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Anatomy > Topology and histology of the skin > Flashcards

Topology and histology of the skin Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin

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2
Q

What is the area of the skin?

A

2 square metres

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3
Q

What is the weight of the skin?

A

5 kilograms

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4
Q

Name four functions of the skin

A

Protection
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Metabolic function

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5
Q

What does the skin protect against?

A

UV light
Mechanical, thermal and chemical stresses
Dehydration
Pathogens

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6
Q

How does the skin sense?

A

It has receptors that sense touch, pressure, pain and temperature

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7
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Maintaining the body temperature

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8
Q

What features of the skin are involved in thermoregulation?

A

Adipose tissue
Hair
Sweat glands
Blood vessels

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9
Q

What is the metabolic function of the skin?

A

Subcutaneous adipose tissue produces vitamin D and triglycerides

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10
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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11
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

Thin outer portion
Contains four layers or five layers depending on thick or thin skin
Stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

Describe the dermis

A

Thicker inner portion
Connective tissue layer
Important for sensation, protection and theroregulation

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13
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Underneath the dermis
Mainly contains adipose tissue and sweat glands
Produces vitamin D

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14
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

The dermis extends into the epidermis in thick skin

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15
Q

What is the role of dermal papillae?

A

Helps adhesion between dermal and epidermal layers

Provides large surface area to nourish the epidermal layer

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16
Q

Name some things that the dermis contains

A 
Collagen
Elastin
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Nerves
Glands
Hair follicles
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17
Q

What are the two divisions of the dermis?

A

Superficial region

Deeper region

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18
Q

Describe the superficial region

A

20% of the dermis
Loose connective tissue
Many capillaries
Contains sensory receptors

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19
Q

Describe the deeper region

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Collagen and elastin
Sweat glands

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20
Q

What is the deep cutaneous plexus?

A

At the dermal/hypodermal junction

Supplies blood to hypodermic, deeper region as well as hair follicles and sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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21
Q

What is the subpapillary plexus?

A

Lies beneath the dermal papillae

Responsible for thermorgulation

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22
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis of skin?

A

Keratinised, stratified, squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Name the four layers of thin skin (and name the extra fifth layer of thick skin)

A 
Stratum corneum
(Stratum lucidum)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
24
Q

Where do cells divide?

A

In the stratum basale

25
Q

What is the amount of time taken for cells to move through the layers?

A

2-4 weeks

26
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Found closest to the dermis
Single layer of cells
Cells are dividing

27
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of cells
High number of desmosomes
Keratin

28
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of cells
Cells start to lose their nuclei and organelles
Lipid rich secretions make them water sealant

29
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum

A

Only present in thick skin

Thin transparent layer

30
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Dead cells
Densely packed keratin
10-20 layers of cells

31
Q

What is a keratinocyte?

A

Most common cell

90%

32
Q

What is a melanocyte?

A

Found only in the basal layer

Produce melanin pigment

33
Q

What is a Langerhans cell?

A

Found only in the stratum spinosum
Lack keratin filaments
Antigen presenting cells

34
Q

What is a Merkel cell?

A

Granular basal epidermal cell
Sensitive to touch
Mostly found in thick skin

35
Q

What is a Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Myelinated nerve ending

Pressure sensitive

36
Q

What is a Meissners corpuscle?

A

Highly sensitive mechanoreceptor found in the palmar surface of fingers and plantar surface of feet

37
Q

Outline differences between thick and thin skin

A

Thick skin has no hairs, sebaceous glands or apocrine sweat glands
Thick skin has a thinner dermis

38
Q

Where are the two types of skin located?

A

Thick skin is found in areas that undergo abrasion
Fingertips
Palms
Soles of feet

39
Q

What three things determine skin colour?

A

Carotene pigments in subcutaneous fat
Amount of blood and the amount of oxygen it is carrying
Amount of melanin

40
Q

How does a melanocyte make melanin?

A

Tyrosine converted to DOPA

DOPA polymerised to melanin

41
Q

What makes melanin?

A

Melanocytes

42
Q

What happens to melanin when it has been produced by the melanocytes?

A

Melanin binds to protein, making a melanoprotein
Melanoprotein transported into melanosome
Phagocytosed by keratinocytes
Keratinocytes take up melanin

43
Q

What is the purpose of melanin?

A

Protect DNA from UV rays

44
Q

How does melanin protect the nucleus from UV light?

A

It creates a veil over the nucleus

45
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale

46
Q

How do melanocyte numbers vary in people of different races?

A

They don’t

47
Q

What are the two types of sweat gland?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands

48
Q

What is the purpose of eccrine sweat?

A

Thermoregulation

49
Q

What is the purpose of apocrine sweat?

A

Thermoregulation

Oderous (attracting opposite sex)

50
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce?

A

Sebum

51
Q

What are the two parts of the hair?

A

Hair root and hair shaft

52
Q

What is a nail?

A

A hard plate of keratin

53
Q

What does the nail sit on?

A

The nail bed

54
Q

Where does the nail grow from?

A

The nail root

55
Q

What is the name of the white end of the nail?

A

Lunula

Anatomy (16 decks)

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