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Principles of Zoology > Topics 9-11 > Flashcards

Topics 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

unusual ribbon of teeth for feeding present in phylum mollusca

A

radula

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the mantle in phylum mollusca?

A

respiration and shell secretion

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3
Q

the ancestral traits of this phylum include:

-radula (ribbon of teeth)
-large muscular foot or tentacles for movement
-mantle for respiration and shell secretion

A

mollusca

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4
Q

in phylum mollusca, the head-foot contains which three organ types?

A

feeding
sensory
locomotory

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5
Q

which structure is unique to molluscs?

A

radula

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6
Q

in phylum mollusca, these complex muscles move radula and its supportive cartilages in and out of the mouth

A

odontophores

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7
Q

in phylum mollusca, this structure is usually ventral and used as attachment to substratum for locomotion

A

muscular foot

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8
Q

in phylum mollusca, this structure is a sheath tissue on each side of the body that protects the soft parts and forms the space called the mantle cavity

A

mantle

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9
Q

in phylum mollusca, this structure houses the gills or lungs that develop from the mantle and the exposed surface used in gas exchange; products of digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems empty into it

A

mantle cavity

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10
Q

in phylum mollusca, this class uses the head and mantle cavity to create jet propulsion

A

cephalopods

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11
Q

in phylum mollusca, this class can withdraw the head and foot into the mantle cavity and hide into a shell

A

gastropods

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12
Q

in phylum mollusca, this structure has leaf-like filaments with cilia that propel water across the surface

A

mollusc gill (ctenidium); usually have two

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13
Q

explain the circulatory system of most organisms in the phylum mollusca

A

open circulatory system with blood sinuses; countercurrent blood and water movement facilitates gas exchange; usually two ctenidia are on opposite sides and form an incurrent and excurrent chamber

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14
Q

in the phylum mollusca, this section of the shell is the outer horny layer that is composed of conchiolin; protects against acid from leaf decay

A

periostracum

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15
Q

in the phylum mollusca, this section of the shell is densely packed prisms of calcium carbonate laid on protein matrix

A

middle prismatic layer

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16
Q

in the phylum mollusca, this section of the shell is secreted continuously by the mantle surface so it increases in thickness as the animal grows

A

inner nacreous layer

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17
Q

in the phylum mollusca, this class have a closed system with a heart, vessels, and capillaries and enable them to move actively

A

cephalopods

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18
Q

in the phylum mollusca, most are dioecious or monoecious?

A

dioecious; some are hermaphroditic

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19
Q

what kind of larva do molluscs have?

A

trocophore

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20
Q

In many gastropods and bivalves, a uniquely molluscan intermediate larval stage this structure is hatched with the beginnings of a foot, shell, and mantle

A

veliger

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21
Q

in phylum mollusca, this class is about 120 species of wormlike, marine organisms ranging from 2 to 140 mm long

A

caudofoveata

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22
Q

in phylum mollusca, this class is approximately 250 species; similar to caudofoveates, but have no radula or gills

A

solenogasters

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23
Q

in phylum mollusca, this class is generally flattened dorsoventrally with a convex dorsal surface that has 7 or 8 articulating limy plates; about 1000 currently described species that range from 2 cm to 30 cm

A

polyplacophora

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24
Q

in phylum mollusca, this class previously was considered extinct; 25 extant species now known

A

monoplacophora

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25
Q

in phylum mollusca, this class
* Most diverse class with over 70,000 living and more than 15,000 fossil species
* Range in forms like marine snails, limpets, slugs, whelks, conches, periwinkles, sea
slugs, sea hares, and sea butterflies, to air-breathing terrestrial snails and slugs
* Typically sluggish, sedentary animals dueto heavy shells used as chief defense
* Some snails are specialized for climbing, swimming, or burrowing
* Marine, freshwater and terrestrial
* Intermediate hosts
* Helix pomatia
– Escargo

A

gastropoda

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26
Q

180 degree counterclockwise twisting of visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity during development

A

torsion

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27
Q

in the phylum mollusca, the ____ can enhance protection and prevent desiccation during torsion

A

operculum

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28
Q

in the phylum mollusca, a flattened foot, cilia propelling over mucous trails, and musclar waves are responsible for what?

