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Neuroscience 1 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1)

A

located in precentral gyrus. initiation of voluntary motor movements

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2
Q

Premotor cortex

A

begins programming a movement by combining information from the prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex

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3
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA)

A

important for initiation of movement sequences, especially preplanned levels

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4
Q

posterior parietal lobe

A

proprioceptive cues about body position (provides feedback “on the fly” for refining movement.

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5
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

decision making (“should i do this movement or not?”)

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6
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of interconnected forebrain nuclei that modulate movement. includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidum

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7
Q

where does the basal ganglia receive information from

A

primary and secondary motor areas. somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

functions of basal ganglia

A

smooth movements through the thalamus. learning movement sequences are performed as a unit. Once motor tasks are learned, the BG takes over (Automation of learned sequences)

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9
Q

motor homunculus

A

a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

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10
Q

striatum

A

includes the caudate nucleus and putamen together. located in basal ganglia

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11
Q

adrenal cortex

A

the outer rind of the adrenal gland. secrets steroid hormones (including cortisol)

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12
Q

adrenal gland

A

an endocrine gland atop the kidney

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13
Q

adrenal medulla

A

the inner core of the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

angular gyrus

A

a brain region in which strokes can lead to word blindness

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15
Q

anterior pituitary

A

the front division of the pituitary gland. secretes tropic hormones

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16
Q

brainstem

A

consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla

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17
Q

broca’s area

A

a region of the frontal lobe of the brain that’s involved in the production of speech

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18
Q

carotid arteries

A

the major arteries that ascend the left and right sides of the neck to the brain. supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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19
Q

caudate nucleus

A

one of the basal ganglia

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20
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

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21
Q

central sulcus

A

a fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

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22
Q

cerebellum

A

a structure located at the back of the brain., dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement

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23
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres that consists largely of neuronal cell bodies and their branches

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24
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

the right and left halves of the forebrain

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25
Q

circle of willis

A

a vascular structure at the base of the brain that is formed by communicating arteries that interconnect the major cerebral arteries

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26
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

one of three types of small structures on the tongue that contain taste receptors, located in the back

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27
Q

cochlea

A

a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing

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28
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex

29
Q

cornea

A

the transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed. it bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina

30
Q

corpus callosum

A

the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

31
Q

cranial nerve

A

a nerve that is connected directly to the brain

32
Q

diencephalon

A

the posterior part of the forebrain, including the thalamus and hypothalamus

33
Q

dorsal column system

A

a somatosensory system that delivers most touch stimuli via the dorsal columns of spinal white matter to the brain

34
Q

dorsal root

A

the branch of a spinal nerve, entering the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, that carries sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord

35
Q

dura mater

A

the outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

ear canal

A

a tube leading from the pinna to the middle ear

37
Q

enteric nervous system

A

an extensive mesh-like system of neurons that governs the functioning of the gut

38
Q

exocrine gland

A

a gland whose secretions exit the body via ducts

39
Q

forebrain

A

the anterior division of the brain, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus

40
Q

forebrain

A

the anterior division of the brain, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus and the hypothalamus

41
Q

fovea

A

the central portion of the retina, packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze

42
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

a region on the inferior surface of the cortex, at the junction of temporal and occipital lobes, that has been associated with recognition of faces

43
Q

glial cells

A

(aka glia or neuroglia). non-neuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

44
Q

globus pallidus

A

one of the basal ganglia

45
Q

glomerulus

A

a complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells

46
Q

gray matter

A

areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin

47
Q

gyrus

A

a ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface

48
Q

hindbrain

A

the rear division of the brain, which in the mature vertebrate, contains the cerebellum, pons and medulla

49
Q

hippocampus

A

a medial temporal lobe structure for learning, memory, and spatial navigation

50
Q

incus

A

a middle ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes

51
Q

inferior colliculi

A

paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory information

52
Q

inner ear

A

the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

53
Q

inner hair cell (IHC)

A

on of the 2 types of cochlear receptor cells for hearing

54
Q

iris

A

the circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil

55
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

a hypothalamic region involved in the control of appetite and other functions

56
Q

limbic system

A

widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network. these nuclei are implicated in emotions

57
Q

malleus

A

a middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane

58
Q

medial amygdala

A

a region of the amygdala involved in processing olfactory and pheromonal stimuli

59
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

a skin receptor cell type that detects light touch

60
Q

meninges

A

the 3 protective sheets of tissue - dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

61
Q

merkel’s disc

A

a skin receptor cell type that detects fine touch

62
Q

metencephalon

A

a subdivision of the hindbrain that includes the cerebellum and the pons

63
Q

microglial cells

A

(aka microglia). extremely small glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells

64
Q

middle ear

A

the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea

65
Q

motor neuron

A

also called motorneuron. a nerve cell in the brain or spinal cord that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle or gland

66
Q

motor plan

A

(aka motor program) a plan for action in the nervous system

67
Q

myosin

A

a protein that, along with actin, mediates the contraction of muscle fibers

68
Q

neuropeptide

A

aka peptide neurotransmitter. a peptide that is used by neurons for signaling

Neuroscience 1 (15 decks)

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