Hearing pt 1 (II)

Question 1

amplitude

Answer 1

perceives as loudness

dB (decibels)

Question 2

frequency

Answer 2

• number of cycles per second of vibration
• hertz
• perceived as pitch

Question 3

range of human hearing **depending on age

Answer 3

20 Hz - 20,000 Hz

Question 4

external ear

Answer 4

• funnels sound
• pinna
• ear canal

Question 5

pinna

Answer 5

• part of external ear
• collect sound waves
• works as funnel
• pushes waves into ear canal

Question 6

ear canal

Answer 6

• part of external ear

- auditory canal

Question 7

middle ear

Answer 7

• concentrates sound energy
• 3 ossicles
• tensor tympani
• stapedius
• eustachian tube

Question 8

3 ossicles

Answer 8

malleus

incus, stapes

Question 9

tensor tympani

Answer 9

• part of middle ear

- attached to the malleus and tympanic membrane

Question 10

stapedius

Answer 10

• part of middle ear

- attached to the stapes

Question 11

acoustic reflex

Answer 11

• when activated, the muscles stiffen ands reduce sound’s effects.

Question 12

eustachian tube

Answer 12

• part of middle ear
• equalizes pressure on both sides
• ears pop
• opens when you swallow and with positive pressure

Question 13

cochlea

Answer 13

• has 3 parallel canals

- filled with endolymph

Question 14

scala vestibuli

Answer 14

• vestibular canal
• inner ear
• cochlea

Question 15

scala media

Answer 15

• middle canal
• contains organ of corti
• inner ear

Question 16

inner ear

Answer 16

• transduces sound into neural activity

- 3 canals in the cochlea

Question 17

organ of corti

Answer 17

receptor system that converts vibration into neural activity

Question 18

scala tympani

Answer 18

• inner ear
• in cochlea
• tympanic canal

Question 19

hair cells

Answer 19

• don’t fire action potentials

- they do depolarize resulting in a receptor potential

Question 20

cilia tips of hair cells are joined by….

Answer 20

a tip links

Question 21

inner hair cells

Answer 21

• carry out signal transduction
• release glutamate
• respond to specific sound frequencies

Question 22

outer hair cells

Answer 22

• amplify and refine cochlea to help discriminate frequencies

Question 23

the 3 “changes” in OHCs

Answer 23

1. hyperpolarization causes lengthening
2. Depolarization causes shortening
3. change in length modifies the stiffness of the basilar membrane (sharpens/amplifies sound)

Question 24

Olivary nuclei

Answer 24

• cochlear nuclei relay sound information to the contralateral AND ipsilateral superior olivary nuclei

Question 25

Superior olivary nucleus

Answer 25

• main localization nucleus for sound

- 2 divisions

Question 26

lateral superior olive

Answer 26

• processes intensity differences

- loud vs. quiet

Question 27

medial superior olive (MSO)

Answer 27

• produces latency differences

- when is the sound coming (first, second, third, etc)

Question 28

binaural cues

Answer 28

signal sound location

Question 29

interaural intensity differences

Answer 29

difference in loudness at the 2 ears

Question 30

interaural latency differences

Answer 30

difference between the 2 ears in the time of arrival of sounds

Question 31

duplex theory

Answer 31

sound localization requires processing of both intensity and latency differences

Question 32

tonotropic organization

Answer 32

• all levels of auditory pathway have this

- arranged in a map according to the frequencies in which they respond

Question 33

auditory cortex

Answer 33

• main activation is in the A1 on the superior temporal lobes
• dorsal stream and ventral stream

Question 34

dorsal stream

Answer 34

• toward top
• in parietal lobe
• spatial location
• “where”

Question 35

ventral stream

Answer 35

• toward bottom
• in temporal lobe
• may analyze components of sound
• “what”

Question 36

heschl’s gyrus

Answer 36

• portion of auditory cortex that first processes music
• larger in musicians
• more strongly activated by music

Question 37

amusia

Answer 37

• an inability to discern tunes (tone deafness)