cuboidal epithelium

A

Thyroid gland

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7
Q

The thyroid gland secrete and store

A

Colloid

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8
Q

This is a thick, sticky protein material

A

Colloid

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9
Q

This secretes calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

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10
Q

The Parafollicular cells is also known as

A

C-cells

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11
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

T3 (Triidothyronine)
T4 (Thyroxine)
Calcitonin

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12
Q

What stimulates the Thyroid-Releasing Hormone?

A

Malnutrition
Low Plasma Glucose (Hypoglycemia)
Sleep
Exercise
Stress

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13
Q

What are the functions of T3 and T4?

A

Regulation of:

Skeletal and nervous system
Underactivity and overactivity of thyroid gland
Normal growth and development

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14
Q

What is the important function of calcitonin?

A

Lowers increased blood calcium levels

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15
Q

This inhibits calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules

A

Calcitonin

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16
Q

This lowers the blood calcium levels by acting on the bone cells to promote the storage of calcium

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

There are how many small parathyroid glands?

A

4

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18
Q

What is the function of parathyroid gland?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone

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19
Q

Weigh of each parathyroid gland

A

Around 50 grams

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20
Q

This is surrounded fine connective tissue capsule

A

Parathyroid gland

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21
Q

The secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid gland is regulated by

A

Blood calcium levels

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22
Q

What is the main function of parathyroid hormone?

A

Increase blood calcium levels

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23
Q

The main function of parathyroid hormone is to increase blood calcium levels. What are the two ways by which the parathyroid hormones does this?

A

Increase calcium absorption from the small intestine
Reabsorption from the renal tubules

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24
Q

This is also known as suprarenal glands

A

Adrenal glands

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25
Q

This lies superior to the kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

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26
Q

This is 4 cm long and 3 cm thick

A

Adrenal gland

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27
Q

What are the parts of adrenal cortex?

A

Outer adrenal cortex
Inner adrenal cortex

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28
Q

This produces 40 different hormones

A

Outer adrenal cortex

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29
Q

It is responsible for maintaining electrolyte and water balance

A

Outer adrenal cortex

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30
Q

Releases corticosteroid

A

Outer adrenal cortex

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31
Q

The outer adrenal cortex produces 40 different hormones which include:

A

Corticosteroids

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32
Q

The complete loss of adrenocortical hormones may lead to … due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

A

DEATH

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33
Q

This may lead to death within a few days to a week due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

A

complete loss of adrenocortical hormones

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34
Q

The complete loss of adrenocortical hormones may lead to death due to

A

Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance

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35
Q

Regulates metabolism and responses to stress

A

Glucocorticoids

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36
Q

Three groups of steroid hormones produced from cholesterol

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones (androgens)

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37
Q

with Anti inflammatory actions

A

Glucocorticoids

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38
Q

Includes cortisone, corticosterone and corticol (hydrocortisone)

A

Glucocorticoids

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39
Q

“STEROIDS”

A

Glucocorticoids

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40
Q

The glucocorticoids is stimulated by

A

Stress
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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41
Q

Main hormone of Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

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42
Q

This maintains water and electrolyte balance

A

Mineralocorticoids

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43
Q

Involves sodium reabsorption (renal tubules) and potassium excretion (urine)

A

Mineralocorticoids

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44
Q

Aldosterone is also involved in the regulation of

A

blood volume
blood pressure

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45
Q

Regulates Aldosterone secretion by the Adrenal Cortex

A

Blood potassium levels

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46
Q

Stimulates the release of the aldosterone by the function of Angiotensin.

A

Low blood potassium

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47
Q

2 stimulants of renin angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

Reduced Renal Blood Flow
Decreased Blood Sodium Levels

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48
Q

This enzyme is secreted by kidney cells

A

Renin

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49
Q

Renin is converted or converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen produced by the liver to become

A

Angiotensin-I

50
Q

Inactive form of angiotensin

A

Angiotensin I

51
Q

The active form of angiotensin

A

Angiotensin-II

52
Q

This causes vasoconstriction increasing blood pressure leading to the closing of negative feedback loop

A

Angiotensin-II

53
Q

Hormones of adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

54
Q

This is completely surround by adrenal cortex

A

Adrenal medulla

55
Q

This develops from nervous tissue in the embryo

A

Adrenal medulla

56
Q

% of adrenaline hormone released when the adrenal medulla is stimulated

57
Q

% of noradrenaline hormone released when the adrenal medulla is stimulated

57
Q

% of hormones released when the adrenal medulla is stimulated

A

80% adrenaline
20% noradrenaline

58
Q

This prolongs and augments stimulation of the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

