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Winter 2021, Forensic Science > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

Toxicology is the study of the ______ effects of _____ products in ____ and _____.

A

negative
chemical
humans and animals

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2
Q

The ____ is what differentiates the ____ from the _____.

A

dose
remedy
poison

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3
Q

What is the difference between intoxicant and poison?

A

intoxicants need big quantity, otherwise not generally toxic
Poison is always toxic

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4
Q

Ruling out the implication of drugs as implicating drugs because the suspect can ________>

A

be sent for psychological analysis

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5
Q

What is the role of the forensic toxicologist? 3

A

1-determine the state of inebriation of an individual
2- determine if the cause of death of an individual was poison
3- determine whether drugs were implicated in a criminal’s actions.

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6
Q

In what type of cases will forensic toxicologists be involved?

A 
suspected suicides 
driving under the influence 
suspected overdoses
doping in sports 
murders by poisoning
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7
Q

What will the ME generally send to the lab for examination?

A

blood and other tissues

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8
Q

Biotransformation (also called ______) is a process in which a _____ is transformed into ________ inside the ____. The product of this process are called _____

A 
mechanism 
drug 
another chemical 
body 
metabolites
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9
Q

Why does the body perform biotransformation?

A

eliminate them faster from the body.

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10
Q

Where is biotransformation usually done>

A

liver

also lungs and kidneys

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11
Q

Toxicologists get samples from … 3

A

where the drug entered
where the drug concentrates
where the drug gets eliminated

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12
Q

What are the common entry, concentrated and exit spots?

A

entry: stomach content, tissues around injections
concentrated: brain and liver
exit: breath, urine, stools

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13
Q

Blood:
The most ____.
[ ] _____ well with effects.
Most effective at determining [ ] at ____.

A

useful
correlates
TOD

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14
Q

Urine and Stomach content:

[ ] ________ well with effects?

A

do not

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15
Q

Vitreous humor is ______.

it is resistant to _____ and is often the only liquid in a decomposing corpse.

A

the liquid in the eye

decay

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16
Q

Liver:
can show the presence of drugs or their metabolites when …
______ for timeline.

A

blood doesnt

not accurate

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17
Q

Hair, fingernails and toenails:
absorbs _______.
Unique ability to ________.
Differentiates between shot and long term ____.

A

heavy metals
provide intoxicating timeline
poisoning

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18
Q

Instects can help establish ____.

Bone and bone marrow are useful depending on ____ and ____ of bones.

A

TOD

availability and condition

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19
Q

What are the four manners of death?

A

Natural, accidental homicidal and suicidal

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20
Q

Name and describe the 5 presumptive tests.

A 
1- color test: change if +
2- Immunoassays: antigens/antibody reaction
3- TLC (thin layer chromatography)
4- Gas Chromatography: chemical makeup 
5- UV spectroscopy
21
Q

Name and describe 2 confirmatory tests.

A

1- Mass spectronometry GC/MS: breaks down molecule

2- Infrared spectroscopy

22
Q

What are the four levels of blood?

A

1- normal = nothing
2- therapeutic = cure
3- toxic = dangerous side effects
4- lethal LD50 (50 people would die out of 100)

23
Q

What is the difference between acute vs chronique poisoning?

A

acute appears withing hours or days

24
Q

Alcholo:
physically ___, _____ can be dangerous.
Legal limit ____, coma ____, death ____.
Alchol content in your ____ correlates _____.
_______ can help determine blood alcohol level ____ hours before death.

A 
addictive, withdrawal 
0.08, 0.30. 0.40
lungs blood levels 
vitreous humor 
1-2
25
Q

Depressants are divided in two catergories…

Other name for depressants?

A

opiates
brabiturates
downers

26
Q

Opiates:
Natural (_____&____), synthetic (_____) semi-synthetic (______). ____ indice sleep and ____ pain relief.
Effects: ____, _____, ____ and ______. Caused by _______- death by ______.
Tests used?

A 
morphine and codeine 
fentanyl
heroin
Sedative, analgesic 
euphoria, lethargy, coma, death
suppression of respiratory center brain = asphyxia 
marquis
27
Q 
Barbiturates: 
Hypnotics or \_\_\_\_ pills such as \_\_\_\_\_\_. 
Sodium thipental (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) 
suppress \_\_\_\_, coma and death. 
\_\_\_\_ test is used.
A 
sleeping
phenobarbital or pentobarbital 
truth serum 
respiration
color
28
Q

Stimulants:
The most commmon are______, _____ and _____.
It increases ______, decreases/suppresess ____ and _____.
Continued use causes _____, ______, _____, ____, _____ and _____.
It can also cause physical fatigue and exhaustion.
______ (body gets used to the dose and lessen effects).
What are the tests ? 3

A

amphetamine (crank), methamphetamine and cocaine
alertness - fatigue appetite
irritability, anxiety, aggression, paranoia, fatigue and depression.
Tachylaxis
urine tests, immunoassays, colour tests for cocaine.

