Histology and histopathology of connective tissue

Question 1

What is connective tissue made up of?

Answer 1

Organelles
Groups of cells
Extracellular material
Ground substance

Question 2

What makes up extracellular material?

Answer 2

Fibres

Question 3

What is in ground stubstance?

Answer 3

Polysaccharides + protein backbone
Proteoglycans
Multiadhesive proteins

Question 4

What cells are present in connective tissue?

Answer 4

Macrophages
Mast cells
Adipose cells

Question 5

What are macrophages?

Answer 5

From the blood monocytes

Phagocytose

Question 6

What are mast cells?

Answer 6

From basophils of blood

Blue granules of heparin and histamine

Question 7

What are adipose cells?

Answer 7

Fat cells

Question 8

What is the difference between white and brown adipose cells?

Answer 8

White = unilocular
Brown = multilocular

Question 9

What is the most common cell in loose connective tissue?

Answer 9

Fibroblasts

Question 10

What shape is the nucleus of a fibroblast?

Answer 10

Spindle shaped

Question 11

Name the three types of fibre in loose connective tissue

Answer 11

Collagen
Reticular fibres
Elastic fibres

Question 12

What is the collagen like in loose connective tissue?

Answer 12

Sparse

Long, tortuous, cylinder of strength, thick

Question 13

What are reticular fibres?

Answer 13

Thin collagen

Scaffolding

Question 14

What are elastic fibres?

Answer 14

Fibres made of elastin and fibrillin

Question 15

Give an example of regular dense connective tissue

Answer 15

Tendons and ligaments

Question 16

How is regular dense connective tissue arranged?

Answer 16

Parallel bundles

Regular arrangement

Question 17

Give an example of irregular connective tissue

Answer 17

Dermis of skin

Question 18

What is the purpose of connective tissue?

Answer 18

Connective tissue groups together tissues and organs and surrounds them in an extracellular matrix

Question 19

Describe the structure of collagen

Answer 19

3 alpha helixes

Produced by fibroblasts

Question 20

What does collagen provide

Answer 20

Strength

30% of dry body mass

Question 21

How many types of collagen are there?

Answer 21

28
Type 1 = strongest, in tendons
Type 3 = reticular fibres
Type 4 = basal laminar
Type 7 = binds type 4

Question 22

Reticular fibres provide…

Answer 22

…scaffolding

Question 23

What are the two families of fibres

Answer 23

Elastic

Collagen

Question 24

Where would you find a lot of reticular fibres

Answer 24

Tonsils

other lymphoid tissues

Question 25

What is the purpose of elastic fibres?

Answer 25

Maintaining pressure | Stretch

Question 26

What is ground substance?

Answer 26

An amorphous gel

Question 27

Name the three polysaccharides and proteins in ground substance

Answer 27

Proteoglycans Multiadhesive proteins Glycosaminoglycans

Question 28

Name five glycosaminoglycans

Answer 28

``` Keratin Dermatin Chondroitin Hyaluron Heparan ```

Question 29

Where are glycosaminoglycans made?

Answer 29

In fibroblasts | Secreted directly into the extra cellular matrix

Question 30

What is a proteoglycan?

Answer 30

A core protein | A glycosaminoglycan

Question 31

What does a multi adhesive protein do?

Answer 31

Anchors ground substance to cells

Question 32

What is the difference between fibroblast and fibrocytes?

Answer 32

``` Fibroblast = active Fibrocyte = inactive ```

Question 33

What is the role of a myofibroblast?

Answer 33

Contraction of wound

Question 34

What do macrophages do?

Answer 34

Engulph cells Break them down Present products to the immune system

Question 35

What 3 things do mast cells release?

Answer 35

Histamine Chemokines Heparin

Question 36

What does histamine do?

Answer 36

``` Causes vasodilation Increases blood flow Aids macrophages to enter area Endothelial permeability Heat & swelling ```

Question 37

What do chemokines do?

Answer 37

Attract more cells to the area

Question 38

What does heparin do?

Answer 38

Blood thinning | Anticoagulant

Question 39

Why is heparin necessary?

Answer 39

Increased blood flow to area | Avoid clotting

Question 40

What are macrophages in the skin called?

Answer 40

Langerhans cells

Question 41

Where is loose connective tissue found?

Answer 41

Around blood vessels | Layers of muscles and nerves

Question 42

Compare ground substance in loose and dense connective tissue

Answer 42

Ground substance > cells | Ground substance < cells