Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

Which of the following is not a characteristic unique to members of the Phylum Chordata?

A) Notochord
B) Ventral nerve cord
C) Pharyngeal slits or pouches
D) Endostyle or thyroid gland

Answer 1

B) Ventral nerve cord

Question 2

In chordates, which structure is responsible for producing mucus to trap food particles or later developing into the thyroid gland?

A) Notochord
B) Endostyle
C) Dorsal nerve cord
D) Postanal tail

Answer 2

B) Endostyle

Question 3

Which part of the chordate body plan is primarily responsible for body support and often replaced by the vertebral column in vertebrates?

A) Notochord
B) Postanal tail
C) Pharyngeal pouches
D) Endostyle

Answer 3

A) Notochord

Question 4

All chordates have a complete digestive tract.

T/F

Answer 4

True

Question 5

The postanal tail is present in all chordates throughout their entire lifespan.

T/F

Answer 5

False (The postanal tail is present at least during some stage of development but may not be retained in adulthood for all species.)

Question 6

Which of the following structures in chordates is most similar in function to the vertebral column found in vertebrates?

A) Dorsal nerve cord
B) Pharyngeal slits
C) Endostyle
D) Notochord

Answer 6

D) Notochord

Question 7

Which of the following characteristics is shared between chordates and echinoderms due to their common ancestry as deuterostomes?

A) Bilateral symmetry
B) Pharyngeal slits
C) Endostyle or thyroid gland
D) Postanal tail

Answer 7

A) Bilateral symmetry

Question 8

Among chordates, which structure plays a critical role in respiration or feeding during some developmental stage but may not be retained in adults?

A) Notochord
B) Pharyngeal slits
C) Postanal tail
D) Endostyle

Answer 8

B) Pharyngeal slits

Question 9

The notochord in chordates is located:

A) On the ventral side of the body cavity
B) Inside the digestive tract
C) Dorsal to the body cavity
D) Surrounding the blood vessels

Answer 9

C) Dorsal to the body cavity

Question 10

What structure in chordates is enclosed by a connective tissue sheath and consists of vacuolated cells?

A) Pharyngeal slits
B) Notochord
C) Dorsal nerve cord
D) Endostyle

Answer 10

B) Notochord

Question 11

Pharyngeal slits in chordates serve primarily for:

A) Sensory functions
B) Structural support
C) Filter feeding or gas exchange
D) Locomotion

Answer 11

C) Filter feeding or gas exchange

Question 12

The notochord is a rigid structure without flexibility, which helps support the chordate body.

T/F

Answer 12

False (The notochord is supportive but also flexible.)

Question 13

Pharyngeal slits are always open to the external environment throughout a chordate’s life.

T/F

Answer 13

False (Pharyngeal slits may exist as pouches and are not always externally open.)

Question 14

In some chordates, pharyngeal slits develop into gills that are used for gas exchange.

T/F

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between the notochord and the pharyngeal slits?

A) The notochord is for support, while pharyngeal slits are involved in feeding or gas exchange.

B) The notochord is a sensory organ, while pharyngeal slits are for structural support.

C) The notochord aids in locomotion, while pharyngeal slits are used for reproduction.

D) Both the notochord and pharyngeal slits serve the same primary function.

Answer 15

A) The notochord is for support, while pharyngeal slits are involved in feeding or gas exchange.

Question 16

Compared to other structures in chordates, the notochord is most similar in its function to:

A) A skeleton, providing structural support
B) A respiratory system, providing gas exchange
C) A digestive tract, aiding in food processing
D) A nervous system, relaying signals

Answer 16

A) A skeleton, providing structural support

Question 17

The pharyngeal slits are to filter feeding as the gills are to:

A) Structural support
B) Sensory input
C) Gas exchange
D) Digestive functions

Answer 17

C) Gas exchange

Question 18

In chordates, the tubular nerve cord is positioned:

A) Ventral to the notochord
B) Within the notochord
C) Dorsal to the notochord
D) Posterior to the brain

Answer 18

C) Dorsal to the notochord

Question 19

What is the primary function of the endostyle in non-vertebrate chordates?

A) Sensory detection
B) Structural support
C) Mucus secretion for filter feeding
D) Locomotion

Answer 19

C) Mucus secretion for filter feeding

Question 20

In vertebrates, the endostyle develops into which of the following?

A) Notochord
B) Thyroid gland
C) Dorsal nerve cord
D) Pharyngeal slits

Answer 20

B) Thyroid gland

Question 21

In chordates, the postanal tail extends beyond the anal opening, aiding in locomotion for many species.

T/F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The tubular nerve cord in chordates is expanded anteriorly to form a brain.

T/F

Answer 22

Tru

Question 23

The endostyle is present in both non-vertebrate and vertebrate chordates in its original form throughout life.

T/F

Answer 23

False (The endostyle transforms into the thyroid gland in vertebrates.)

Question 24

Which of the following best describes the difference between the dorsal tubular nerve cord and the notochord in chordates?

A) The nerve cord functions primarily in support, while the notochord relays sensory signals.

B) The nerve cord is involved in nervous system functions, while the notochord provides structural support.

C) Both the nerve cord and notochord are involved in locomotion.

D) The notochord and nerve cord both function as part of the digestive system.

Answer 24

B) The nerve cord is involved in nervous system functions, while the notochord provides structural support.

Question 25

The postanal tail is most similar in function to:

A) The dorsal nerve cord, providing structural support
B) Pharyngeal slits, aiding in respiration
C) Limbs in terms of aiding locomotion
D) The notochord, which relays sensory signals

Answer 25

C) Limbs in terms of aiding locomotion

Question 26

In chordates, which structure undergoes a transformation from the endostyle to the thyroid gland, indicating a significant difference between vertebrates and non-vertebrate chordates?

A) Notochord
B) Tubular nerve cord
C) Pharyngeal slits
D) Endostyle

Answer 26

D) Endostyle

Question 27

Which of the following statements about Phylum Chordata is correct?

A) Chordata is paraphyletic
B) Chordata is monophyletic
C) Chordata does not include vertebrates
D) Chordata has no craniate members

Answer 27

B) Chordata is monophyletic

Question 28

The group Vertebrata, also known as Craniata, is characterized by which of the following features?

A) Lack of a notochord
B) Absence of a cranium
C) Presence of a three-part brain and a skull
D) Exclusively cartilaginous skeleton

Answer 28

C) Presence of a three-part brain and a skull

Question 29

In vertebrates, what feature replaces the notochord either fully or partially?

A) The endostyle
B) Vertebrae, either bony or cartilaginous
C) Pharyngeal slits
D) The dorsal nerve cord

Answer 29

B) Vertebrae, either bony or cartilaginous

Question 30

According to the fossil record, when did the earliest craniates and evidence of bone first appear?

A) Less than 100 million years ago
B) Approximately 250 million years ago
C) Around 500 million years ago
D) Over 1 billion years ago

Answer 30

C) Around 500 million years ago

Question 31

The vertebrae in vertebrates may be made of either bone or cartilage and serve to completely or partially replace the notochord.

T/F

Answer 31

True

Question 32

All chordates are classified as vertebrates.

T/F

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Vertebrates are considered the most successful group within Phylum Chordata.

T/F

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Which characteristic primarily distinguishes vertebrates (craniates) from other chordates?

A) Presence of a postanal tail
B) Development of a three-part brain and cranium
C) Bilateral symmetry
D) Complete digestive system

Answer 34

B) Development of a three-part brain and cranium

Question 35

Which of the following is true of organisms in the clade Agnatha?

A) They are primarily freshwater species
B) They lack jaws
C) They possess bony skeletons
D) They are known for their high metabolic rate

Answer 35

B) They lack jaws

Question 36

Which of the following features distinguishes hagfishes from most other vertebrates?

A) Presence of a bony skeleton
B) Presence of vertebrae
C) Retention of the notochord without developing vertebrae
D) Lack of sensory structures around the mouth

Answer 36

C) Retention of the notochord without developing vertebrae

Question 37

Hagfishes use which of the following structures primarily for defense?

A) Cartilaginous bars in the head
B) Dorsal fins
C) Ventrolateral slime glands
D) Sharp teeth

Answer 37

C) Ventrolateral slime glands

Question 38

The diet of hagfishes mainly consists of:

A) Live prey such as small fish and invertebrates
B) Dead and dying fish
C) Aquatic plants
D) Filtered plankton

Answer 38

B) Dead and dying fish

Question 39

Hagfishes belong to the class Myxini and are primarily marine scavengers.

T/F

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Hagfishes have vertebrae that support their head and body.

T/F

Answer 40

False (They lack vertebrae and retain a notochord.)

Question 41

Hagfishes possess four pairs of sensory tentacles around their mouth.

T/F

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Which of the following best describes the function of the notochord in hagfishes?

A) It acts as a flexible support structure, compensating for the lack of vertebrae
B) It aids in sensory detection
C) It functions as a main digestive organ
D) It provides protection against predators

Answer 42

A) It acts as a flexible support structure, compensating for the lack of vertebrae

Question 43

Compared to most other fish, hagfishes are unique in that they:

A) Have jaws for eating
B) Possess a highly developed vertebral column
C) Produce copious slime as a defense mechanism
D) Filter feed on small aquatic organisms

Answer 43

C) Produce copious slime as a defense mechanism

Question 44

The sensory tentacles around the mouth of a hagfish are primarily used for:

A) Detecting prey and environmental changes
B) Generating electric fields for defense
C) Releasing mucus
D) Oxygen absorption

Answer 44

A) Detecting prey and environmental changes

Question 45

Which of the following environments can members of Class Petromyzontida inhabit?