29
Q

What are the 5 hallucinogens ?

A

marijuana, cacti, mushrooms, LSP, PCP

30
Q

Marijuana:
active ingredient is _______ (acronyme ___)
It is usually about _____%, except in its oil extract (called ____) then ____%
Causes ___, ____, _____ and even ______ selon researches.
Urine tests show positive results up to _____ after use or passive exposure.

A 
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
2-6
Hashish (12)
euphoria, sedation, impaired judgment and schizophrenia 
2 months
31
Q

Cacti:

____ cactus. Active ingredient is ____. Tests using ___ and ______.

A

Mexican
mescaline
TLC or GC

32
Q

Mushrooms:
Active ingredients are ____ and ____.
Tests? 3

A

psilocin and psilocybin

color tests, TLC and GC/MS

33
Q 
Date-rape drug: 
Examples are \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_. 
Causes \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_. 
Why hard to determine the dose?
Tests?
A

ketamine, ecstasy (amphetamine), Rohypnol, GHB.
sedation, compliance, poor judgment, amnesia
often combined with other products
GC/MS

34
Q

Household products:
Examples: ___, ____, ______, _____, _______.
Causes: ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ___.
Permenant damage to ___, ___, ___, ____.
Hard to find because excreted through ____.

A

glue, gasoline, mothballs (naphthalene), paint thinners (toluene), nitrous oxide (laughing gas).
giddiness, euphoria, dizziness, vomiting, coma, death.
brain, liver, heart, kidneys.
lungs

35
Q

Steroids:
people use it for: 3
causes: 4

A

muscle growth, increased strength, improved reflexes.

impotence, hair loss, liver damage, aggressive behaviours.

36
Q

Poison Cyanide:
Enters body via ____, _____ or _____.
Damages _______, so the blood of the victims become _____.

A

inhalation, ingestion, skin contact
internal working of cells
cherry red

37
Q

Poison Strychnine:
Commonly known as _____.
Has a ___ taste and causes _______, so death by ____.

A

rat-poison

bitter, contraction of all muscles, asphyxiation.

38
Q

Poison mushrooms:
____ mushrooms, one mushroom kills.
often implicated in ______.
Severe damage to ____.

A

amanita
accidental poisoning
liver

39
Q

Poison Ethylene Glycol:
found in _____.
Use by alcoholics when they cant find _____.
What does it do in the body?

A

anti-freeze
ethanol
oxalate crystals in the brain and kidneys

40
Q

Poison oxalic acid:
Irritate _____, _____ and _____.
causes ______, ______ and death.

A

mouth esophagus and GI tract

cardiac arrests, kidney problems

41
Q

Heavy metals poison:
Examples:
Causes ___ injury such as ___, ____ and ___.
Damages ____, ___, ____.

A

mercury, aresnic, lead
GI - vommiting, diarrhea, nausea.
kidneys, liver and brain

42
Q

Insulin:
Overdose causes _____ which is the ___ nutrition.
Death is ____.
Why difficult to determine as homicide?

A

dramatic drop in sugar - brain
quick
diabetics

43
Q

Succinyl Choline poison:
Causes _____, which causes death by _____.
Testing requires finding _____.

A

paralyzes all muscles
asphyxia
metabolites

44
Q 
Corrosive chemicals poisons: 
Strong \_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_. 
Severe \_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_ on the mouth and GI tract. 
Causes severe \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_ and death. 
Often in cases of :
A

acids or alkalis
burn corrode tissues
shock bleeding
accidental children poisoning

45
Q

NAme 4 other well known poisons:

A

risin, botox, radioactive substance, biological weapons (viruses and bacterias)

46
Q

What are the two poisons that were used in executions?

A

Succinyl choline and Cyanide

47
Q

What are the different forms that drugs can take at at the crime scene? 7

A

trace, powder, liquids, stains, pills, plant material, in paper and food (candy).

48
Q

What is the weight tests?

A

determines if enough material to perform all or a few tests

49
Q

Why do we use presumptive tests?

A

Gives an idea of what it could be so determines the confirmatory tests that will be used.

Winter 2021, Forensic Science (16 decks)

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