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Anatomy > Muscle histology > Flashcards

Muscle histology Flashcards

1
Q

What do you see when you look at a muscle fibre under a microscope?

A

Light bands and dark bands
Light = Z lines (within I band)
Dark = A lines

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2
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The repeating unit between two Z lines

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3
Q

Where is the nucleus found?

A

Outside the fibre

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4
Q

What makes up the muscle fibre?

A

Myofibrils

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5
Q

What is the full name for the A band?

A

The anisotropic band

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6
Q

What is the full name for the I band?

A

The isotropic band

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7
Q

What is the M line?

A

The middle of the A band

The middle of the sarcomere

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8
Q

What do thin filaments compose of?

A

Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin

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9
Q

What do thick filaments compose of?

A

Myosin

Titin

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10
Q

What stops myosin binding to actin?

A

Tropomyosin

Troponin

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11
Q

What activates binding of myosin to actin?

A

Calcium

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12
Q

What is the I band?

A

It crosses two sarcomeres

The thin filaments between myosin

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13
Q

What is the A band?

A

The length of the thick filament

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14
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Variable
Where there is only myosin
It disappears in contraction

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15
Q

Name the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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16
Q

Which muscle types are striated?

A

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

17
Q

What does skeletal muscle do?

A

Moves joints by strong and rapid contractions

18
Q

What makes up a skeletal muscle?

A

Bundles of muscle fibres, each of which is a long multinucleated cell

19
Q

How is a multinucleated cell formed?

A

The fusion of many mononucleated cells called myoblasts

20
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Cells have a single central nucleus
Cells are branched
Intercalated disc joining adjacent cells

21
Q

Describe the intercalated disc

A

Contains gap junctions, adhering junctions and desmosomes

Allows muscle cells to be electrically coupled

22
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle

A

Not striated
Cells have a single nucleus
Gap junctions connect the cells
Cells are spindle shaped

23
Q

Why is smooth muscle not striated?

A

Actin and myosin arrangement is random

24
Q

Name some functions of smooth muscle

A

Erecting hairs
Moving food along the digestive tract
Surrounding ducts and blood vessels

25
Q

What is a myoepithelial cell?

A

The name given to smooth muscle found in the epithelia

26
Q

Does skeletal muscle have any cell-cell junctions?

A

No it has none

27
Q

What is the purpose of adhering junctions in cardiac muscle?

A

Actin filaments attach filaments of the sarcomere to the cell membrane

28
Q

What is the purpose of desmosomes in cardiac muscle?

A

They’re sites of strong adhesion that keep the muscle cells together when they contract

29
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle?

A

Direct connection between cells
Facilitates electrical communication
Waves of depolarisation spread rapidly

30
Q

How does skeletal muscle repair itself?

A

It has satellite cells that are stimulated to divide when it is damaged

31
Q

How does cardiac muscle repair itself?

A

It cannot

32
Q

How does smooth muscle repair itself?

A

All smooth muscle cells retain the ability to divide

33
Q

How is skeletal muscle stimulated?

A

Via a nerve impulse

Depolarises the muscle

34
Q

What happens when muscle is stimulated?

A

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium ions bind to troponin

35
Q

What connects muscle fibres to the sarcolemma?

A

The T-tubules

36
Q

What is a triad?

A

Two terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum along with their associated T-tubule

37
Q

How is smooth muscle activated?

A

Thin filaments do not have troponin

Instead calcium binds to calmodulin, activating an enzyme that phosphorylates myosin allowing it to bind to actin

Anatomy (16 decks)

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