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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > Drugs of Abuse Determination (Other Methods) > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse Determination (Other Methods) Flashcards

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1
Q

Color test: The result is a purple-red color of the lower (chloroform) layer indicating the possible presence of cannabis

A

Fast Blue B Salt Test

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2
Q

This is the first reagent on Fast Blue B Salt Test (include volume)

A

2.5 g of fast blue B salt mixed with 100 g of anhydrous
sodium sulfate

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3
Q

This is the second reagent on Fast Blue B Salt Test and how many drops?

A

chloroform

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4
Q

This is the third reagent on Fast Blue B Salt Test (include volume)

A

0.1 N Sodium hydroxide solution

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5
Q

Color test: The result is violet color of the lower (chloroform) layer indicates the possible presence of cannabis

A

Duquenois-Levine Test

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6
Q

This is the first reagent on Duquenois-Levine Test (include volume)

A

(2 ml)
2 grams of vanillin in 100 ml of 95% ethanol with 2.5 ml acetaldehyde
(shake the test tube for one minute)

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7
Q

This is the second reagent on Duquenois-Levine Test (include volume)

A

2 ml of the second reagent (concentrated hydrochloric acid) and shake the test tube a few seconds, then allow the test tube to stand for a few minutes

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8
Q

This is the third reagent on Duquenois-Levine Test (include volume)

A

(2 ml) Chloroform
(shake the mixture gently)

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9
Q

The duration (minutes) of the color development in Duquenois-Levine Test before the addition of third reagent

A

2-3 minutes

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10
Q

Method that is only presumptive

A

Color test

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11
Q

Method which the Positive result should be confirmed by another test

A

Color test/Manualmethod

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12
Q

This method is used for preliminary screening

A

Immunoassay method

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13
Q

This method is based on an antibody-antigen reaction where small amounts of the drug or metabolite(s) can be detected.

A

Immunoassay method

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14
Q

In the immunoassay method, antibodies are tagged with markers. What are these markers stated in the module?

A

Enzyme
Radio isotope
Fluorescence

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15
Q

This is sometimes used as a screening method, although
it is a more labor-intensive approach.

A

Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

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16
Q

This detects the major metabolite of THC (9-carboxy-THC) in urine, along with probable cross-reactivity to many of the other metabolites of THC and their glucuronide conjugates known to be excreted in urine.

A

Immunoassay method

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17
Q

These are generally the methods of choice for the initial screening assay

A

Immunoassay method

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18
Q

Immunoassay method: This is a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique

A

EMIT Cannabinoid Assay/EMIT

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19
Q

Immunoassay method: This is based on competition between drug in the specimen and drug labeled with the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) for antibody binding sites

A

Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)

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20
Q

Immunoassay method: This is used for the analysis of specific compounds in human urine

A

EMIT

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21
Q

EMIT: A specimen that gives a change in rate value equal to or higher than the rate of the selected cutoff calibrator level (20 ng/mL) is interpreted as

A

Positive

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22
Q

EMIT: A specimen that gives a change in rate value lower than the rate of the selected cutoff calibrator level (20 ng/mL) is interpreted as

A

Negative

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23
Q

EMIT: Cutoff calibrator level (value)

A

20 ng/mL

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24
Q

Causes an absorbance change in EMIT

A

when NAD is converted into NADH by active enzyme

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25
Q

EMIT: positive specimen

A

contain cannabinoid

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26
Q

EMIT: negative specimen

A

do not contain cannabinoids,

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27
Q

Endogenous serum enzyme that does not cause interferences in EMIT

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)

28
Q

One of the most sensitive and most specific methods of immuneassays

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

29
Q

Immunoassay method: It involves the competitive binding of radio-labeled THC and the patient’s THC which are both specific to a high-affinity Anti-THC antibody.