A

locomotion

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29
Q

what kind of shell in molluscs?
-more compact, but unbalanced
-shell shifted over body for better weight distribution
-internal organs asymmetrical and sometimes no longer paired

A

conspiral shell

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30
Q

what kind of shell in molluscs?
-earliest fossils, one plane (flat)

A

planospiral shell

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31
Q

what phylum has these digestive traits?
-Most scrape algae and attached organisms
– Herbivores, predators, scavengers
– Digestive tract
* Extensible proboscis (with radula)
* Some are ciliated feeders
* Food incorporated into mucous mass

A

molluscs

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32
Q

what species of snails feed on fish, worms, and molluscs using a lethal sting to secure prey?

A

conus

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33
Q

in the phylum mollusc, what is the name of the venom from a modified radula forming a harpoon with poison glands

A

conotoxin

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34
Q

what structure do the phylum molluscs use for gas exchange?

A

ctendidia and siphon

35
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which is the largest subclass with mostly marine species and some freshwater forms?

A

prosobranchia

36
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which is all marine species, including sea slugs, sea hares, nudibranchs, and canoe shells?

A

opisthobranchia

37
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which is terrestrial and freshwater species?

A

pulmonata

38
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which class:
-clams oysters, mussels, scallops
-range in size from 1-2 mm in length to the giant South Pacific clams
-most are sedentary feeders and depend on currents produced by cilia
-lack a head, radula, cephalization
-most are marine, but some live in brackish water

A

class bivalvia

39
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which class:
-has shell and associated structures (two hinged valves, umbo, mantle)
-pearls are produced when irritant is lodged between the shell and mantle

A

class bivalvia

40
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which class:
-has a visceral mass, muscular foot, and ctenidia
-use gills and mantle for gas exchange
-are filter feeders
-three chamber heart
-nephridial tubules
-dioecious
-external fertilization

A

class bivalvia

41
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which class:
-squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and nautiluses
-marine predators
-foot modified into circle of tentacles or arms
-head in line with visceral mass
-muscular mantle

A

class cephalopoda

42
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which class:
-shell of nautiloid and ammonoid shells with gas chambers (buoyant)
-use jet propulsion
-predators
-digestive tract with large digestive glands

A

class cephalopoda

43
Q

in the mollusc phylum, which class:
-has a closed circulatory system
-large brain
-chemoreceptor cells in their arms
-chromatophores and ink glands
-observational learning and sophisticated communication
-dioecious
-males produce spermatophores
-juveniles hatch with no free-swimming larvae

A

class cephalopoda

44
Q

this phylum has these ancestral traits:
-spiral cleavage, trocophore larvae
-body metameric, bilaterally symmetrical, and worm-like
-composed of segments (metameres)
-specialization of body regions (tagmatization) possible

A

phylum annelida

45
Q

what is tagmatization?

A

specialization of body regions

46
Q

what is a metamere?

A

serially repeated units or segments that are separated by partitions called septa

47
Q

what phylum?
Body Plan
– Head is composed of two
parts: prostomium and
peristomium, followed by
segmented body
– Terminal portion bearing the
anus is the pygidium with
the head and pygidium not
considered metameres
– New metameres form in front
of the pygidium so the oldest
segment is in front and the
youngest at the rear
– Parapodia form flaps on
each segment

A

phylum annelida

48
Q

what muscles do annelids use to move?

A

circular and longitudinal muscles

49
Q

what is the digestive system of annelids like?

A

Digestive system is not segmented with the gut running through the whole body perforating the septa

50
Q

which class?
many hairs
– Found mostly on parapodia
* Parapodium (setae)
– Respiration and movement
* Lack a clitellum
* Mostly marine
* Largest annelid group
– 12,000 species
* Variety of habitats
– Ocean floors (Errantia)
– Tube dwellers (Sedentaria)

A

class polychaetes

51
Q

which class?
-Sometimes called “night crawlers” that
burrow in moist rich soil and usually
live in branched interconnected tunnels
* Range in size from 12 to 30cm long but some giant worms grow up to 4m long with more than 250 segments
* Remain on the surface during damp, rainy weather with anus or mouth protruding
* Burrow deep underground and go dormant coiled in a slime chamber during very dry weather
* Paired epidermal setae are set in a sac and project outwards from body wall
* Earthworms are vital to soil aeration and nutrient recycling due to their constant motion within the soil

A

Class Oligochaeta

52
Q

which class?
500 species of leeches
* Most freshwater
– Others are marine or
completely terrestrial
– Prey on small invertebrates
or feed on the body fluids of
larger vertebrates
* External structure
– Lack parapodia
– Setae absent in most
– Body subdivided into annuli
– Loss of septa (Lacunae)
– Anterior and posterior
suckers “true leeches”

A

class hirudinea

53
Q

which phylum?
Known as “peanut worms” because when disturbed, they contract to a peanut shape
– Approximately 250 species of
benthic marine worms
– Sedentary, living in burrows of
mud or sand, snail shells, coral
crevices, or among vegetation
– Most are restricted to tropical
zones
– Some are tiny, slender worms,
but most range from 3 to 10 cm
in length

A

phylum sipuncula

54
Q

The _____ is a rasping, protrusible, tongue-like organ that is found in almost all molluscs except bivalves.

