Retinal disorders Flashcards
what investigations can be done for retinal disorders
fundoscopy
fluorescein angiography
optical coherence tomography
electrophysiology
what does fluorescein angiography do
looks at the vessels in the retina
what are the different types of electrophysiology
electroretinogram
visually evoked potentials
what does an electroretinogram show
measures retinal function
what do visually evoked potentials show
records optic nerve function
what can different types of retinal pathology cause changes in
visual acuity
visual fields
colour vision
relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
what can cause SUDDEN painless loss of vision
Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Ischaemic optic neuropathy Stroke Vitreous haemorrhage Retinal detachment Sudden discovery of pre-exisiting unilateral loss of vision
what causes central retinal vein occlusion
hypertension
glaucoma
hyperviscocity
inflammation
what causes central retinal artery occlusion
emboli (carotids/heart)
inflammation
what are the two types of steam optic neuropathy
arteritic
non-arteritic
what are the symptoms of giant cell arteritis
Headache Scalp tenderness Jaw claudication Neck pain Nausea/anorexia Loss of vision
what are the investigations for giant cell arteritis
bloods - raised inflammatory markers
temporal artery biopsy
what are the signs and symptoms of optic neuritis
Pain on eye movements Reduced vision Red desaturation Central scotoma Relative afferent pupil defect Swollen optic disc
what can cause GRADUAL painless loss of vision
Cataract Refractive error Age-related macular degeneration Open angle glaucoma Diabetic retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy Inherited retinal dystrophies Drug-induced retinopathy
what occurs in age related macular degeneration
progressive loss of central vision
what are risk factors for age related macular degeneration
age, smoking, poor diet
what are the different types of age related macular degeneration
dry type
wet type
what is seen in dry type ARMD
atrophy
drusen
what is seen in wet type ARMD
neovascular membrane - blood, fluid
what is seen on fundoscopic examination of diabetic retinopathy
cotton wool spots exudates vascular anomalies maculopathy advanced disease
what are retinal dystrophies
Series of inherited conditions affecting photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision
what are the two types of retinal dystrophies
photoreceptor dystophies (ERG induced)
Retinal pigment epithelium (EOG induced)
choroid dystrophies
vitreoretinal dystrophies
name some photoreceptor dystrophies
Retinitis pigmentosa
Cone dystrophy
name some RPE dystrophies
Best’s vitelliform macular dystrophy
Stargardt macular dystrophy
Sorsby macular dystrophy
North Carolina macular dystrophy
