Topics 9-11

Question 1

unusual ribbon of teeth for feeding present in phylum mollusca

Answer 1

radula

Question 2

what is the purpose of the mantle in phylum mollusca?

Answer 2

respiration and shell secretion

Question 3

the ancestral traits of this phylum include:

-radula (ribbon of teeth)
-large muscular foot or tentacles for movement
-mantle for respiration and shell secretion

Answer 3

mollusca

Question 4

in phylum mollusca, the head-foot contains which three organ types?

Answer 4

feeding
sensory
locomotory

Question 5

which structure is unique to molluscs?

Answer 5

radula

Question 6

in phylum mollusca, these complex muscles move radula and its supportive cartilages in and out of the mouth

Answer 6

odontophores

Question 7

in phylum mollusca, this structure is usually ventral and used as attachment to substratum for locomotion

Answer 7

muscular foot

Question 8

in phylum mollusca, this structure is a sheath tissue on each side of the body that protects the soft parts and forms the space called the mantle cavity

Answer 8

mantle

Question 9

in phylum mollusca, this structure houses the gills or lungs that develop from the mantle and the exposed surface used in gas exchange; products of digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems empty into it

Answer 9

mantle cavity

Question 10

in phylum mollusca, this class uses the head and mantle cavity to create jet propulsion

Answer 10

cephalopods

Question 11

in phylum mollusca, this class can withdraw the head and foot into the mantle cavity and hide into a shell

Answer 11

gastropods

Question 12

in phylum mollusca, this structure has leaf-like filaments with cilia that propel water across the surface

Answer 12

mollusc gill (ctenidium); usually have two

Question 13

explain the circulatory system of most organisms in the phylum mollusca

Answer 13

open circulatory system with blood sinuses; countercurrent blood and water movement facilitates gas exchange; usually two ctenidia are on opposite sides and form an incurrent and excurrent chamber

Question 14

in the phylum mollusca, this section of the shell is the outer horny layer that is composed of conchiolin; protects against acid from leaf decay

Answer 14

periostracum

Question 15

in the phylum mollusca, this section of the shell is densely packed prisms of calcium carbonate laid on protein matrix

Answer 15

middle prismatic layer

Question 16

in the phylum mollusca, this section of the shell is secreted continuously by the mantle surface so it increases in thickness as the animal grows

Answer 16

inner nacreous layer

Question 17

in the phylum mollusca, this class have a closed system with a heart, vessels, and capillaries and enable them to move actively

Answer 17

cephalopods

Question 18

in the phylum mollusca, most are dioecious or monoecious?

Answer 18

dioecious; some are hermaphroditic

Question 19

what kind of larva do molluscs have?

Answer 19

trocophore

Question 20

In many gastropods and bivalves, a uniquely molluscan intermediate larval stage this structure is hatched with the beginnings of a foot, shell, and mantle

Answer 20

veliger

Question 21

in phylum mollusca, this class is about 120 species of wormlike, marine organisms ranging from 2 to 140 mm long

Answer 21

caudofoveata

Question 22

in phylum mollusca, this class is approximately 250 species; similar to caudofoveates, but have no radula or gills

Answer 22

solenogasters

Question 23

in phylum mollusca, this class is generally flattened dorsoventrally with a convex dorsal surface that has 7 or 8 articulating limy plates; about 1000 currently described species that range from 2 cm to 30 cm

Answer 23

polyplacophora

Question 24

in phylum mollusca, this class previously was considered extinct; 25 extant species now known

Answer 24

monoplacophora

Question 25

in phylum mollusca, this class * Most diverse class with over 70,000 living and more than 15,000 fossil species * Range in forms like marine snails, limpets, slugs, whelks, conches, periwinkles, sea slugs, sea hares, and sea butterflies, to air-breathing terrestrial snails and slugs * Typically sluggish, sedentary animals dueto heavy shells used as chief defense * Some snails are specialized for climbing, swimming, or burrowing * Marine, freshwater and terrestrial * Intermediate hosts * Helix pomatia – Escargo

Answer 25

gastropoda

Question 26

180 degree counterclockwise twisting of visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity during development

Answer 26

torsion

Question 27

in the phylum mollusca, the ____ can enhance protection and prevent desiccation during torsion

Answer 27

operculum

Question 28

in the phylum mollusca, a flattened foot, cilia propelling over mucous trails, and musclar waves are responsible for what?