A

radula

55
Q

In molluscs, the mantle creates a space between itself and the visceral mass which houses the ______ organs.

A

respiratory

56
Q

The class ______ is a small group of bottom-dwelling marine organisms that usually lack radula and gills.

A

Solenogastres

57
Q

The class ______ are mostly burrowers that orient themselves vertically, with the terminal mantle cavity and gills at the entrance of the burrow. They posses an oral shield as well as a radula and gills.

A

Caudofoveata

58
Q

Molluscs called chitons belong to the class

A

Polyplacophora.

59
Q

The class Solenogastres is similar to the class Caudofoveata except that they usually lack ___ and ____.

A

radula and gills

60
Q

______ are small, have a low rounded shell, and a creeping foot, and until the 1950’s, they were thought to be extinct.

A

Monoplacophora

61
Q

The class Polyplacophora contains molluscs called

A

chitons.

62
Q

Serial repeated organs (such as gills and metanephridia) are characteristic of the molluscan class

A

Monoplacophora

63
Q

Snails, slugs, and limpets are examples of molluscs in the class

A

Gastropoda

64
Q

The ctenidium are
_____ in the primitive condition found in most prosobranchs

A

gills

65
Q

In gastropods, during the veliger stage the relative positions of the shell, digestive tract, anus and mantle cavity all change in a process called

A

torsion

66
Q

or spiral winding of the shell occurs in the larval stage and originated in ancestral gastropods earlier than torsion.

A

coiling

67
Q

The valves, or Blank______, of bivalves are drawn together by adductor muscles.

A

shells

68
Q

Respiration in most gastropods is performed by a Blank______.

osphradium

proboscis

ctenidium

radula

A

ctenidium

69
Q

Mollusks called ______ are mostly sedentary filter feeders and have two shells, no head, and no radula.

A

bivalves

70
Q

______ have the most elaborate nervous and sensory system of all of the molluscs.

A

Cephalopods

71
Q

The head of an annelid is the first true segment.

t/f

A

false

72
Q

oligochaeteta
hirudinida
polychaetes

match with the following:

leeches
marine worms
earthworms

A

oligocaeteta: earthworms
hirudinida: leeches
polychaetes: marine worms

73
Q

select which structures can be found on a typical errant polychaete:

setae
parapodia
sensory organs
clitellum

A

setae
parapodia
sensory organs

74
Q

What is the lip-like structure that helps an earthworm to move its food into its mouth?

A

prostomium

75
Q

A marine polychaete that is 10 cm long, iridescent, motile, and has parapodia is called a(n)

siboglinid.

mollusc.

errant polychaete.

oligochaete.

A

errant polychaete.

76
Q

The ______ of an errant polychaete surrounds the mouth and can bear setae, palps, or jaws.

prostomium
parapodium
peristomium
pygidium

A

peristomium

77
Q

In terms of reproduction, polycheates usually

are hermaphroditic
are parthenogenic
have two sexes

A

have two sexes

78
Q

The portion of the polychaete nervous system that runs the length of the body is the

single ventral nerve cord
double dorsal nerve cord
double ventral nerve cord
single dorsal nerve cord

A

double ventral nerve cord

79
Q

The end of the excretory organ that opens into a coelomic compartment in the polychaete body is the _______.

nephrostome

nephridiopore

nephrocoel

A

nephrostome

80
Q

Select all of the following that describe oligochaetes.

They lack setae.

Some are parasitic.

Most are terrestrial or freshwater.

Most live in marine habitats

They lack parapodia.

A

Some are parasitic.

Most are terrestrial or freshwater.

They lack parapodia.

81
Q

In most earthworms, each segment bears pairs of ______ which anchor the body during locomotion.

radioles
setae
clitella
parapodia

A

setae

82
Q

What is the “brain” of an oligochaete?

Pair of cerebral ganglia

Ventral nerve cord

Giant axons

Nerve ring

A

Pair of cerebral ganglia

83
Q

Leeches differ from other annelids in that they possess

less specialization
setae
distinct coelomic compartments
a fixed number of segments

A

a fixed number of segments

84
Q
A

Principles of Zoology (9 decks)

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