ADRENALINE (Epinephrine)
NORADRENALINE (norepinephrine)

59
Q

What is the action of ADRENALINE (Epinephrine) and NORADRENALINE (norepinephrine)

A

Prolongs and augments stimulation of the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

60
Q

(T/F) ADRENALINE (Epinephrine) and NORADRENALINE (norepinephrine) prolongs and augments stimulation of the PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

F (parasympathetic-sympathetic)

61
Q

This is both and endocrine and exocrine gland

62
Q

Three (3) main types of cells in the pancreatic islets:

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

63
Q

Hormones from Alpha cells of Pancreatic Islet

64
Q

Hormone from Beta cells of Pancreatic Islet

65
Q

Hormones from Delta cells of Pancreatic Islet

A

Somatostatin

66
Q

Also known as Growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone

A

Somatostatin

67
Q

Also known as Somatostatin

A

Growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone

68
Q

This increases blood glucose levels

69
Q

This decrease blood glucose levels

70
Q

The glucagon and insulin has opposing action. This hormone interaction is known as

A

Antagonistic

71
Q

Main function of insulin

A

Decrease blood sugar (glucose) level

72
Q

Has an anbolic effect

73
Q

The mechanisms of insulin which lowers blood glucose level

A

Act on the cell membrane
Glycogenesis
Protein synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis and lipogenesis
Decrease glycogenolysis

74
Q

This is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

75
Q

This is the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles

A

Glycogenesis

76
Q

The main function of glucagon

A

Increase blood sugar (glucose) level

77
Q

These stimulate glucagon

A

Somatostatin
Insulin

78
Q

The stimulus to glucagon release

A

low blood glucose level
exercise

79
Q

The stimulus to glucagon release

A

low blood glucose level
exercise

80
Q

The mechanism of glucagon

A

stimulates glycogenesis

81
Q

(T/F) After eating, the concentration of glucose rises

82
Q

Pancreas releases … into the bloodstream if the glucose is too high

83
Q

Pancreas releases … into the bloodstream if the glucose is too LOW

84
Q

Main function of somatostatin

A

Inhibit secretion of Growth Hormone from the anterior pituitary

85
Q

Has a main function of inhibiting secretion of Growth Hormone from anterior pituitary

A

Somatostatin

86
Q

This inhibits glucagon and insulin

A

Somatostatin

86
Q

This inhibits glucagon and insulin

A

Somatostatin

87
Q

This gland is a small body attached to the roof of the third ventricle

A

Pineal gland

88
Q

This gland is 10mm long

A

Pineal gland

89
Q

What is the color of pineal gland?/

A

Reddish brown

90
Q

Has an unclear physiologic role

A

Pineal gland

91
Q

After puberty, this decreases in size (atrophy)

A

Pineal gland

92
Q

This gland secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

93
Q

The pineal gland secretes

94
Q

Secreted by pineal gland that promotes sleepiness

95
Q

Melatonin promotes

A

Sleepiness

96
Q

This regulates body’s biological clock

97
Q

What is the Female gonad

98
Q

Hormones produced by the female gonad (ovaries)

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

99
Q

These hormones are responsible for the development and maintenance of the female sexual characteristics

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

100
Q

Hormones that regulates female reproductive system in conjunction with gonadotropic hormones from the pituitary glands

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

101
Q

This softens connective tissues in preparation to childbirth

102
Q

This softens connective tissues in preparation to childbirth

103
Q

What is the male gonad

104
Q

Hormone produced by the male gonad (testes)

A

TESTOSTERONE

105
Q

This hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of the male sexual characteristics

A

TESTOSTERONE

106
Q

This controls sperm production by inhibiting Follicle-stimulating hormone

107
Q

This is for the proliferation and maturation of T cells

108
Q

This help retard the aging process

109
Q

This is synthesized and stored by mast cells in the tissues and basophils in blood

109
Q

Release as part of inflammatory responses that is caused by allergies

109
Q

This is also known as 5-hydroxytriptamine

109
Q

Serotonin is also known as

A

5-hydroxytriptamine

109
Q

Serotonin is present in

A

Platelets
Brain
Intestinal wall

109
Q

This hormone cause intestinal secretion and contraction of smooth muscle, and role in hemostasis (clotting)

109
Q

Influences mood

109
Q

This is a lipid substance found in most tissues

A

Prostaglandin

110
Q

This acts on neighboring cells BUT their actions are short lived because they are quickly metabolized

A

Prostaglandins

111
Q

Physiologic effects of Prostaglandins

A

Potentiating pain
Inflammatory response
Fever
Regulating blood pressure
Uterine contractions during labor
Blood clotting

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (8 decks)

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