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NEURO > Topography of the brain > Flashcards

Topography of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic topographic areas of the brain

A

brainstem
diencephalon
cerebellum
cerebrum

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2
Q

what are the three parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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3
Q

what are the functions of the brainstem

A
  1. provides a pathway for fibre tracts running between higher and lower centres
  2. brainstem nucleii are involved in CN III-XII - so innervation of the head and neck
  3. brainstem centres produce the rigidly programmed automatic behaviours essential for life e.g. cardioresp centres
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4
Q

what is the cavity in the medulla

A

IV ventricle

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5
Q

what is the medulla a continuation of (from below)

A

the spinal cord at the foramen magnum

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6
Q

what are the surface features of the medulla

A

pyramids medially and their decussation (crossing over)

olives laterally

inferior cerebellar peduncle to connect to cerebellum

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7
Q

what cranial nerves come from the surface of the medulla

A

IX, X, XI, XII

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8
Q

what is the structure of the caudal and cranial medullary sections in terms of the IV ventricle

A

caudal - closed around IV ventricle

cranial - open with IV ventricle posteriorly

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9
Q

what is contained in the white matter of the medulla

A

pyramidal tracts (motor)

medial lemniscus (sensory)

inferior cerebellar peduncle

+ other tracts

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10
Q

what is contained in the grey matter of the medulla

A

cranial nerve nucleii

inferior olivary nucleus

nucleii of Reticular formation (vital centres)

sensory nucleii (gracile and cuneate)

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11
Q

where is the IV ventricle in relation to the pons

A

posterior

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12
Q

what are the surface features of the pons

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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13
Q

what cranial nerves come from the surface of the pons

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

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14
Q

what is contained in the white matter of the pons

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

medial lemniscus (sensory)

pyramidal tract (motor)

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15
Q

what is contained in the grey matter of the pons

A

cranial nerve nucleii

pontin nucleii

uncle of reticular formation

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16
Q

what is the central cavity in the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

what are the surface feature of the midbrain

A

cerebral peduncle

superior cerebellar peduncle

superior and inferior colliculus

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18
Q

what cranial nerves come from the surface of the midbrain

A

III, IV

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19
Q

what is different about the origin site of CN IV compared to the others arising from the brainstem

A

the only one to originate posteriorly

20
Q

what is the structure of the cerebellum

A

right and left hemispheres separated by the vermis

21
Q

what is the structure of each cerebellar hemisphere

A

3 lobes - anterior, posterior, flocculonodular

22
Q

what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

3 cerebellar peduncles - inferior, superior, middle

23
Q

what is contained in the grey matter of the cerebellum

A

cortex - on surface

deep - nucleii

24
Q

what is contained in the white matter of the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

cerebellar peduncles

25
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum

A

posture maintenance

fine tuning motor activity

26
Q

what can an abnormality in the cerebellum cause and how can this be tested for

A

ataxia - loss of full control of bodily movements

finger-nose test
walking in a straight line

27
Q

where is the diencephalon found

A

deep within the cerebral hemispheres, around the II ventricle

28
Q

what are 3 paired structures to the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus (+pituitary)
epithalamus (+pineal gland)

(all mainly grey matter)

29
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

sensory relay station

processing sensory info at lateral nucleii

30
Q

where does the hypothalamus lie

A

below the thalamus, separated by hypothalamic sulcus

31
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

main visceral control centre - essential for homeostasis

32
Q

what are the homeostatic roles of the hypothalamus

A

autonomic Control Centre

body temperature

food intake

water balance & thirst

sleep-wake cycle

control of endocrine system functioning

33
Q

what is the blood supply to the brain

A

two internal carotid arteries (ICA)

two vertebral arteries

34
Q

what are the branches of the ICA and what do they supply

A

anterior (ACA), middle (MCA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComA)

ACA and MCA supply large part of cerebral hemispheres

35
Q

what do the vertebral arteries join together to form

A

basilar artery on ventral surface of the brainstem

36
Q

what supplies the brainstem and cerebllum

A

branches coming off the basilar artery

37
Q

what supplies the posterior part of the cerebral hemispheres

A

posterior cerebral arteries - arising from end of basil artery

38
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

a continuous circle of blood vessels at the base of the brain

branches of the ICA join with those of the opposite side and with the PCA (branch of the basilar artery)

39
Q

what protective feature does the circle of willis supply

A

protection against vaso-occlusion of large arteries

40
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

Medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding Occipital lobe

41
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

Lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres

42
Q

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

Inferior aspect of cerebral hemispheres and Occipital lobe.

43
Q

what is the venous drainage of the brain

A

superficial and deep veins drain into venous sinuses

44
Q

what do the venous sinuses lie between

A

between 2 layers of dura mater

45
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses ultimately drain

A

into the internal jugular veins

46
Q

what does the diencephalon develop from embryologically

A

diencephalic vesicle (part of the forebrain)

47
Q

what do the midbrain, pons and medulla develop from embryologically

A

midbrain - mesencephalon (midbrain)

pons - metencephalon (hindbrain)

medulla - myencephalon (hindbrain)

NEURO (51 decks)

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