A) Only freshwater
B) Only marine
C) Marine and freshwater
D) Brackish water only

Answer 45

C) Marine and freshwater

Question 46

Which statement best describes the diet of adult lampreys in Class Petromyzontida?

A) They are filter-feeders throughout their entire life cycle
B) They are predators as adults and filter-feeders as larvae
C) They only feed on aquatic plants
D) They feed exclusively on plankton

Answer 46

B) They are predators as adults and filter-feeders as larvae

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true about brook lampreys?

A) Adults are active predators
B) Adults do not feed
C) Adults filter-feed in streams
D) Adults primarily scavenge

Answer 47

B) Adults do not feed

Question 48

What type of life cycle is characteristic of many lampreys in Class Petromyzontida?

A) Terrestrial to freshwater
B) Open water adult stages and stream or river larval stages
C) Direct development in freshwater
D) Marine to terrestrial

Answer 48

B) Open water adult stages and stream or river larval stages

Question 49

True or False: Brook lampreys in Class Petromyzontida do not feed as adults.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

True or False: Members of Class Petromyzontida are exclusively freshwater species.

Answer 50

Answer: False (They can be found in both marine and freshwater environments.)

Question 51

True or False: Lampreys are classified as anadromous, meaning they migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Which of the following best describes the main difference in feeding behavior between adult lampreys and their larvae?

A) Adults are predators, while larvae are filter-feeders
B) Both adults and larvae are predators
C) Adults are filter-feeders, while larvae are predators
D) Both adults and larvae do not feed

Answer 52

A) Adults are predators, while larvae are filter-feeders

Question 53

Compared to brook lampreys, other lamprey species in Class Petromyzontida are unique because they:

A) Have life cycles limited to freshwater
B) Do not feed as adults
C) Actively feed as adults, often as predators
D) Remain in larval stages indefinitely

Answer 53

C) Actively feed as adults, often as predators

Question 54

Anadromous fish, such as certain lampreys, migrate for which primary purpose?

A) To escape predators
B) To find more abundant food sources
C) To reproduce in a specific freshwater habitat
D) To avoid colder temperatures

Answer 54

C) To reproduce in a specific freshwater habitat

Question 55

The defining characteristic of Clade Gnathostomata is:

A) Lack of jaws
B) Development of jaws from anterior pharyngeal arches
C) Presence of a notochord only
D) Absence of paired appendages

Answer 55

B) Development of jaws from anterior pharyngeal arches

Question 56

Which of the following is not a class within Clade Gnathostomata?

A) Chondrichthyes
B) Actinopterygii
C) Sarcopterygii
D) Myxini

Answer 56

D) Myxini

Question 57

Paired appendages in Gnathostomes are primarily used for:

A) Sensory detection
B) Locomotion and stability
C) Reproduction
D) Respiration

Answer 57

B) Locomotion and stability

Question 58

Which class in Clade Gnathostomata includes bony fish with ray-finned structures?

A) Chondrichthyes
B) Actinopterygii
C) Sarcopterygii
D) Myxini

Answer 58

B) Actinopterygii

Question 59

True or False: Gnathostomes are defined by the presence of jaws derived from pharyngeal arches.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

True or False: All members of Clade Gnathostomata lack paired appendages.

Answer 60

Answer: False (Gnathostomes have paired appendages.)

Question 61

True or False: Sarcopterygii includes fish with lobed fins, distinct from the ray-finned fins of Actinopterygii.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Compared to Agnathans (jawless fishes), Gnathostomes are unique in their:

A) Lack of a notochord
B) Development of paired appendages and jaws
C) Absence of a nervous system
D) Ability to only survive in marine environments

Answer 62

B) Development of paired appendages and jaws

Question 63

Chondrichthyes, a class within Gnathostomata, differs from Actinopterygii in that Chondrichthyes have:

A) Cartilaginous skeletons instead of bony skeletons
B) Paired appendages only in larvae
C) Gills covered by an operculum
D) Lack of jaws

Answer 63

A) Cartilaginous skeletons instead of bony skeletons

Question 64

Which feature distinguishes Sarcopterygii from Actinopterygii within Clade Gnathostomata?

A) Lobed fins versus ray-finned structures
B) Complete absence of paired appendages
C) Filter-feeding as a primary diet
D) Exclusively cartilaginous skeleton

Answer 64

A) Lobed fins versus ray-finned structures

Question 65

Which of the following is a characteristic of Class Chondrichthyes?

A) Bony skeleton and smooth skin
B) Placoid scales and a cartilaginous skeleton
C) Operculum covering gills in all species
D) Lack of any type of scales

Answer 65

B) Placoid scales and a cartilaginous skeleton

Question 66

Which subclass within Chondrichthyes includes sharks, skates, and rays?

A) Holocephali
B) Elasmobranchii
C) Actinopterygii
D) Sarcopterygii

Answer 66

B) Elasmobranchii

Question 67

In sharks, teeth are derived from:

A) Modified pharyngeal arches
B) Bone-like structures on the jaw
C) Modified placoid scales
D) Gill arches

Answer 67

C) Modified placoid scales

Question 68

Which feature helps sharks reduce friction as they move through the water?

A) Pharyngeal arches
B) Placoid scales projecting posteriorly
C) Cartilaginous skeleton
D) Large operculum

Answer 68

B) Placoid scales projecting posteriorly

Question 69

The largest sharks, such as the whale shark, are unique in that they:

A) Prey on large marine mammals
B) Are filter feeders that strain plankton
C) Primarily feed on other sharks
D) Use pharyngeal slits for respiration only

Answer 69

B) Are filter feeders that strain plankton

Question 70

True or False: All members of Class Chondrichthyes possess an operculum.

Answer 70

Answer: False (Only members of Subclass Holocephali, like ratfish, possess an operculum.)

Question 71

In contrast to Elasmobranchii, members of Holocephali are distinguished by:

A) Presence of an operculum covering their gills
B) Having bony skeletons instead of cartilaginous ones
C) Only inhabiting freshwater environments
D) Lacking placoid scales

Answer 71

A) Presence of an operculum covering their gills

Question 72

Which of the following characteristics is unique to Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)?

A) Fins with muscular lobes
B) Ray-finned structure in fins
C) Presence of a swim bladder
D) Fins lacking muscular lobes

Answer 72

A) Fins with muscular lobes

Question 73

How many genera of lungfish are there, and where can they be found?

A) 2; Australia and Africa
B) 3; Australia, Africa, and South America
C) 4; North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia
D) 2; South America and Europe

Answer 73

B) 3; Australia, Africa, and South America

Question 74

The Coelacanth, a species of lobe-finned fish, is found in which regions?

A) African and Indonesian coasts
B) Australian rivers
C) South American lakes
D) North American freshwater systems

Answer 74

A) African and Indonesian coasts

Question 75

Rhipidistians are significant because they are:

A) Modern fish with advanced swim bladders
B) Extinct ancestors of ancient amphibians and all tetrapods
C) A group of marine mammals
D) The most abundant species in South American rivers

Answer 75

B) Extinct ancestors of ancient amphibians and all tetrapods

Question 76

Which of the following is a defining feature of Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)?

A) Presence of muscular lobes in fins
B) Swim bladders instead of lungs
C) Lack of any gas exchange organ
D) Fins with muscular lobes

Answer 76

B) Swim bladders instead of lungs

Question 77

Which group within Class Actinopterygii includes sturgeons and paddlefish?

A) Teleosts
B) Neopterygii
C) Chondrosteans
D) Coelacanths

Answer 77

C) Chondrosteans

Question 78

Which group of modern ray-finned fish includes most species of bony fish alive today?

A) Chondrosteans
B) Teleosts
C) Lungfish
D) Rhipidistians

Answer 78

B) Teleosts

Question 79

True or False: The Class Sarcopterygii includes lobe-finned fishes, which possess fins with muscular lobes and lungs for gas exchange.

Answer 79

True

Question 80

True or False: Coelacanths, a type of lobe-finned fish, were thought to be extinct until their rediscovery near the African and Indonesian coasts.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

True or False: Rhipidistians, which are part of Class Actinopterygii, are ancestors of all modern amphibians.

Answer 81

Answer: False (Rhipidistians are part of Class Sarcopterygii.)

Question 82

True or False: Ray-finned fishes in Class Actinopterygii lack muscular lobes in their fins.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

True or False: Teleosts, a subgroup within Actinopterygii, are the most diverse and advanced group of ray-finned fishes.

Answer 83

True

Question 84

Which primary feature distinguishes lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) from ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii)?

A) Lobe-finned fish have muscular lobes in their fins, while ray-finned fish do not
B) Lobe-finned fish lack swim bladders, while ray-finned fish have them
C) Ray-finned fish have lungs for gas exchange, while lobe-finned fish have swim bladders
D) Ray-finned fish are exclusively marine, while lobe-finned fish are freshwater only

Answer 84

A) Lobe-finned fish have muscular lobes in their fins, while ray-finned fish do not

Question 85

Compared to lungfish, coelacanths differ in that they:

A) Are found only in South American rivers
B) Lack lungs and do not use them for gas exchange
C) Have evolved from Rhipidistians
D) Are freshwater species only

Answer 85

B) Lack lungs and do not use them for gas exchange

Question 86

Within Class Actinopterygii, Chondrosteans differ from Neopterygii because:

A) Chondrosteans include ancient species like sturgeons and paddlefish, while Neopterygii includes more modern species like gar and bowfin
B) Neopterygii species are exclusively marine, while Chondrosteans are freshwater
C) Chondrosteans have muscular fins, while Neopterygii have ray-like fins
D) Neopterygii have no swim bladders, while Chondrosteans do

Answer 86

A) Chondrosteans include ancient species like sturgeons and paddlefish, while Neopterygii includes more modern species like gar and bowfin

Question 87

Which of the following features aids fish in achieving streamlined locomotion?

