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physiology > salivary, gastric + pancreatic secretion > Flashcards

salivary, gastric + pancreatic secretion Flashcards

1
Q

what do the salivary glands secrete ?

A
  • electrolytes

- proteins

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2
Q

what are the names of the salivary glands ?

A

sublingual gland
submandibular gland
parotid gland
buccal glands

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3
Q

what is the maximum rate of saliva flow ?

A

1ml/min.g

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4
Q

describe the acinar cells

A

arranged as end pieces

surround small central lumen

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5
Q

describe the organisation of the salivary glandular epithelium :

A

acinar cells - intercalated duct- large ducts- excretory ducts - mouth

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6
Q

how is parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary gland mediated ?

A

chorda lingual nerve

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7
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation cause ?

A
  • evoke fluid secretion
  • increase blood flow
  • increase 02 consumption
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8
Q

how does sympathetic secretion effect the salivary gland ?

A

causes vasoconstriction

scanty viscous secretion in rich proteins

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9
Q

what stimulates the salivary reflex ?

A
  • taste
  • touch
  • smell
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10
Q

how is salvia formed ?

A

2 stage process
isotonic primary fluid formed by acinar cells
fluid is modified in the striated duct by reabsorption of Na + Cl
and secretion of K + HCO3

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11
Q

what is the effect of neurotransmitters + hormones on the basolateral membrane of the acinar cells ?

A

increase intracellular Ca = activation of K channels in basolateral membrane
possible increase of Cl channels in luminal membrane

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12
Q

what are the 3 operating basolateral transport proteins in a steady state ?

A

K+ channel
Na/K pump
N/K/2Cl co transporter

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13
Q

how does Na cross the apical membrane ?

A

follows through paracellular space drawing water through + between cells

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14
Q

what happens to the Cl + K conductance ?

A

increases when stimulation stops

Na/K pump + co transporter restore intracellular KCL concentrations

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15
Q

how is the voluntary phase of swallowing initiated ?

A

separation of bolus of food in mouth
bolus is moved upwards + backwards by tongue
this forces bolus into esophagus + activates tactile receptors that initiate swallowing

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16
Q

what does the pharyngeal phase of swallowing involve ?

A

pulling of soft palate upwards
inward movement of palatopharyngeal fold towards one another
prevents reflux into the nasopharynx

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17
Q

how is the entry of food into the trachea prevented ?

A

vocal cords are pulled together

epiglottis covers the opening to larynx

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18
Q

how is food forced through ?

A

upper esophageal sphincter relaxes
pharynx contracts forces bolus into pharynx
persistatic waves force food bolus through relaxed esophageal sphincter

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19
Q

how is the gastirc surface protected and what by ?

A

thin film of mucous

produced by epitheilal cells

20
Q

what are the 3 glands in the gastric mucosa ?

A
  • cardiac glands
  • pyloric glands
  • oxyntic glands
21
Q

where is the cardiac glands found ?

what is there role ?

A

found in the esophageal end is highly branched
is coiled with few/no peptic or oxyntic cells
secretes mucous + some electrolytes

22
Q

where are the pyloric glands found ?

what is there role ?

A

found in deep gastric pits , duodenum of stomach, pyloric sphincter and antrum of stomach
secrete alkaline mucous juice + some electrolytes

23
Q

where are the oxyntic glands found?

what is there role ?

A

occupy fundus + body of stomach

key site of gastric HCl secretion

24
Q

what are surface mucus cells made up of ?

what do they secrete ?

A

columnar epithelium

neutral carbohydrates

25
Q

what are mucous neck cells ?

what do they secrete ?

A

they are stem cells for epithelial replacement

acidic glycoproteins

26
Q

describe the cell structure of parietal/ oxyntic cells :

A

lots of mitochondria
specialised intracellular canaliculi
microvilli on lumen

27
Q

what is a benefit of canaliculi ?

A

increase SA

28
Q

where does HCL secretion occur ?

how does HCL secretion occur ?

A

on parietal cells

basolateral receptors become activated by Ach, histamine and gastrin

29
Q

what are chief cells ?

A

cells that secrete pepsinogen

30
Q

where is gastrin released from ?

A

G cells of antral mucosa

31
Q

where does gastrin bind to ?

A

bind to CCK-2 receptor on enterochromaffin like cells

32
Q

how does gastrin release cause HCL production ?

A

binds to enterochromaffin like cells which causes the release of histamine
histamine binds to H2 receptors on parietal cells

33
Q

what is released to inhibit further gastrin release ?

where is it released from ?

A

somatostatin

D-cells

34
Q

what is gastric juice made from ?

A

HCl from parietal cells

alkaline component containing peptic cells + electrolytes

35
Q

what are the 5 phases of gastric acid secretion ?

A
  • basal (fasting)
  • post-prandial (stimulated)
  • cephalic
  • gastric
  • intestinal
36
Q

what activated the cephalic phase ?

what is it mediated by ?

A

activated by sight , smell, taste + chewing of food

mediated by efferent impulses through vagus fibres to stomach

37
Q

what activates gastric secretion ?

A

distension + chemical composition of food factors

38
Q

what activates intestinal secretion ?

when does it occur ?

A

stimulated by liver extract, peptone, amino acid mixtures

occurs after all extrinsic nerves between intestines + stomach are severed

39
Q

what is zollinger- ellison syndrome ?

A

condition where one or more tumours form in your pancreas or the duodenum

40
Q

what causes zollinger-ellison syndrome ?

A

large amounts of gastrin is secreted which stimulate ECL , which release histamine which binds to parietal cells = more HCL produced
excess HCL leads to peptic ulcers + diarrhea

41
Q

how is the head, body + tail of the pancreas drained ?

A

drained by main pancreatic duct

enters the duodenum through ampulla of Vater

42
Q

describe the bloody supply + lymphatics of the pancreas :

A

accompany duct system to finest termini in pancreatic acini

43
Q

what nerves innervate the pancreas ?

A

vagus + sympathetic

44
Q

where is secretin released from ?

how does this act on the small intestine ?

A

small intestine

enters pancreas via circulation + causes the release of bicarbonate

45
Q

where is cholecystokinin released from ?

what effect does it have on the pancreas ?

A

released from small intestine

acts on acinal cell receptors + release proenzyme secretion

physiology (18 decks)

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