Toxicology And Drug Safety Flashcards
What is the benefit : risk ratio ?
A way to see if you should test the drug
The benefit the medicine will bring to the patient vs the risk of adverse drug reaction
What are patient considerations when prescribing a drug ?
The population size
The symptoms the drug will elevate
The impact of the drug
What are medicine considerations when prescribing a drug ?
- how can the drug be prescribed
- what is the intended therapeutic effect
- what are the accets adverse effects
What is an acceptable margin each drug will depend on ?
- risk : benefti ratio
- the therapeutic area
What can cause drugs to have an adverse effect ?
- direct damage to DNA
- leads to abnormal apoptosis or necrosis of cell
- can lead to tumours, organ damage etc
What can be other reasons for drugs to have adverse effects ?
Can have a direct effect on an unintended molecular target
What is an intended target / on target effect ?
The protein we want the medicine to interact with
What is a unintended target ? 
Other sites that the drug may bind to
Need to make sure they stick less tightly to unintended proteins
How can a drug go from being therapeutic to eliciting an adverse drug reaction?
Drug overdose
Drug side-effects
Drug interaction
What is a drug overdose
Toxic reactions linked to excess dose or impaired excretion or to both
What is an adverse drug side-effect
Undesirable pharmacological affect at recommended doses
what is meant by drug interaction
The action of a drug on the effectiveness or toxicity of another drug 
What can influence adverse drug reactions
Age Disease Pregnancy Genetics Diet
What are the three stages of drug discovery
Hits
Lead identification
Candidate optimisation
What are the three stages of drug development
Preclinical development
Clinical development
Post marketing surveillance