A) Spiral valve
B) Mucoid secretions
C) Gill rakers
D) Pyloric cecae

Answer 87

B) Mucoid secretions

Question 88

Modern filter-feeding fish primarily use which structure for filtering food particles?

A) Pharyngeal lamellae
B) Spiral valve
C) Gill rakers
D) Sinus venosus

Answer 88

C) Gill rakers

Question 89

In most fish, the heart consists of four embryological enlargements. Which of the following is not one of these enlargements?

A) Atrium
B) Sinus venosus
C) Dorsal aorta
D) Conus arteriosus

Answer 89

C) Dorsal aorta

Question 90

Which gas exchange mechanism is common in elasmobranchs and some open-ocean bony fish?

A) Opercular pumping
B) Ram ventilation
C) Countercurrent exchange
D) Pyloric cecae

Answer 90

B) Ram ventilation

Question 91

In lungfish, the circulatory system includes:

A) A single circuit system only
B) Pulmonary and systemic circuits
C) Only systemic circulation
D) No atrium or ventricle

Answer 91

B) Pulmonary and systemic circuits

Question 92

Which of the following structures functions as a lung in some non-teleost fish?

A) Swim bladder
B) Pyloric cecae
C) Spiral valve
D) Pneumatic sac

Answer 92

D) Pneumatic sac

Question 93

True or False: The countercurrent exchange mechanism in fish gills maximizes oxygen uptake by maintaining a gradient between water and blood flow.

Answer 93

True

Question 94

True or False: In sharks, the spiral valve is a digestive specialization that aids in nutrient absorption.

Answer 94

True

Question 95

True or False: Fish have an open circulatory system with a single circuit.

Answer 95

False

Question 96

True or False: Swim bladders in some fish help regulate buoyancy by using a countercurrent exchange mechanism in the rete mirabile.

Answer 96

True

Question 97

The main difference between gas exchange in most bony fish and elasmobranchs is that:

A) Elasmobranchs use ram ventilation while bony fish use opercular pumping
B) Bony fish have gills, while elasmobranchs have lungs
C) Elasmobranchs use countercurrent exchange, while bony fish do not
D) Bony fish use spiracles for gas exchange, while elasmobranchs do not

Answer 97

A) Elasmobranchs use ram ventilation while bony fish use opercular pumping

Question 98

Compared to modern predatory fish, filter-feeding fish are unique because they:

A) Use gill rakers to trap food particles
B) Lack a digestive tract
C) Only feed on other fish
D) Have a closed circulatory system

Answer 98

A) Use gill rakers to trap food particles

Question 99

In terms of buoyancy regulation, non-teleost fish with pneumatic sacs differ from other bony fish in that:

A) Their pneumatic sacs function as lungs instead of swim bladders
B) They use low-density compounds instead of swim bladders
C) Their fins alone regulate buoyancy
D) They rely on muscular movement instead of buoyancy structures

Answer 99

A) Their pneumatic sacs function as lungs instead of swim bladders

Question 100

The rete mirabile is primarily associated with which of the following functions?

A) Gas exchange in gills
B) Buoyancy control in swim bladders
C) Nutrient absorption in the digestive system
D) Blood circulation in the single circuit

Answer 100

B) Buoyancy control in swim bladders

Question 101

In non-teleost fish, pneumatic sacs connect to the digestive tract and primarily function as:

A) Kidneys for excretion
B) Lungs for gas exchange
C) Swim bladders for buoyancy
D) Sensory organs

Answer 101

B) Lungs for gas exchange

Question 102

In modern bony fish, which structure assists with buoyancy and has evolved from primitive lungs?

A) Lateral line system
B) Swim bladder
C) Pneumatic duct
D) Rete mirabile

Answer 102

B) Swim bladder

Question 103

The lateral line system in fish is primarily used for:

A) Buoyancy control
B) Detecting water movements
C) Excreting waste
D) Gas exchange

Answer 103

B) Detecting water movements

Question 104

Which structure in fish kidneys is responsible for filtering nitrogenous wastes and ions?

A) Glomerulus
B) Swim bladder
C) Electroreceptors
D) Pneumatic sac

Answer 104

A) Glomerulus

Question 105

In freshwater fish, what is a primary function of the kidney in terms of osmoregulation?

A) Sequestering urea
B) Excreting excess ions
C) Conserving water
D) Excreting excess water

Answer 105

D) Excreting excess water

Question 106

Elasmobranchs, such as sharks, cope with osmoregulation by:

A) Storing excess ions
B) Sequestering urea in body tissues
C) Absorbing water through gills
D) Increasing ammonia excretion

Answer 106

B) Sequestering urea in body tissues

Question 107

In which type of fish does the gills’ ion regulation adapt to both freshwater and saltwater environments?

A) Marine fishes
B) Diadromous fishes
C) Freshwater fishes
D) Elasmobranchs

Answer 107

B) Diadromous fishes

Question 108

What percentage of nitrogenous waste is excreted as ammonia in most fish?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 90%

Answer 108

D) 90%

Question 109

Which reproductive strategy involves the development of young within eggs that hatch inside the mother?

A) Oviparous
B) Ovoviviparous
C) Viviparous
D) Parthenogenesis

Answer 109

B) Ovoviviparous

Question 110

In elasmobranch males, which structure is used for copulation?

A) Claspers
B) Rectal gland
C) Lateral line
D) Operculum

Answer 110

A) Claspers

Question 111

True or False: In some fish, swim bladders evolved from primitive lungs and no longer connect to the digestive tract.

Answer 111

True

Question 112

True or False: The lateral line system is primarily responsible for balance and hearing in fish.

Answer 112

True or False: The lateral line system is primarily responsible for balance and hearing in fish.

Question 113

True or False: Marine fish excrete excess ions to conserve water, while freshwater fish must excrete excess water.

Answer 113

True

Question 114

True or False: Most fish reproduce through external fertilization, although some elasmobranchs are viviparous.

Answer 114

True

Question 115

True or False: The primary nitrogenous waste product excreted by fish gills is urea.

Answer 115

Answer: False (It is primarily ammonia.)

Question 116

Which structure differentiates swim bladders from lungs in fish?

A) Swim bladders are dorsal and may lose connection to the digestive tract, whereas lungs are ventral and remain connected
B) Lungs are located on the dorsal side and serve buoyancy functions
C) Both have the same functions and connections
D) Lungs are used only by marine fish

Answer 116

A) Swim bladders are dorsal and may lose connection to the digestive tract, whereas lungs are ventral and remain connected

Question 117

Compared to elasmobranchs, freshwater fish kidneys primarily:

A) Excrete large amounts of water and reabsorb ions
B) Store urea in body tissues
C) Use rectal glands for ion excretion
D) Conserve water to avoid dehydration

Answer 117

A) Excrete large amounts of water and reabsorb ions

Question 118

The lateral line system differs from electroreception in that:

A) Electroreception detects prey, while the lateral line system detects water movement
B) Both systems detect water movement
C) The lateral line is only present in sharks
D) Electroreception detects light, while the lateral line detects electrical signals

Answer 118

A) Electroreception detects prey, while the lateral line system detects water movement

Question 119

Which adaptation helps marine fish conserve water compared to freshwater fish?

A) Excretion of excess water
B) Storage of urea
C) Excretion of excess ions
D) Use of swim bladders for buoyancy

Answer 119

C) Excretion of excess ions

Question 120

In terms of reproduction, viviparous elasmobranchs differ from oviparous species in that viviparous species:

A) Lay eggs in a nest
B) Give live birth after internal development
C) Have no internal fertilization
D) Provide extensive parental care

Answer 120

B) Give live birth after internal development

Question 121

Which evolutionary event was one of the two major events in the evolution of fish?

A) Development of filter-feeding mechanisms
B) Evolution of terrestrialism
C) Formation of the lateral line system
D) Emergence of electroreception

Answer 121

B) Evolution of terrestrialism

Question 122

Rhipidistians, a group of osteolepiform sarcopterygians, share which of the following features with early amphibians?

A) Lateral line system
B) Jaws, teeth, vertebrae, and limbs
C) Gills and dorsal fins
D) Swim bladders

Answer 122

B) Jaws, teeth, vertebrae, and limbs

Question 123

Which feature of Tiktaalik indicates its adaptation toward terrestrial foraging?

A) Presence of an operculum
B) Tetrapod-like forelimbs and a moveable neck
C) Fully developed dorsal and anal fins
D) Lack of scales

Answer 123

B) Tetrapod-like forelimbs and a moveable neck

Question 124

Which of the following sarcopterygians had a dorsoventrally compressed and widened skull, along with tetrapod-like features?

A) Sauripterus
B) Eusthenopteron
C) Tiktaalik
D) Ichthyostega

Answer 124

C) Tiktaalik

Question 125

The forelimb of the tetrapod Acanthostega and the hindlimb of Ichthyostega are significant because:

A) They represent the evolution of limbs adapted to life on land
B) They show adaptations for filter-feeding
C) They were the first limbs with fins
D) They only developed in teleost fishes

Answer 125

A) They represent the evolution of limbs adapted to life on land

Question 126

True or False: Tiktaalik is known as a “fishapod” because it has features of both fish (like fins and scales) and tetrapods (like a moveable neck).

Answer 126

True

Question 127

True or False: The sarcopterygian Rhipidistians are significant because they share common features with early amphibians, such as vertebrae and limbs.

Answer 127

True

Question 128

True or False: Tiktaalik had fully developed dorsal and anal fins, indicating it was still primarily an aquatic animal.