Answer 28

locomotion

Question 29

what kind of shell in molluscs? -more compact, but unbalanced -shell shifted over body for better weight distribution -internal organs asymmetrical and sometimes no longer paired

Answer 29

conspiral shell

Question 30

what kind of shell in molluscs? -earliest fossils, one plane (flat)

Answer 30

planospiral shell

Question 31

what phylum has these digestive traits? -Most scrape algae and attached organisms – Herbivores, predators, scavengers – Digestive tract * Extensible proboscis (with radula) * Some are ciliated feeders * Food incorporated into mucous mass

Answer 31

molluscs

Question 32

what species of snails feed on fish, worms, and molluscs using a lethal sting to secure prey?

Answer 32

conus

Question 33

in the phylum mollusc, what is the name of the venom from a modified radula forming a harpoon with poison glands

Answer 33

conotoxin

Question 34

what structure do the phylum molluscs use for gas exchange?

Answer 34

ctendidia and siphon

Question 35

in the mollusc phylum, which is the largest subclass with mostly marine species and some freshwater forms?

Answer 35

prosobranchia

Question 36

in the mollusc phylum, which is all marine species, including sea slugs, sea hares, nudibranchs, and canoe shells?

Answer 36

opisthobranchia

Question 37

in the mollusc phylum, which is terrestrial and freshwater species?

Answer 37

pulmonata

Question 38

in the mollusc phylum, which class: -clams oysters, mussels, scallops -range in size from 1-2 mm in length to the giant South Pacific clams -most are sedentary feeders and depend on currents produced by cilia -lack a head, radula, cephalization -most are marine, but some live in brackish water

Answer 38

class bivalvia

Question 39

in the mollusc phylum, which class: -has shell and associated structures (two hinged valves, umbo, mantle) -pearls are produced when irritant is lodged between the shell and mantle

Answer 39

class bivalvia

Question 40

in the mollusc phylum, which class: -has a visceral mass, muscular foot, and ctenidia -use gills and mantle for gas exchange -are filter feeders -three chamber heart -nephridial tubules -dioecious -external fertilization

Answer 40

class bivalvia

Question 41

in the mollusc phylum, which class: -squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and nautiluses -marine predators -foot modified into circle of tentacles or arms -head in line with visceral mass -muscular mantle

Answer 41

class cephalopoda

Question 42

in the mollusc phylum, which class: -shell of nautiloid and ammonoid shells with gas chambers (buoyant) -use jet propulsion -predators -digestive tract with large digestive glands

Answer 42

class cephalopoda

Question 43

in the mollusc phylum, which class: -has a closed circulatory system -large brain -chemoreceptor cells in their arms -chromatophores and ink glands -observational learning and sophisticated communication -dioecious -males produce spermatophores -juveniles hatch with no free-swimming larvae

Answer 43

class cephalopoda

Question 44

this phylum has these ancestral traits: -spiral cleavage, trocophore larvae -body metameric, bilaterally symmetrical, and worm-like -composed of segments (metameres) -specialization of body regions (tagmatization) possible

Answer 44

phylum annelida

Question 45

what is tagmatization?

Answer 45

specialization of body regions

Question 46

what is a metamere?

Answer 46

serially repeated units or segments that are separated by partitions called septa

Question 47

what phylum? Body Plan – Head is composed of two parts: prostomium and peristomium, followed by segmented body – Terminal portion bearing the anus is the pygidium with the head and pygidium not considered metameres – New metameres form in front of the pygidium so the oldest segment is in front and the youngest at the rear – Parapodia form flaps on each segment

Answer 47

phylum annelida

Question 48

what muscles do annelids use to move?

Answer 48

circular and longitudinal muscles

Question 49

what is the digestive system of annelids like?

Answer 49

Digestive system is not segmented with the gut running through the whole body perforating the septa

Question 50

which class? many hairs – Found mostly on parapodia * Parapodium (setae) – Respiration and movement * Lack a clitellum * Mostly marine * Largest annelid group – 12,000 species * Variety of habitats – Ocean floors (Errantia) – Tube dwellers (Sedentaria)

Answer 50

class polychaetes

Question 51

which class? -Sometimes called “night crawlers” that burrow in moist rich soil and usually live in branched interconnected tunnels * Range in size from 12 to 30cm long but some giant worms grow up to 4m long with more than 250 segments * Remain on the surface during damp, rainy weather with anus or mouth protruding * Burrow deep underground and go dormant coiled in a slime chamber during very dry weather * Paired epidermal setae are set in a sac and project outwards from body wall * Earthworms are vital to soil aeration and nutrient recycling due to their constant motion within the soil

Answer 51

Class Oligochaeta

Question 52

which class? 500 species of leeches * Most freshwater – Others are marine or completely terrestrial – Prey on small invertebrates or feed on the body fluids of larger vertebrates * External structure – Lack parapodia – Setae absent in most – Body subdivided into annuli – Loss of septa (Lacunae) – Anterior and posterior suckers “true leeches”

Answer 52

class hirudinea

Question 53

which phylum? Known as “peanut worms” because when disturbed, they contract to a peanut shape – Approximately 250 species of benthic marine worms – Sedentary, living in burrows of mud or sand, snail shells, coral crevices, or among vegetation – Most are restricted to tropical zones – Some are tiny, slender worms, but most range from 3 to 10 cm in length

Answer 53

phylum sipuncula

Question 54

The _____ is a rasping, protrusible, tongue-like organ that is found in almost all molluscs except bivalves.