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

30
Q

Sensitivity range of RIA

A

0.0006–0.006 μg antibody/ml

31
Q

Immunoassay method: This is based on the competition
between THC and a THC–fluorescein tracer for a THC-specific antibody

A

Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA)

32
Q

FPIA: When a fluorophore in solution is exposed to plane-polarized light at its excitation wavelength, the resulting emission is

A

depolarized

33
Q

FPIA: Depolarization results from the motion of the fluorophore during the process of

A

Excitation
Emission

34
Q

FPIA: the more depolarized the resulting emission, the more rapid the motion of the fluorophore is (T/F)

A

F, its the other way around

35
Q

A commercially prepared THC is linked
covalently to the fluorophore to make a
fluorescent tracer

A

FPIA

36
Q

In the ____ of THC, the antibody binds to
the tracer, restricting its motion and causing a
high polarization

A

ABSENCE

37
Q

In the ____ of THC → less of the tracer is bound to the antibody and a greater fraction exists unbound in solution, in which the polarization is less

A

PRESENCE

38
Q

FPIA: The polarization value is directly proportional to the THC concentration in the sample (T/F)

A

F, inversely

39
Q

This is the main outcome of the chromatographic method

A

Separation of a mixture

40
Q

The chromatography methods in current use can separate and detect more specifically

A

9-carboxy-THC

41
Q

Chromatography method: Confirmation methods for 9-carboxy-THC include:

A

GLC
HPLC
TLC

42
Q

Chromatography method: The confirmation methods for 9-carboxy-THC are subjected to interference from ____

A

co-eluting substances

43
Q

Chromatography method: One of the most widely employed approaches for the analysis of cannabinoids in plant materials

A

Gas chromatography

44
Q

Chromatography method: Operates at very high temperatures

A

Gas chromatography

45
Q

Gas chromatography operates at very high temperatures, which unavoidably leads to the _____ of the cannabinoids

A

Decarboxylation

46
Q

Carrier gas in gas chromatography

A

Helium
Nitrogen

47
Q

This is where the detection takes place in gas chromatography

A

at the end of the heated column

48
Q

2 reasons why the substance to be analyzed in gas chromatography is often “derivatized”

A

(1) to make it volatile
(2) to change its chromatographic characteristics

49
Q

This is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the mobile phase) at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material (stationary phase)

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

50
Q

In HPLC, the sample is carried by a moving carrier gas stream of

A

Helium or Nitrogen

51
Q

This chromatography method has the ability to separate, and identify compounds that are present in any sample that can be dissolved in a liquid in trace concentrations as low as parts per trillion

A

HPLC

52
Q

HPLC requires a gas under high pressure to be used to flush the column (T/F)

A

F, liquid not gas

53
Q

HPLC: Sample retention time will vary depending on the interaction between (?)

A

(1) the stationary phase
(2) the molecules being analyzed
(3) solvents used.

54
Q

HPLC: Characteristics of an analyte to exit the column faster

A

(1) have the LEAST amount of interaction with the STATIONARY phase
(2) the MOST amount of interaction with the MOBILE phase

55
Q

HPLC: Instrumentions

A

○ Solvent reservoir/multiple reservoir
○ High-pressure pump
○ Column
○ Injector system
○ Detectors

56
Q

This typically measure UV light absorbance, which can be associated with specific molecules

A

HPLC detectors

57
Q

Chromatography method: This typically measures UV light absorbance, which can be associated with specific molecules

A

Thin Layer Chromatography

58
Q

In TLC, visual evaluation is obtained by dipping the

A

TLC plate into aqueous FBB solution

59
Q

Chromatography method: This method can be
applied to both polar and nonpolar C18 silica
gel plates

A

Thin Layer Chromatography

60
Q

Provides opposite elution order of the
cannabinoids

A

C18 silica gel plates

61
Q

Limitations of Thin Layer Chromatography

A

Low sensitivity
Low specificity

62
Q

Gold standard

A

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

63
Q

Combination of the two sophisticated
technologies

A

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

64
Q

This is the method of choice for substances that are difficult to volatilize.

A

HPLC/MS

65
Q

Advantages of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

A

sensitive
specific
able to identify all types of drugs in any body fluid

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (8 decks)

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