Answer 128

Answer: False (Tiktaalik lacked dorsal and anal fins, indicating adaptations toward terrestrial environments.)

Question 129

True or False: The forelimb of Acanthostega and the hindlimb of Ichthyostega represent early adaptations for walking on land.

Answer 129

True

Question 130

Which characteristic of Tiktaalik most closely resembles that of early tetrapods, differentiating it from typical fish?

A) Presence of scales and gills
B) A freely moveable neck and tetrapod-like forelimbs
C) Lack of pectoral girdle
D) An operculum covering the gills

Answer 130

B) A freely moveable neck and tetrapod-like forelimbs

Question 131

Compared to the sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik shows a more advanced adaptation toward land due to:

A) The presence of an operculum and lack of fins
B) The absence of opercular supports and possession of a moveable neck
C) Its pectoral fins being adapted exclusively for swimming
D) A completely ossified backbone

Answer 131

B) The absence of opercular supports and possession of a moveable neck

Question 132

How do the limb structures of Acanthostega and Ichthyostega reflect their role in the transition from water to land?

A) They have fully formed digits, which are adapted for support on land
B) They lack any joint articulation
C) Their limbs only function in swimming
D) They retain primitive fins instead of actual limbs

Answer 132

A) They have fully formed digits, which are adapted for support on land

Question 133

Amphibians are often described as living a “double life” because they:
A) Live in both saltwater and freshwater environments
B) Have both aquatic and terrestrial stages in their life cycle
C) Possess both lungs and gills throughout life
D) Alternate between herbivory and carnivory

Answer 133

B) Have both aquatic and terrestrial stages in their life cycle

Question 134

Tetrapods include all descendants of:
A) Actinopterygii that possess fins
B) Sarcopterygians with well-formed forelimbs and hindlimbs
C) Osteichthyans that develop gills
D) Cartilaginous fishes that move onto land

Answer 134

B) Sarcopterygians with well-formed forelimbs and hindlimbs

Question 135

What are crown tetrapods?
A) All sarcopterygians that live exclusively in water
B) The least inclusive group of tetrapods and their most recent common ancestor
C) A group of organisms that includes fish with gills and lungs
D) All vertebrates except amphibians

Answer 135

B) The least inclusive group of tetrapods and their most recent common ancestor

Question 136

Lissamphibia includes which of the following groups?
A) Frogs, salamanders, reptiles, and mammals
B) Frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians, and their most recent common ancestor
C) Only aquatic amphibians such as frogs and toads
D) Early amphibians, reptiles, and birds

Answer 136

B) Frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians, and their most recent common ancestor

Question 137

Why are traditional tetrapod “class” designations considered paraphyletic?
A) They include all sarcopterygians, including fish.
B) They exclude some descendants, like reptiles, birds, and mammals.
C) They group amphibians with lobe-finned fish.
D) They include species with entirely aquatic lifestyles.

Answer 137

B) They exclude some descendants, like reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Question 138

The Stegocephalian lineage, which includes Ichthyostega, is significant because:
A) It represents the first lineage of sarcopterygians to move back into water.
B) It is part of the early amphibians that link tetrapods to lobe-finned fish.
C) It evolved lungs before forelimbs.
D) It includes only extinct marine species.

Answer 138

B) It is part of the early amphibians that link tetrapods to lobe-finned fish.

Question 139

Which of the following accurately describes the phylogenetic relationship of Tetrapodomorpha?

A) It includes only amphibians and lobe-finned fishes.
B) It includes all lobe-finned fishes and their tetrapod descendants.
C) It is restricted to extinct species.
D) It is equivalent to the class Actinopterygii.

Answer 139

B) It includes all lobe-finned fishes and their tetrapod descendants.

Question 140

True or False: Class Sarcopterygii is considered monophyletic because it includes all descendants of a common ancestor, including tetrapods.

Answer 140

True

Question 141

True or False: Early amphibians such as Ichthyostega appeared approximately 400 million years ago and are closely linked to the Stegocephalian lineage.

Answer 141

true

Question 142

Which of the following characteristics is unique to members of Order Gymnophiona?
A) External fertilization
B) Limbs for burrowing
C) Segment-like appearance due to skin folds
D) Presence of a swim bladder for buoyancy

Answer 142

C) Segment-like appearance due to skin folds

Question 143

What is the primary diet of caecilians, members of Order Gymnophiona?
A) Aquatic plants
B) Soil invertebrates
C) Small amphibians
D) Algae

Answer 143

B) Soil invertebrates

Question 144

Where do the larval stages of caecilians typically develop?
A) In aquatic environments
B) Within the oviducts of the female
C) Attached to vegetation
D) Buried in soil outside the body

Answer 144

B) Within the oviducts of the female

Question 145

Which of the following best describes the method of reproduction in caecilians?
A) External fertilization in water
B) Internal fertilization with larval stages developing inside the female
C) Asexual reproduction through budding
D) External fertilization on land

Answer 145

B) Internal fertilization with larval stages developing inside the female

Question 146

True or False: Caecilians appear segmented because of their internal bone structure.

Answer 146

Answer: False (The segmented appearance is due to skin folds.)

Question 147

True or False: Members of Order Gymnophiona are exclusively tropical burrowers.

Answer 147

t

Question 148

True or False: Fertilization in caecilians is internal, and larval stages occur within the oviducts of the female.

Answer 148

t

Question 149

Which of the following characteristics is specific to Order Urodela (salamanders)?
A) Adults lack tails
B) Tail present throughout life and unspecialized legs
C) Caudal vertebrae fuse into a urostyle
D) Webbed feet adapted for swimming

Answer 149

B) Tail present throughout life and unspecialized legs

Question 150

Salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are unique because:
A) They have aquatic larvae
B) Their larvae develop in terrestrial environments
C) They are exclusively aquatic throughout their life cycle
D) They are paedomorphic

Answer 150

B) Their larvae develop in terrestrial environments

Question 151

What is a spermatophore in the reproduction of salamanders?
A) A cluster of fertilized eggs
B) A packet of sperm used for internal fertilization
C) An aquatic larva
D) A specialized structure for holding larvae

Answer 151

B) A packet of sperm used for internal fertilization

Question 152

Paedomorphic salamanders, such as Necturus, retain which larval feature(s)?
A) External gills and a tail fin
B) Urostyle and webbed feet
C) Fused caudal vertebrae
D) Fully developed lungs

Answer 152

A) External gills and a tail fin

Question 153

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Order Anura (frogs and toads)?
A) Adults retain tails throughout life
B) Hindlimbs are long, muscular, and adapted for jumping
C) Caudal vertebrae remain unfused
D) Fertilization is internal

Answer 153

B) Hindlimbs are long, muscular, and adapted for jumping

Question 154

In frogs and toads, the urostyle refers to:
A) Fused caudal vertebrae supporting jumping and swimming
B) The muscular structure of the hindlimbs
C) A larval structure used in respiration
D) The cartilaginous skeleton found in tadpoles

Answer 154

A) Fused caudal vertebrae supporting jumping and swimming

Question 155

What is the typical diet of frog and toad larvae (tadpoles)?
A) Carnivorous, feeding on insects and small fish
B) Herbivorous, feeding on algae and plant material
C) Omnivorous, feeding on both plant and animal matter
D) Filter-feeders in aquatic environments

Answer 155

B) Herbivorous, feeding on algae and plant material

Question 156

In frogs and toads, fertilization is typically:
A) External, with eggs and larvae developing in water
B) Internal, with eggs retained inside the female
C) Internal, with live birth of tadpoles
D) External, with eggs and larvae developing on land

Answer 156

A) External, with eggs and larvae developing in water

Question 157

True or False: Salamanders in Order Urodela have external fertilization.

Answer 157

Answer: False (They use internal fertilization with spermatophores.)

Question 158

True or False: Some salamanders, like Necturus, are paedomorphic and retain larval features throughout life.

Answer 158

t

Question 159

True or False: Frogs and toads in Order Anura lack tails as adults, and their caudal vertebrae fuse into a urostyle.

Answer 159

t

Question 160

True or False: Tadpoles are typically herbivorous, while adult frogs are carnivorous.

Answer 160

t

Question 161

What distinguishes Order Urodela from Order Anura?
A) Urodela adults lack tails, while Anura adults retain them.
B) Urodela adults have tails, while Anura adults lack them.
C) Urodela use external fertilization, while Anura use internal fertilization.
D) Urodela have webbed feet, while Anura have hindlimbs specialized for jumping.

Answer 161

B) Urodela adults have tails, while Anura adults lack them.

Question 162

Which amphibian order includes species with fused caudal vertebrae for jumping?
A) Urodela
B) Anura
C) Gymnophiona
D) Caecilians

Answer 162

B) Anura

Question 163

What is the primary function of mucous glands in amphibian skin?
A) Producing toxic secretions
B) Preventing drying and maintaining skin moisture
C) Protecting against predators
D) Facilitating locomotion

Answer 163

B) Preventing drying and maintaining skin moisture

Question 164

Which structures in amphibians may be produced by keratin deposits?
A) Chromatophores and mucous glands
B) Warts, claws, and hardened structures
C) Scales and fins
D) Granular glands and chromatophores

Answer 164

B) Warts, claws, and hardened structures

Question 165

What is the primary function of granular glands in amphibian skin?
A) Secreting mucus for hydration
B) Producing noxious or toxic secretions for defense
C) Assisting with respiration
D) Preventing color changes in chromatophores

Answer 165

B) Producing noxious or toxic secretions for defense

Question 166

What is a distinguishing feature of the amphibian skull compared to fish?
A) The skull is larger and more robust than in fish.
B) The skull is flattened with fewer bony elements.
C) The jaw structure is less developed than in fish.
D) The skull lacks any adaptations for prey capture.