Answer 54

radula

Question 55

In molluscs, the mantle creates a space between itself and the visceral mass which houses the ______ organs.

Answer 55

respiratory

Question 56

The class ______ is a small group of bottom-dwelling marine organisms that usually lack radula and gills.

Answer 56

Solenogastres

Question 57

The class ______ are mostly burrowers that orient themselves vertically, with the terminal mantle cavity and gills at the entrance of the burrow. They posses an oral shield as well as a radula and gills.

Answer 57

Caudofoveata

Question 58

Molluscs called chitons belong to the class

Answer 58

Polyplacophora.

Question 59

The class Solenogastres is similar to the class Caudofoveata except that they usually lack ___ and ____.

Answer 59

radula and gills

Question 60

______ are small, have a low rounded shell, and a creeping foot, and until the 1950's, they were thought to be extinct.

Answer 60

Monoplacophora

Question 61

The class Polyplacophora contains molluscs called

Answer 61

chitons.

Question 62

Serial repeated organs (such as gills and metanephridia) are characteristic of the molluscan class

Answer 62

Monoplacophora

Question 63

Snails, slugs, and limpets are examples of molluscs in the class

Answer 63

Gastropoda

Question 64

The ctenidium are _____ in the primitive condition found in most prosobranchs

Answer 64

gills

Question 65

In gastropods, during the veliger stage the relative positions of the shell, digestive tract, anus and mantle cavity all change in a process called

Answer 65

torsion

Question 66

or spiral winding of the shell occurs in the larval stage and originated in ancestral gastropods earlier than torsion.

Answer 66

coiling

Question 67

The valves, or Blank______, of bivalves are drawn together by adductor muscles.

Answer 67

shells

Question 68

Respiration in most gastropods is performed by a Blank______. osphradium proboscis ctenidium radula

Answer 68

ctenidium

Question 69

Mollusks called ______ are mostly sedentary filter feeders and have two shells, no head, and no radula.

Answer 69

bivalves

Question 70

______ have the most elaborate nervous and sensory system of all of the molluscs.

Answer 70

Cephalopods

Question 71

The head of an annelid is the first true segment. t/f

Answer 71

false

Question 72

oligochaeteta hirudinida polychaetes match with the following: leeches marine worms earthworms

Answer 72

oligocaeteta: earthworms hirudinida: leeches polychaetes: marine worms

Question 73

select which structures can be found on a typical errant polychaete: setae parapodia sensory organs clitellum

Answer 73

setae parapodia sensory organs

Question 74

What is the lip-like structure that helps an earthworm to move its food into its mouth?

Answer 74

prostomium

Question 75

A marine polychaete that is 10 cm long, iridescent, motile, and has parapodia is called a(n) siboglinid. mollusc. errant polychaete. oligochaete.

Answer 75

errant polychaete.

Question 76

The ______ of an errant polychaete surrounds the mouth and can bear setae, palps, or jaws. prostomium parapodium peristomium pygidium

Answer 76

peristomium

Question 77

In terms of reproduction, polycheates usually are hermaphroditic are parthenogenic have two sexes

Answer 77

have two sexes

Question 78

The portion of the polychaete nervous system that runs the length of the body is the single ventral nerve cord double dorsal nerve cord double ventral nerve cord single dorsal nerve cord

Answer 78

double ventral nerve cord

Question 79

The end of the excretory organ that opens into a coelomic compartment in the polychaete body is the _______. nephrostome nephridiopore nephrocoel

Answer 79

nephrostome

Question 80

Select all of the following that describe oligochaetes. They lack setae. Some are parasitic. Most are terrestrial or freshwater. Most live in marine habitats They lack parapodia.

Answer 80

Some are parasitic. Most are terrestrial or freshwater. They lack parapodia.

Question 81

In most earthworms, each segment bears pairs of ______ which anchor the body during locomotion. radioles setae clitella parapodia

Answer 81

setae

Question 82

What is the "brain" of an oligochaete? Pair of cerebral ganglia Ventral nerve cord Giant axons Nerve ring

Answer 82

Pair of cerebral ganglia

Question 83

Leeches differ from other annelids in that they possess less specialization setae distinct coelomic compartments a fixed number of segments

Answer 83

a fixed number of segments