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Neuroscience 1 > Touch (II) > Flashcards

Touch (II) Flashcards

1
Q

labeled lines

A

the brain recognizes the senses as distinct because their action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts

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2
Q

sensory transduction

A

Conversion of energy from stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell

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3
Q

receptor (generator) potential

A
  • local change in membrane

- analogous to EPSPs

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4
Q

free nerve endigs

A

pain and temperature

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5
Q

merkel’s disc

A
  • somatosensory cell

- touch

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6
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A
  • somatosensory cell

- touch

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7
Q

hair follicle receptor

A
  • somatosensory cell

- touch

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8
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A
  • somatosensory cell

- vibration and pressure

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9
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A
  • somatosensory cell

- stretch

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10
Q

proprioceptors

A
  • mechanoreceptors found in tendons
  • provide information about changes in muscle tension
  • force and position
  • “self receptors”
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11
Q

sensory events are encoded as _____

A

streams of action potentials

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12
Q

the intensity of a stimulus can be represented by…

A

the number and thresholds of activated cells

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13
Q

stimuli stretching cell membranes opens….

A

sodium channels which creates a graded generator potential. if this exceeds the firing threshold, an action potential is generated

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14
Q

somatosensory system

A
  • determines whether body sensations arise from outside or within the body
  • not just in your skin
  • surrounds visceral organs
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15
Q

how is a stimulus’ location determined?

A

based on an orderly map like (somatotopically) representation of the position of the activated receptors

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16
Q

receptive field

A

the area within which the presence of a stimulus will alter a sensory neuron’s firing rate.

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17
Q

divisions of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

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18
Q

cervical

A

neck, arms, shoulders

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19
Q

thoracic

A

trunk

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20
Q

lumbar

A

lower back
front of legs
feet

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21
Q

sacral

A

back of legs/feet

22
Q

dermatome

A
  • region of skin innervated by a particular spinal nerve

- organized by structure

23
Q

what travels in the dorsal column of the spinal cord?

A

touch and proprioception

pain

24
Q

how does motor information leave the spinal cord?

A

ventral root

25
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A
  • unipolar neuron cell bodies are outside of the spinal cord

- afferent

26
Q

afferent nerve fibers

A

carries sensory information into spinal cord

27
Q

dorsal column system/pathway

A
  • delivers touch and proprioception information to brain (soft, rough, vibrating)
  • doesn’t tell you about temperature or pain
28
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • S1

- in post central gyrus (in parietal lobe)

29
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • S1
  • in postcentral gyrus (in parietal lobe)
  • receives touch information from the opposite side of the body
  • S1 cells arranged as sensory homunculus
30
Q

secondary sensory cortex

A
  • S2

- receives direct projections from S1

31
Q

where do the S1 axons extend to?

A
  • motor cortex

- sensory association cortices

32
Q

what is the S2 implicated in

A

tactile learning and memory

33
Q

polymodal neurons

A

neurons processing information from multiple sensory modalities

34
Q

nociceptors

A
  • peripheral receptors on free nerve endings

- respond to painful stimuli

35
Q

first (Early) pain

A
  • sharp, stinging initial pain feeling

- ex: stubbed your toe

36
Q

how is the first/early pain relayed?

A

by myelinated A delta axon fibers

37
Q

second (later) pain

A
  • dull, throbbing, lingering pain

- dull pain until the tissue is repaired

38
Q

how is the second/later pain relayed?

A

by unmyelinated C fibers

39
Q

how are the affective and motivational aspects of second pain mediated?

A
  • by a complex pathway that reaches integrative centers in limbic areas
40
Q

insular cortex (insula)

A

important pain region

41
Q

periaquaductal gray (PAG)

A
  • important pain region
  • pain off center
  • receives info from S1 and S2
42
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • long term emotional implications
  • judgement and decision making
  • pain
43
Q

anterior cingulate & insulate cortex

A
  • long term emotional consequences
  • unpleasantness
  • social rejection
  • pain
44
Q

primary & secondary somatosensory cortex

A
  • location
  • intensity
  • qualities of pain
45
Q

how can pain be modified

A
  • competing tactile sensation, emotion, and cognition
46
Q

what does PAG activation release (via connections with medulla)

A

endogenous opioids in spinal cord to shut down pain

47
Q

when is the PAG activated?

A

in threatening situations (momentary reduction in pain increases survival)

48
Q

gate control theory

A

pain asserts that non-painful input closes the nerve “gates” to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous syst

49
Q

small nerve fibers

A
  • pain axons

- C and A delta fibers

50
Q

large nerve fibers

A
  • touch axons
  • directly related to brain
  • shut down ability for pain signals to reach brain
51
Q

placebo response

A
  • expectation of relief from prefrontal cortex
  • induces release of endogenous opioids in some individuals
  • increased activity in PAG & prefrontal cortex

Neuroscience 1 (15 decks)

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