Answer 166

B) The skull is flattened with fewer bony elements.

Question 167

What are zygapophyses in amphibians?
A) Structures on the pelvic girdle that support hindlimbs
B) Projections on vertebrae that strengthen the vertebral column
C) Elements of the sternum that protect internal organs
D) Jaw structures that assist with prey capture

Answer 167

B) Projections on vertebrae that strengthen the vertebral column

Question 168

What is the primary function of the amphibian sternum?
A) Supporting hindlimbs
B) Protecting the brain
C) Supporting forelimbs and protecting internal organs
D) Allowing for movement of the jaw

Answer 168

C) Supporting forelimbs and protecting internal organs

Question 169

True or False: Keratin deposits in amphibian skin can produce structures like claws and warts.

Answer 169

t

Question 170

True or False: Granular glands in amphibians secrete mucus to prevent drying.

Answer 170

Answer: False (Granular glands produce noxious or toxic secretions.)

Question 171

True or False: Chromatophores are responsible for amphibians’ ability to change color.

Answer 171

t

Question 172

Amphibians are typically:
A) Herbivores as adults and carnivores as larvae
B) Carnivores as adults and herbivores as larvae
C) Omnivores throughout their life stages
D) Filter feeders throughout life

Answer 172

B) Carnivores as adults and herbivores as larvae

Question 173

Which aortic arches are retained in amphibians?
A) I, II, III
B) III, IV, VI
C) I, IV, VI
D) II, V, VI

Answer 173

B) III, IV, VI

Question 174

What is the function of the nictitating membrane in amphibians?
A) Focuses light on the retina
B) Lubricates and washes the eye
C) Protects the tympanic membrane
D) Enhances binocular vision

Answer 174

B) Lubricates and washes the eye

Question 175

The tympanic membrane and stapes (columella) in amphibians are adapted for:
A) Detecting substrate-borne vibrations
B) Sensing air-borne vibrations
C) Filtering water for feeding
D) Chemoreception in aquatic environments

Answer 175

B) Sensing air-borne vibrations

Question 176

Amphibians use the front appendages and pectoral girdle to detect:
A) Air-borne vibrations
B) Substrate-borne vibrations
C) Changes in temperature
D) Chemical signals in water

Answer 176

B) Substrate-borne vibrations

Question 177

How do amphibians excrete nitrogenous waste while living in water?
A) Store urea in lymph sacs
B) Excrete ammonia directly through kidneys and urinary bladder
C) Conserve ions by reabsorbing water in lymph sacs
D) Excrete water and store ions

Answer 177

B) Excrete ammonia directly through kidneys and urinary bladder

Question 178

On land, amphibians conserve water by:
A) Excreting ammonia directly into the environment
B) Relying on nocturnal activity, body posture, and cutaneous absorption
C) Using gills for water absorption
D) Producing cocoons to trap excess moisture

Answer 178

B) Relying on nocturnal activity, body posture, and cutaneous absorption

Question 179

How does cutaneous gas exchange in amphibians differ from pulmonary gas exchange?
A) Cutaneous gas exchange requires a buccal pump, while pulmonary does not.
B) Pulmonary gas exchange is more efficient, but cutaneous exchange allows for oxygen absorption through highly vascularized skin.
C) Cutaneous exchange occurs only in larvae, while pulmonary is exclusive to adults.
D) Pulmonary exchange uses vascularized skin, while cutaneous relies on gills.

Answer 179

B) Pulmonary gas exchange is more efficient, but cutaneous exchange allows for oxygen absorption through highly vascularized skin.

Question 180

Which sensory adaptation allows amphibians to detect air-borne vibrations?
A) Lateral line system
B) Tympanic membrane and stapes
C) Nictitating membrane
D) Front appendages and pectoral girdle

Answer 180

B) Tympanic membrane and stapes

Question 181

What is the primary method of water conservation used by green tree frogs during the daytime?
A) Basking in the sun
B) Sleeping in a curled posture to minimize water loss
C) Producing excess mucus
D) Burrowing underground

Answer 181

B) Sleeping in a curled posture to minimize water loss

Question 182

In amphibians, fertilization is usually:
A) Dioecious and internal
B) Hermaphroditic and external
C) Dioecious and external
D) Dioecious with egg-laying on land

Answer 182

C) Dioecious and external

Question 183

What sensory cues are most commonly used in salamander courtship?
A) Tactile and auditory cues
B) Olfactory and visual cues
C) Visual and auditory cues
D) Chemical and tactile cues

Answer 183

B) Olfactory and visual cues

Question 184

In frogs, amplexus refers to:
A) A type of vocalization for territory marking
B) The tactile and auditory courtship behavior in anurans
C) The clasping of the female by the male during external fertilization
D) Egg-laying behavior on aquatic plants

Answer 184

C) The clasping of the female by the male during external fertilization

Question 185

What is the primary purpose of male anuran vocalization?
A) To signal danger to other frogs
B) To establish feeding territories
C) To attract females and establish breeding territories
D) To communicate with predators

Answer 185

C) To attract females and establish breeding territories

Question 186

Which of the following frogs is known for its loud, species-specific calls?
A) American Bullfrog
B) Cajun Chorus Frog
C) Spring Peeper
D) All of the above

Answer 186

D) All of the above

Question 187

Which of the following describes a unique form of egg transport in extinct Rheobatrachus frogs?
A) Carrying eggs on their backs
B) Brooding young in their stomachs and releasing them through the mouth
C) Depositing eggs in water-filled tree holes
D) Protecting eggs in underground burrows

Answer 187

B) Brooding young in their stomachs and releasing them through the mouth

Question 188

Parental care in amphibians may involve:
A) Aerating aquatic eggs
B) Cleaning and moistening terrestrial eggs
C) Removing dead or infected eggs
D) All of the above

Answer 188

D) All of the above

Question 189

Which gland controls metamorphosis in amphibians?
A) Adrenal gland
B) Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid glands
C) Pineal gland
D) Lymphatic glands

Answer 189

B) Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid glands

Question 190

Which of the following is a major threat to amphibian populations worldwide?
A) Clear-cutting forests
B) Chytrid fungus infections
C) Climate change
D) All of the above

Answer 190

D) All of the above

Question 191

Conservation strategies for amphibians include:
A) Collecting restrictions and population monitoring
B) Climate-change reversal and wetland conservation
C) Protecting species from chytrid fungus
D) All of the above

Answer 191

D) All of the above

Question 192

Why are Lissamphibia considered monophyletic?
A) They include all modern amphibians and their most recent common ancestor
B) They are the only lineage that transitioned from water to land
C) They lack a fully developed vertebral column
D) They are characterized by external fertilization only

Answer 192

A) They include all modern amphibians and their most recent common ancestor

Question 193

What adaptation allowed sarcopterygians to move onto land?
A) Development of the amniotic egg
B) Skeletal and muscular changes for mobility and a moveable head for feeding on insects
C) Highly vascularized skin for cutaneous respiration
D) Evolution of the urostyle for jumping

Answer 193

B) Skeletal and muscular changes for mobility and a moveable head for feeding on insects

Question 194

Which feature is unique to Amniota and aids in development apart from external water sources?
A) Cutaneous respiration
B) Amniotic egg with extraembryonic membranes
C) External fertilization
D) Gills in larval stages

Answer 194

B) Amniotic egg with extraembryonic membranes

Question 195

The Amniota lineage includes:
A) Only reptiles
B) Reptiles, birds, and mammals
C) Amphibians and reptiles
D) Birds and amphibians

Answer 195

B) Reptiles, birds, and mammals

Question 196

Which amniote lineage has a single opening (fenestra) in the temporal region of the skull?
A) Anapsida
B) Synapsida
C) Diapsida
D) Archosauria

Answer 196

B) Synapsida

Question 197

The Diapsida lineage includes:
A) All living reptiles and numerous extinct lineages
B) Mammals and their ancestors
C) Only extinct reptiles
D) Anapsid turtles

Answer 197

A) All living reptiles and numerous extinct lineages

Question 198

What is a primary function of keratinized epidermal scales in reptiles?
A) Gas exchange
B) Water loss prevention across the body surface
C) Aiding in movement
D) Sensory detection

Answer 198

B) Water loss prevention across the body surface

Question 199

Respiration in reptiles occurs via:
A) Skin and gills
B) Cutaneous respiration
C) Lungs with a large surface area
D) Buccopharyngeal mechanisms

Answer 199

C) Lungs with a large surface area

Question 200

In turtles, the dorsal portion of the shell is called the:
A) Plastron
B) Carapace
C) Scute
D) Keratinized plate

Answer 200

B) Carapace

Question 201

Which characteristic is unique to turtles (Order Testudines)?
A) Limbs articulate internally to ribs
B) Presence of teeth in the upper jaw
C) Viviparous reproduction
D) External fertilization

Answer 201

A) Limbs articulate internally to ribs

Question 202

What feature allows crocodilians to breathe while submerged?
A) Enlarged lungs
B) Nostrils located at the top of the snout
C) Keratinized beak-like jaws
D) Posteriorly positioned gills

Answer 202

B) Nostrils located at the top of the snout

Question 203

Which reptile order demonstrates parental care for eggs and hatchlings?
A) Squamata
B) Sphenodontida
C) Crocodylia
D) Testudines

Answer 203

C) Crocodylia

Question 204

What adaptation allows snakes to swallow large prey?
A) Presence of hinged maxillary bones
B) Fixed jaw structure
C) Fused vertebrae
D) Keratinized beak

