Liver And Gallbladder

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the liver ?

Answer 1

• protein metabolism
• carbohydrate metabolism
• fat metabolism
• storage
• detoxification
• secretion
• resisting infections

Question 2

How does the liver preform protein metabolism?

Answer 2

• synthesis non essential amino acids

- produces plasma proteins that transport lipids and iron

Question 3

What are some example of plasma proteins ?

Answer 3

• albumin

- clotting factors

Question 4

How does the liver metabolise carbohydrates?

Answer 4

• converts carbohydrates proteins into fatty acids and triglycerides
• regulates blood glucose conc

Question 5

How does the liver metabolise fat ?

Answer 5

Synthesises cholestrol, phospholipids and plasma lipoprotein

Question 6

What does the liver store ?

Answer 6

Iron
Vitamins
Glycogen

Question 7

How does the liver detoxify the body ?

Answer 7

• deamination of amino acids to ammonia - urea
• detoxify steroid hormones and lipid soluble drugs
• metabolises alcohol
• clears bilirubin

Question 8

What does the liver secrete ?

Answer 8

Bile

Question 9

Where is the liver located ?

Answer 9

• upper right of abdominal cavity

- beneath diaphragm over the stomach, pancreas, intestines and right kidney

Question 10

How is the liver divided ?

Answer 10

• into left and right lobes of 8 segments containing lobules

Question 11

What protects the liver lobules ?

Answer 11

Gissons capsule

Acts as fibroelastic connective tissue to support lobules

Question 12

What supplies the liver with blood ?

Answer 12

• hepatic artery

- hepatic portal vein

Question 13

What does the hepatic portal vein bring ?

Answer 13

• substances absorbed by Gi tract

- acts as metabolic regulator of body

Question 14

What does the hepatic artery bring ?

Answer 14

• oxygenated blood

Question 15

What supplys the lobules of the liver ?

Answer 15

• terminal branches of the hepatic artery + hepatic vein

Question 16

How does blood leave the liver ?

Answer 16

• collected by terminal hepatic venule

- coalesce to form left and right hepatic veins that join IVC

Question 17

What are sinusoids ?

Answer 17

• how the blood flows through the liver

- walls of discontinous fenestrated epithelium

Question 18

What is the space of DIsse

Answer 18

Narrow space between endothelial lining cells of sinusoids and hepatocytes

Question 19

What are Kupffer cells?

Where are they found ?

Answer 19

• phagocytic macrophages

- located in inner sinusoidal walls

Question 20

What do the Kupffer cells do ?

Answer 20

Remove worn erythrocytes and debris

Question 21

What do stellate cells do ?

Answer 21

• produce ECM

- support hepatocytes and sinusoids

Question 22

What is bile ?

Answer 22

• emulsifying agent

- facilitates breakdown of lipids + fat soluble vitamins

Question 23

What is bile synthesised from ?

Answer 23

Cholestrol and bilirubin

Question 24

Where does bile collect ?

Answer 24

• in canaliculi between hepatocytes

Question 25

Describe the route of bile :

Answer 25

• collect in bile canaliculi
• drains into canal of hering
• enters bile ductules of triads
• stored in gall bladder via cystic duct

Question 26

What is the function of the gall bladder ?

Answer 26

Store and concentrate bile

Question 27

How does the gallbladder concentrate bile ?

Answer 27

Pumps NaCl creating osmotic gradient

Question 28

How is bile released from the gall bladder ?

Answer 28

• CCK cause smooth muscle of gall bladder to contract

- ble enter duodenum via cystic duct and common bile duct - controleed by sphincter of Oddi