Totally Rejecting Liberalism Flashcards
marx’s definition of communism
classless society in which all people share in the production of goods and NO government is needed
founding values of communism
- well-being of individuals is government’s responsibility
- collective ownership of production
- elimination of private property
- economic equality
what is subsistence agriculture
people only farm what they need to survive
what was the czar?
powerful monarch in Russia
what did czar alexander II do? what was the response?
abolished capital punishment, created local governments, introduced liberal reforms
- was not enough for revolutionary groups, assassinated him
-reforms were reversed, freedoms restricted again
how did the industrial revolution affect russia?
- countries invested in the rapid industrialization of Russia
- treatment of workers decreased, gap widened, people began to turn to communist ideas
what was the Socialist Democratic Labour Party (SDLP)
- group of marxists in russia, members included: vladimir lenin, leon trotsky, joseph stalin
- was banned by czar, continued through newspaper
what was bloody sunday?
- march to czar winter palace, demanding better working conditions and good
- met with soldiers, open fired
-inspired mass strikes across the country, - pressure created first Russian Revolution, gave basic civil rights
who was alexander kerensky, what was his effect?
- without formal leader, temporary government put in place led by him
- didn’t possess power due to lost support,
who were the bolsheviks
- communist party, led by vladimir lenin
- eventually gained strength and support to create new russian government
what is leninism?
- lenin’s interpretation of communism
- believed revolution was necessary to achieve ideal society, (differed from marx)->, communist government was needed.
what was the Red Terror?
-after lenin assassination attempt, created campaign to eliminate opposers
- resulted in civil war between bolshevik army (red), and white anti-bolshevik army (which included liberal democratic and capitalist countries)
what was the USSR? what changes were made (4)
- Union of Soviet Socialist, led by Lenin
Changes: - redistribution of land to people
- factories given to workers to create better conditions and wages
- men and women considered equal
- art and music flourished, no more restrictions
what is stalinism
-after lenin’s death, new form of communism led by joseph stalin
- influenced by desire to maintain absolute power and control, done by means of fear and oppression rather than revolution and freedom
- turned russia into dictatorship
what are some policies stalin created? (6)
- creation of Gulag for oppositions
- use of secret police to control people
- purges, eliminated opponents
- rewriting of history by altering archives
- rapid industrialization
- collectivism of all farms
what was the planned famine (holodomor)
-factors: industrialization, higher agricultural output, government ownership of land
- the collectivization policies were mainly designed to suppress ukraine nationalism
- starved between 7 and 10 million
- was internationally recognized as a genocide
who was mikhail gorbachev
- first leader who embraced liberalism (glasnost)
- reformed soviet union’s political and economic systems: moved to market economy, private ownership, multi-party elections
- restructuring was known as perestroika
where does the term fascism come from
italian word fascio, latin word faces, sticks bundled around an axe, symbol of power and authority
what liberal and communist values did fascism reject
liberal: individual rights and freedoms, democracy
communist: egalitarianism (equal rights and opportunities), empowerment of working classes
how did fascism grow in popularity
many felt liberalism resulted in the first world war, democratic governments were pictures as weak and unstable
values and beliefs of fascism
society as a whole has a shared purpose, goal of dominating other peoples can only be achieved through discipline, obedience, and creation of all-powerful state
what is social darwinism
use of darwin’s theory to promote the notion that some individuals or groups achieve power and advantage over others because they are stronger and fitter
- used to justify fascist policies which discriminated against individuals
how did the Treaty of Versailles influence fascist germany
-forced to sign (under weimar republic)
- majority was aimed at punishing germany for loss and damage of war
- could not afford, stopped paying
- hyperinflation and loss of jobs
- government lost support
- questioned whether liberal values could solve problems, did not want to become communist like russia, began to turn to fascism
terms within treaty of versailles (3)
- give up some territory and all overseas colonies
- accept responsibility for causing all loss and damage to allied governments
- pay equivalent of 20 billion gold marks to allied governments and addition 80 after
how did the rise of hitler and the nazi party occur?
- tried to seize power through force, failed, went to jail and wrote mein kampf
- promised to use only legal means, was released
- support for party grew, power and beliefs returned violent
- blamed germany’s issues on scapegoats: weimar government, communist, jewish population
- parliament building set on fire, blamed it on communist party, more support grew
- snap election made him leader, passed enabling act which removed all opposition
what techniques did hitler use (5)
- propaganda
- youth movements
- elimination of opposition
- use of terror and force
- scapegoats
what sparked persecution of jewish population
- night of broken glass, assassination of nazi german official by 17 year old jewish youth
- caused rampage, vandalization, burning shops, homes, and synagogues of Jews
- beaten, killed, sent to concentration camps, followed was holocaust