Answer 204

A) Presence of hinged maxillary bones

Question 205

What is a characteristic feature of Suborder Sauria (lizards)?
A) Kinetic skull with movable quadrate bones
B) Legless body structure
C) Viviparous reproduction only
D) Absence of external ears

Answer 205

A) Kinetic skull with movable quadrate bones

Question 206

Reptilian hearts typically have:
A) Two atria and a completely divided ventricle
B) Two atria and an incompletely divided ventricle
C) One atrium and one ventricle
D) Two ventricles and one atrium

Answer 206

B) Two atria and an incompletely divided ventricle

Question 207

How do turtles achieve negative pressure ventilation for breathing?
A) Movement of the ribs
B) Reduction of body cavity pressure
C) Buccopharyngeal pumping
D) Cutaneous respiration

Answer 207

B) Reduction of body cavity pressure

Question 208

The amniotic egg allows reptiles to:
A) Develop in water
B) Lay eggs in dry environments
C) Fertilize eggs externally
D) Produce live young only

Answer 208

B) Lay eggs in dry environments

Question 209

What structure is used by male reptiles for internal fertilization?
A) Hemipenes
B) Spermatophore
C) Cloaca
D) Intromittent duct

Answer 209

A) Hemipenes

Question 210

What sensory organ allows snakes to detect airborne chemical cues?
A) Nictitating membrane
B) Jacobson’s (vomeronasal) organ
C) Tympanic membrane
D) Median (parietal) eye

Answer 210

B) Jacobson’s (vomeronasal) organ

Question 211

Which sensory organ is used by pit vipers to detect temperature changes?
A) Nictitating membrane
B) Pit organs
C) Tympanic membrane
D) Jacobson’s organ

Answer 211

B) Pit organs

Question 212

What skeletal adaptation allowed early archosaurs to transition to flight?
A) Sternum adapted for flight muscle attachment
B) Development of fused caudal vertebrae
C) Enlarged ribs for negative pressure ventilation
D) Development of keratinized epidermal scales

Answer 212

A) Sternum adapted for flight muscle attachment

Question 213

The synapsid lineage diverged approximately:
A) 200 million years ago
B) 250 million years ago
C) 320 million years ago
D) 400 million years ago

Answer 213

C) 320 million years ago

Question 214

True or False: The Order Testudines includes species with kinetic skulls for increased feeding flexibility.

Answer 214

f

Question 215

True or False: Most reptiles are ectothermic and rely on behavioral temperature regulation.

Answer 215

t

Question 216

True or False: Turtles possess Jacobson’s organ for chemical detection.

Answer 216

f

Question 217

True or False: Lizards can exhibit oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous reproductive strategies.

Answer 217

t

Question 218

True or False: Reptiles conserve water through excretion of uric acid and behaviors like burrowing or nocturnal activity.

Answer 218

t

Question 219

Which lineage do birds belong to?
A) Synapsida
B) Archosauria
C) Anapsida
D) Therapsida

Answer 219

D) Therapsida

Question 220

What is a characteristic shared between birds and reptiles?
A) Endothermy in all lineages
B) Single occipital condyle
C) Multiple ear ossicles
D) Lack of nesting behavior

Answer 220

B) Single occipital condyle

Question 221

The theropod lineage that includes birds also includes:
A) Pterosaurs and ichthyosaurs
B) T. rex and Velociraptor
C) Crocodylia and turtles
D) Sauropods and stegosaurs

Answer 221

B) T. rex and Velociraptor

Question 222

What feature is unique to Microraptor among the theropods?
A) Tubular feathers for insulation
B) Asymmetrical feathers for potential gliding
C) Symmetrical feathers for courtship
D) Lack of feathers altogether

Answer 222

B) Asymmetrical feathers for potential gliding

Question 223

Which of the following was likely the primary function of the earliest feathers?
A) Aiding in flight
B) Insulation and temperature regulation
C) Enhancing respiratory efficiency
D) Scaring off predators

Answer 223

B) Insulation and temperature regulation

Question 224

Archaeopteryx, a transitional fossil, possessed which reptilian feature?
A) Feathered wings
B) Toothed, beaklike jaws
C) Sternum for flight muscle attachment
D) Alula for maneuverable flight

Answer 224

B) Toothed, beaklike jaws

Question 225

What was the likely function of clawed digits in Archaeopteryx?
A) Digging burrows
B) Aiding in tree climbing
C) Holding prey during flight
D) Enhancing aerial maneuverability

Answer 225

B) Aiding in tree climbing

Question 226

What innovation in Sinornis helped improve flight efficiency compared to Archaeopteryx?
A) Clawed fingers for gripping trees
B) Forelimbs that permitted folding wings at rest
C) Lack of feathered wings
D) Long reptilian tail for balance

Answer 226

B) Forelimbs that permitted folding wings at rest

Question 227

What is the purpose of the alula in birds like Eoalulavis?
A) Enhancing rapid ascent during flight
B) Reducing turbulence for slow, maneuverable flight
C) Improving respiratory efficiency
D) Aiding in camouflage

Answer 227

B) Reducing turbulence for slow, maneuverable flight

Question 228

Modern birds are thought to have diverged from a few lineages that survived which extinction event?
A) Permian extinction
B) Triassic extinction
C) Cretaceous extinction
D) Devonian extinction

Answer 228

C) Cretaceous extinction

Question 229

Approximately how many modern bird species exist today?
A) 1,000
B) 5,000
C) 10,000
D) 50,000

Answer 229

C) 10,000

Question 230

True or False: Feathers initially evolved for flight and later served purposes like insulation and courtship.

Answer 230

Answer: False (Feathers initially evolved for insulation and later served flight.)

Question 231

True or False: Archaeopteryx had both reptilian features like a bony tail and avian features like feathered wings.

Answer 231

t

Question 232

True or False: The alula is a group of small feathers at the anterior portion of a bird’s wing that helps reduce turbulence during flight.

Answer 232

t

Question 233

True or False: Most modern bird lineages survived into the Tertiary period, diversifying after the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Answer 233

Answer: False (Only a few lineages survived, leading to modern birds.)

Question 234

Which of the following distinguishes Sinosauropteryx from Microraptor?
A) Sinosauropteryx had symmetrical feathers, while Microraptor had tubular feathers.
B) Sinosauropteryx had tubular feathers, while Microraptor had asymmetrical feathers.
C) Both had asymmetric feathers for flight.
D) Sinosauropteryx had clawed digits, while Microraptor lacked them.

Answer 234

B) Sinosauropteryx had tubular feathers, while Microraptor had asymmetrical feathers.

Question 235

How did Sinornis differ from Eoalulavis in flight adaptations?
A) Sinornis had a long tail for balance, while Eoalulavis had an alula for slow, maneuverable flight.
B) Eoalulavis could fold its wings at rest, while Sinornis lacked this adaptation.
C) Eoalulavis had a shortened body and tail, while Sinornis relied on hovering flight.
D) Sinornis had forelimbs for folding wings, while Eoalulavis had small anterior feathers for reducing turbulence.

Answer 235

D) Sinornis had forelimbs for folding wings, while Eoalulavis had small anterior feathers for reducing turbulence.

Question 236

Which feature differentiates modern birds from ancient bird lineages like Archaeopteryx?
A) Lack of feathers
B) Sternum for flight muscle attachment
C) Long reptilian tail
D) Clawed digits

Answer 236

B) Sternum for flight muscle attachment

Question 237

Which event led to the adaptive radiation of mammals?
A) Mass extinction at the end of the Tertiary period
B) Extinction of many reptilian lineages 65 million years ago
C) Evolution of amniotic eggs 320 million years ago
D) Emergence of ectothermy in therapsids

Answer 237

B) Extinction of many reptilian lineages 65 million years ago

Question 238

What is a defining feature of the Therapsid subgroup of premammalian synapsids?
A) External fertilization
B) Mammal-like teeth (diastema) and hindlimbs beneath the body
C) Lack of separation between thoracic and abdominal regions
D) Absence of hair and endothermy

Answer 238

B) Mammal-like teeth (diastema) and hindlimbs beneath the body

Question 239

Which premammalian synapsid had a thermoregulatory sail?
A) Cynognathus
B) Dimetrodon
C) Therapsid
D) Zalophus

Answer 239

B) Dimetrodon

Question 240

Which subclass of mammals is oviparous and possesses a cloaca?
A) Theria
B) Prototheria
C) Metatheria
D) Eutheria

Answer 240

B) Prototheria

Question 241

Marsupials belong to which infraclass?
A) Prototheria
B) Eutheria
C) Metatheria
D) Afrotheria

Answer 241

C) Metatheria

Question 242

Placental mammals belong to which infraclass?
A) Prototheria
B) Theria
C) Eutheria
D) Metatheria

Answer 242

C) Eutheria

Question 243

Mammalian claws are derived from which layer of the skin?
A) Dermal layer
B) Epidermal layer
C) Hypodermal layer
D) Subcutaneous layer

Answer 243

B) Epidermal layer

Question 244

The unguis in claws, nails, and hooves refers to:
A) The softer ventral plate
B) The hard keratinized dorsal plate
C) The dermal attachment point
D) The blood supply within the claw

Answer 244

B) The hard keratinized dorsal plate

Question 245

Mammalian teeth are described as heterodont because they:
A) Are uniformly conical
B) Are specialized for different functions
C) Are deciduous and replaced once
D) Lack any secondary palate

Answer 245

B) Are specialized for different functions

Question 246

What distinguishes mammalian middle ear anatomy?
A) A single ear ossicle
B) Three middle ear ossicles
C) Lack of ear ossicles
D) A single tympanic membrane

