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NEURO > Cerebral hemispheres > Flashcards

Cerebral hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general features of the cerebral hemispheres

A

sulcus - dip
gyrus - elevation
fissure - larger dip

grey matter on surface
white matter inside
lateral ventricle in the cavity of each hemisphere

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2
Q

what is the name of the fissure that runs down the centre of the cerebrum from front to back

A

median longitudinal fissure

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3
Q

what connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

the corpus callosum - contains commissural fibres

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4
Q

what is the name of the sulcus that runs across the top of the cerebrum left to right and what lies on either side

A

central sulcus

in front - precentral gyrus

behind - post central gyrus

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5
Q

what does the central sulcus separate

A

parietal lobe from the frontal lobe

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6
Q

what separates the parietal and occipital lobes

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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7
Q

what does the cingulate sulcus separate

A

parietal and frontal lobes from the cingulate gyrus

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8
Q

what does the lateral sulcus (sylvan fissure) separate

A

parietal and frontal lobes above from temporal lobe below

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9
Q

what is the posterior part of the cerebrum for

A

sensory

parietal - somatosensory
occipital - vision
temporal - hearing and smell

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10
Q

what is the anterior part of the cerebrum for

A

motor

frontal - motor function and intellect

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11
Q

what are the medial portions of the brain for

A

limbic system - storage and retrieval of processed information

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12
Q

within the frontal lobe - what are three important areas

A

area 4 - precentral gyrus

area 44,45 - inferior frontal gyrus

prefrontal cortex

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13
Q

what happens in area 4 of the frontal lobe

A

precentral gyrus = PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

somototopic representation of contralateral half of the body

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14
Q

what happens in areas 44,45 of the frontal lobe

A

inferior frontal gyrus = BROCAS AREA

motor speech

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15
Q

what happens in the prefrontal cortex

A

cognitive functions of higher order intellect

judgement

prediction

planning

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16
Q

within the parietal lobe - what are 3 important areas

A

areas 1,2,3 - post central gyrus

superior parietal lobule

inferior parietal lobule

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17
Q

what happens in areas 1,2,3 of the parietal lobe

A

post-central gyrus = PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX

recieves general sensations from contralateral half of body

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18
Q

what happens in the superior parietal lobule

A

interpretation of general sensory info and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

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19
Q

what happens in the inferior parietal lobule

A

interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas

in dominant hemisphere = contributes to language functions

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20
Q

what can occur if there is a lesion in the parietal lobe

A

hemisensory neglect
right-left agnosia
acalculia
agraphia

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21
Q

what is hemisensory neglect

A

the inability of a person to process and perceive stimuli on one side of the body or environment, where that inability is not due to a lack of sensation

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22
Q

what is right-left agnosia

A

inability to differentiate right and left

23
Q

what is acalculia

A

difficulty perfoming simple mathematical tasks - different from dyscalculia as it is neurologically acquired later in life e.g. from stroke

24
Q

what is agraphia

A

loss of the ability to communicate through writing

25
Q

within the temporal lobe - what are 3 important areas

A

areas 41,42 - superior temporal gyrus

auditory association areas

inferior surface

26
Q

what happens in areas 41,42 of the temporal lobe

A

superior temporal gyrus = PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

27
Q

what happens in the auditory association areas of the temporal lobe

A

WERNICKES AREA - understanding spoke word

28
Q

what happen in the inferior surface of the temporal lobe

A

conscious appreciation of smell

29
Q

within the occipital lobe - what are 2 important areas

A

area 17 - either side of the calcarine sulcus

areas 18,19 - visual association cortex

30
Q

what happens in area 17 of the occipital lobe

A

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

31
Q

what happens in areas 18,19 of the occipital lobe

A

interpretation of visual images

32
Q

what does the limbic lobe include

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala

33
Q

what is the role of the limbic lobe

A

memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

34
Q

what are the two language areas of the brain

A

brocas - motor speech

wernickes - recognition of spoken word

damage in either area can cause aphasia

35
Q

what occurs in brocas aphasia

A

damage to frontal lobe

can understand speech

misses small words out e.g. “walk dog” instead of “walk THE dog”

aware of difficulties in speech

weakness/paralysis of one side of the body

36
Q

what occurs in wernickes aphasia

A

damage to temporal lobe

can’t understand speech

fluent speech with new meaningless words e.g. “you know what poodle and that I want to get and round him like you want before”

unaware of mistakes

no paralysis

37
Q

what are the three types of white matter myelinated axon fibres and what do they do

A

commissural - connect hemispheres

association - connect one part of cortex with another

projection - connect cerebrum with subcortical centres e.g. spinal cord

38
Q

what is the internal capsule

A

narrow area projection fibres passing to and from cerebral cortex

derives blood supply fro middle cerebral artery - frequently affected in stroke

39
Q

what are basal ganglia

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies (grey matter) buried deep within the white matter of each hemisphere

40
Q

what are the 3 main basal ganglia

A

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus

(subthalamic nucleii)

41
Q

what is functionally part of the basal ganglia but not anatomically

A

substantia nigra - found in the midbrain

42
Q

what is the major function of the basal ganglia

A

initiation and termination of movements

43
Q

what are common pathologies o the basal ganglia

A

parkinsons, athetosis, chorea

44
Q

what are the input regions of the basal ganglia

A

caudate

putamen

45
Q

what are the output regions of the basal ganglia

A

globus pallidus
substantia nigra

globus plaids then projects to thalamus - sends fibres to primary motor cortex

46
Q

SUMMARY: general structure of the cerebral hemispheres

A

outer grey matter
inner white matter
deep in white matter - basal ganglia (grey matter)

47
Q

SUMMARY: what separates and connects the two lobes respectively

A

median longitudinal fissure

corpus callosum

48
Q

SUMMARY: what are the 2 main sulcii

A

central
lateral
parieto-occipital

49
Q

SUMMARY: what is the role of the frontal lobe

A

thinking, motor cortex, brokers speech area

50
Q

SUMMARY: what is the role of the parietal lobe

A

sensory

51
Q

SUMMARY: what is the role of the temporal lobe

A

auditory, wernickes areas (language), smell

52
Q

SUMMARY: what are the three fibres in the white matter

A

association
commissural
projection

53
Q

SUMMARY: what do the basal ganglia do

A

control movement by connecting to motor cortex (starting and stopping of movements)

NEURO (51 decks)

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