Answer 246

B) Three middle ear ossicles

Question 247

What is the function of the cecum in herbivorous mammals?
A) Storage of nutrients
B) Production of digestive enzymes
C) Fermentation of cellulose by microorganisms
D) Absorption of proteins and fats

Answer 247

C) Fermentation of cellulose by microorganisms

Question 248

Ruminants digest cellulose in which specialized structure?
A) Cecum
B) Stomach chambers
C) Intestines
D) Liver

Answer 248

B) Stomach chambers

Question 249

Which fetal structure allows blood to bypass the lungs during development?
A) Foramen ovale
B) Cecum
C) Ductus arteriosus
D) Nephron

Answer 249

C) Ductus arteriosus

Question 250

What is the primary function of brown fat in mammals?
A) Conserving water
B) Producing heat through nonshivering thermogenesis
C) Insulating against heat loss
D) Storing energy for extended fasting

Answer 250

B) Producing heat through nonshivering thermogenesis

Question 251

Fertilization in mammals typically occurs in the:
A) Uterus
B) Cervix
C) Upper third of the oviduct
D) Vagina

Answer 251

C) Upper third of the oviduct

Question 252

What is embryonic diapause in mammals?
A) Arrested development after fertilization until conditions are favorable
B) Fertilization of multiple ova for delayed implantation
C) A phase of rapid growth after birth
D) A reproductive strategy unique to monotremes

Answer 252

A) Arrested development after fertilization until conditions are favorable

Question 253

Which type of mammal nourishes young with “uterine milk” during short gestation periods?
A) Prototheria
B) Marsupials
C) Eutherians
D) Placental mammals

Answer 253

B) Marsupials

Question 254

How do mammalian kidneys conserve water?
A) Excretion of uric acid
B) Long loops of the nephron that concentrate urine
C) Elimination of dry feces only
D) Condensation of water in skin pores

Answer 254

B) Long loops of the nephron that concentrate urine

Question 255

What is a common adaptation in desert mammals for water conservation?
A) High protein diets
B) Respiratory water condensation
C) Increased sweat gland activity
D) Diurnal activity

Answer 255

B) Respiratory water condensation

Question 256

True or False: Mammals are the only group of vertebrates with a diaphragm that aids in respiration.

Answer 256

t

Question 257

True or False: Monotremes are viviparous and possess mammary glands with nipples.

Answer 257

Answer: False (Monotremes are oviparous and lack nipples.)

Question 258

True or False: The secondary palate in mammals is homologous to the archosaur secondary palate.

Answer 258

f

Question 259

True or False: All mammals possess heterodont teeth.

Answer 259

t

Question 260

True or False: Brown fat in mammals is used for shivering thermogenesis.

Answer 260

Answer: False (Brown fat produces heat through nonshivering thermogenesis.)

Question 261

Members of the vertebrate class ____________ include the sharks, skates, and rays.

Osteichthyes

Cephalaspidomorphi

Placodermi

Chondrichthyes

Answer 261

Chondrichthyes

Question 262

The lateral line system may function in all of the following except one. Select the exception.

detecting water currents

detecting predators or prey that may be causing water movements

buoyancy regulation

detecting low-frequency sounds

Answer 262

buoyancy regulation

Question 263

All of the following are adaptations of freshwater fish for osmoregulation except one. Select the exception.

excreting hypotonic urine

actively transporting salts out of the blood at the gills

not drinking water

drinking water

Answer 263

drinking water

Question 264

This class of bony fishes contains the lungfishes and coelacanths.

Actinopterygii

Cephalaspidomorphi

Chondrichthyes

Sarcopterygii

Answer 264

Sarcopterygii

Question 265

Diadromous fishes

live in murky environments and often rely on electroreception to detect objects in their environment.

possess both lungs and gills.

are open ocean fishes that force water over their gills through ram ventilation.

migrate between freshwater and marine environments.

Answer 265

migrate between freshwater and marine environments.

Question 266

The vast majority of fishes are _____, meaning that eggs develop outside the female from stored yolk.

oviparous

ovoviviparous

viviparous

none of the above

Answer 266

oviparous

Question 267

Blood and water move in opposite directions on either side of a gill lamellar epithelium. This movement provides very efficient gas exchange between blood and water and is called a countercurrent exchange mechanism.

True

False

Answer 267

True

Question 268

Electroreception is the detection of electrical fields that fish or another organism in the environment generates.

True

False

Answer 268

True

Question 269

An operculum is present on fish of the class Holocephali.

True

False

Answer 269

True

Question 270

Which statement most accurately describes the reproductive biology of fishes?

Most species produce few eggs and exhibit high levels of parental care.

Most species produce few eggs and exhibit no parental care.

Most species produce many eggs and exhibit high levels of parental care.

Most species produce many eggs and may or may not exhibit parental care.

Answer 270

Most species produce many eggs and may or may not exhibit parental care.

Question 271

Which of the following is not a member of the clade Gnathostomata?

Hagfishes

Cartilaginous fishes

Ostracoderms

Bony fishes

Answer 271

Hagfishes

Question 272

Blood flows from the conus ateriosus/ventral aorta of the heart of a fish toward the:
Group of answer choices

gills

ventricle

kidneys

tail

Answer 272

gills

Question 273

Blood flows through the heart of a fish in the following sequence: conus arteriosus, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus, ventral aorta.

True

False

Answer 273

False

Question 274

The endostyle of a lamprey is present in both the larval and adult stage.

True

False

Answer 274

False

Question 275

which of these is not evidence for evolution?

biogeography
fossils
molecular biology
comparative anatomy
all are evidence for evolution

Answer 275

all are evidence for evolution

Question 276

the wings of insects and birds are examples of ______ structures

analogous
homologous
vestigial
none of the above

Answer 276

analogous (same function; different structure)

Question 277

evolutionary theory helps to explain

the diversity of life
the relationships within animal groups
the behavior of animals
all of the above are correct

Answer 277

all of the above are correct

Question 278

a body cavity provides many advantages except _____

organ development
cephalization
hydrostatic skeleton
more surface area for diffusion

Answer 278

cephalization (head formation)

Question 279

which of these does NOT show the importance of biodiversity?

biophilia
ecosystem health
invasive species
natural products

Answer 279

invasive species

Question 280

phylogeny is the study of an organism’s entire lifespan

true
false

Answer 280

false (ontogeny)

Question 281

______ speciation may occur when subpopulations are geographically isolated

allopatric
parapatric
sympatric
both b and c
none of the above

Answer 281

allopatric

Question 282

protostomes cannot be distinguished from deuterostomes by _____

spiral or radial cleavage
fate of the blastopore
triploblastic tissue
development of the coelom

Answer 282

triploblastic tissue

Question 283

an order is a broader taxonomic category than a ______.

phylum
class
family
all of the above
none of the above

Answer 283

family

Question 284

A monophyletic group includes:

A) Only the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms
B) A common ancestor and all of its descendants
C) Several groups of organisms without a shared common ancestor
D) A common ancestor but excludes some of its descendants

Answer 284

B) A common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 285

A paraphyletic group differs from a monophyletic group in that it:

A) Excludes some descendants of the common ancestor
B) Includes unrelated organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor
C) Is composed of entirely unrelated species
D) Includes all descendants and the common ancestor

Answer 285

A) Excludes some descendants of the common ancestor

Question 286

Which of the following best describes a polyphyletic group?

A) A group that contains only one lineage with a shared common ancestor
B) A group that excludes the most recent common ancestor of its members
C) A group that contains all descendants of a single common ancestor
D) A group that is identical to a monophyletic group

Answer 286

B) A group that excludes the most recent common ancestor of its members

Question 287

A synapomorphy is:

A) A derived trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor
B) An ancestral trait shared by all members of a group
C) A trait unique to an outgroup species
D) A trait that evolved independently in unrelated groups

Answer 287

A) A derived trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor

Question 288

Which of the following is an example of a symplesiomorphy?

A) Feathers in birds and their dinosaur ancestors
B) Vertebrae shared by all vertebrates
C) Mammary glands in mammals
D) The presence of wings in bats and birds

Answer 288

B) Vertebrae shared by all vertebrates

Question 289

What is the primary purpose of an outgroup in phylogenetic analysis?

A) To serve as a representative of the ancestor of all taxa being studied
B) To help determine the polarity of traits (ancestral vs. derived)
C) To provide an example of a polyphyletic group
D) To ensure that all taxa in the ingroup are related

Answer 289

B) To help determine the polarity of traits (ancestral vs. derived)

Question 290

Which of the following would likely be used as an outgroup when studying the evolutionary relationships among mammals?

A) Reptiles
B) Amphibians
C) Birds
D) Fish

Answer 290

A) Reptiles

Question 291

plant cells show an embryological developmental stage called the blastula

true
false

Answer 291

false

Question 292

solenopsis invicta is an invasive species of fire ants from South America

true
false

Answer 292

true

Question 293

which is NOT a member of Entognatha?

protura
collembola
diplura
thysanura

Answer 293

thysanura

Question 294

insect flight, in which muscles act to change the shape of the exoskeleton during both upward and downward wing beats, is called ______

synchronous
asynchronous
tympanal
regulatory

Answer 294

asynchronous

Question 295

which of the following mouthparts of a chewing insect, like a grasshopper, is primarily a sensory, liplike structure and is the anterior-most mouthpart?

mandible
maxilla
labrum
labium

Answer 295

labrum

Question 296

insect development in which immatures are very different from the adult in body form, behavior, and habitat is called _____ metamorphosis.

ametabolous
hemimetabolous
holometabolous
none of the above

Answer 296

holometabolous

Question 297

mayfly development occurs through a gradual series of changes, but the immature are very different from adults. these immature are called ______

larvae
nymphs
niads
pupae

Answer 297

niads

Question 298

a HIGH concentration of juvenile hormone is needed for the molting of an immature to an adult.

true
false

Answer 298

false; low

Question 299

the dipterans have a single pair of wings with the metathoracic wings modified into ______

hamuli
elytra
halteres
scales

Answer 299

halteres

Question 300

ticks and mites are members of the order:

opiliones
acarina
araneae
scorpionida

Answer 300

acarina

Question 301

which subphyla of arthropods does NOT contain any living animals?

myriapoda
chelicerata
trilobitomorpha
hexapoda

Answer 301

trilobitomorpha

Question 302

a layer of cells that secretes the arthropod exoskeleton is called:

epicuticle
procuticle
hypodermis
basement membrane

Answer 302

procuticle

Question 303

the sensory, feeding, and locomotor tagmata of members of the subphylum chelicerata is the:

throax
prosoma or cephalothorax
opisthoma
abdomen

Answer 303

prosoma or cephalothorax

Question 304

excretory structures found in many arachnids consist of thin-walled sacs that open to the body surface at pores near the base of the posterior appendages. these excretory structures are called:

trachae
coxal glands
spinneretes
green glands

Answer 304

coxal glands

Question 305

the prosoma of a horseshoe crab is covered by a hard ____

chelicerae
pedipalp
carapace
opisthoma

Answer 305

caraspace

Question 306

royal jelly is fed to larvae that develop into drones.

true
false

Answer 306

false; queens

Question 307

all of the following are unique to the molluscs except one. select the exception.

mantle
shell
visceral mass
head foot

Answer 307

shell

Question 308

______ is a developmental process that occurs in gastropods and results in a 180 degree counterclockwise twisting of the visceral mass and mantle cavity.

gastrulation
epilboly
involution
torsion

Answer 308

torsion

Question 309

a _____ is rotated by cilia and extends into the stomach of bivalves. it produces a mucoid mass containing trapped food particles.

protostyle
umbo
crystalline style
gastric shield

Answer 309

crystalline style

Question 310

which type of cephalopod possesses an external shell?

cuttlefish
nautilus
squid
octopus

Answer 310

nautilus

Question 311

which of the following is generally accepted as the prevailing explanation behind the evolution of intelligence in cephalopods?

their complex social structure

the fact that they typically live long lives

living as active predators as well as actively avoiding predators

the pressures exerted by living in both marine and freshwater environments

Answer 311

living as active predators as well as actively avoiding predators

Question 312

aquatic molluscs excrete ______, whereas terrestrial molluscs excrete _____.

uric acid; ammonia
ammonia; uric acid
ammonia; oxygen
oxygen; ammonia

Answer 312

ammonia; uric acid

Question 313

members of the classes cephalopoda and gastropoda are the only molluscs that possess closed circulatory systems.

true
false

Answer 313

false; only cephalopoda

Question 314

an ocean dwelling worm in the errantia group (nerius) would have a clitellum.

true
false

Answer 314

false; errantia is outside of clitella

Question 315

nuchal organs are chemoreceptors found in the head of a polychaete worm.

true
false

Answer 315

true

Question 316

the main propulsive structure(s) in the circulatory system of an earthworm is (are)

capillaries
dorsal and ventral aorta
seminal vesicles
the typhiosole

Answer 316

dorsal and ventral aorta

Question 317

the specialization of body regions in a segmented animal is called:

tagmatization
metamerism
cephalization
eutely

Answer 317

tagmatization

Question 318

a distinctive feature of members of the subclass hirudinea is:

parapodia
anterior and posterior suckers
tentacles
palps

Answer 318

anterior and posterior suckers

Question 319

pearl formation may occur in bivalves when an irritant becomes lodged between the shell and the mantle. the mantle secretes nacre around the irritant, gradually forming a pearl.

true
false

Answer 319

true

Question 320

sponges from the class homoscleromorpha have:

a true basement membrane
adherens cell junctions
a pinacoderm which is a true tissue layer
all of the above

Answer 320

all of the above

Question 321

all of the following are characteristic of members of the phylum porifera except one. select the exception:

asymmetrical
three main cell types
central cavity, or a series of branching chambers, through which water circulates during filter feeding
diploblastic tissue organization

Answer 321

diploblastic tissue organization

Question 322

all of the following are characteristic of members of the phylum cnidaria except one. select the exception:

radial or modified biradial symmetry
gelatinous mesoglea located between epidermal and gastrodermal tissue layers
triploblastic tissue
cnidocytes used in defense, feeding, and attachment

Answer 322

diploblastic tissue organization

Question 323

the largest and most prominent stage in the life cycle of most members of the class Scyphozoa is the

medusa
planula
polyp
ephyrya

Answer 323

medusa

Question 324

the hydranth (gastrozoid) is the reproductive polyp in the obelia life cycle. ‘

true
false

Answer 324

false

Question 325

some anthozoans live in mutalistic relationships with protists called zooxanthellae and are largely responsible for the formation of coral reefs.

true
false

Answer 325

true

Question 326

cnidocytes produce nematocysts that are discharged on stimulation of a cnidocil. cnidocytes are produced only in members of the phylum cnidaria

true
false

Answer 326

true

Question 327

in most porifera, the zygote develops into planktonic larvae.

true
false

Answer 327

false

Question 328

cells are never present in the mesoglea of cnidarians

true
false

Answer 328

false

Question 329

in an ascon sponge, choanocytes ____

line radial canals that branch off the spongocoel
line the spongocoel directly
are found in flagellated chambers
line incurrent canals

Answer 329

line the spongocoel directly

Question 330

which of the following cell types is involved with creating water currents during filter feeding of a sponge?

pinacocytes
choanocytes
poroctyes
archaeocytes

Answer 330

choanocytes

Question 331

the leucon body form is seen in the Class ______

demospongiae
calcarea
hexactinellida
all of the above
none of the above

Answer 331

all of the above

Question 332

gemmules are resistant capsules filled with pinacocyte cells

true
false

Answer 332

false; not pinacocyte cells

Question 333

the soft corals have _____ pinnate tentacles

6
2
8
4

Answer 333

8

Question 334

A development stage seen only in animals is
the __________________.
a.) zygote
b.) blastula
c.) embryo
d.) none of the above

Answer 334

b.) blastula

Question 335

Structures that have no apparent function in
modern animals but that clearly evolved
from functioning structures in ancestors are
called:
a.) derivative structures
b.) homologous structures
c.) convergent structures
d.) vestigial structures

Answer 335

d.) vestigial structures

Question 336

______________ is an example of reproductive
isolation.
a.) behavioral attributes
b.) reproductive physiology
c.) hybrid nonviability
d.) all of the above

Answer 336

d.) all of the above

Question 337

Protosomes cannot be distinguished from
deuterostomes by ______________.
a.) spiral or radial cleavage
b.) fate of the blastopore
c.) triploblastic tissue
d.) development of the coelom

Answer 337

c.) triploblastic tissue

Question 338

A group of animals that shares a particular set of
characteristics forms an assemblage called
a/an:
a.) intron
b.) photon
c.) exon
d.) taxon

Answer 338

d.) taxon

Question 339

_____________ speciation may occur when
subpopulations are geographically isolated.
a.) Allopatric
b.) Parapatric
c.) Sympatric
d.) both b and c
e.) none of the above

Answer 339

a.) Allopatric

Question 340

The wings of insects and birds are examples of
_______________ structures.
a.) Analagous
b.) Homologous
c.) Vestigial
d.) none of the above

Answer 340

a.) Analagous

Question 341

The development of a coelom in an animal is always
associated with
a.) bilateral symmetry
b.) asymmetry
c.) diploblastic organization
d.) triploblastic organization

Answer 341

d.) triploblastic organization

Question 342

A paraphyletic group includes some, but not all,
members of a lineage
a.) True
b.) False

Answer 342

a.) True

Question 343

In the life cycle of Plasmodium, sporozoites are
formed in the________________.
a.) mosquito gut
b.) red blood cells
c.) liver
d.) spleen

Answer 343

a.) mosquito gut

Question 344

Which of the following is a type of
pseudopodium found in the amoebae?
a.) lobopodia
b.) filopodia
c.) reticulopodia
d.) axopodia
e.) all of the above

Answer 344

e.) all of the above

Question 345

All of the following are characteristic of members
of the phylum Porifera except one. Select the
exception.
a.) asymmetrical
b.) three cell types
c.) central cavity, or a series of branching chambers,
through which water circulates during filter
feeding.
d.) triploblastic tissue organization

Answer 345

d.) triploblastic tissue organization

Question 346

The first multicellular animals may have arisen
as dividing cells remained together. This idea is
known as the ______ hypothesis.
a.) colonial
b.) syncytial
c.) membrane
d.) Precambrian

Answer 346

a.) colonial

Question 347

Which of the following cell types is involved with
secreting skeletal elements of a sponge?
a.) pinacocytes
b.) choanocytes
c.) porocytes
d.) ameboid/mesenchymal cells

Answer 347

d.) ameboid/mesenchymal cells

Question 348

The largest and most prominent stage in the life cycle
of most members of the class Scyphozoa is the:
a.) medusa
b.) planula
c.) polyp
d.) ephyra

Answer 348

a.) medusa

Question 349

Cnidocytes produce nematocysts that are
discharged on stimulation of a cnidocil.
Cnidocytes are produced only in members of the
phylum Cnidaria.
a.) True
b.) False

Answer 349

a.) True

Question 350

Which of the following classes is typically not
parasitic?
a.) Turbellaria
b.) Monogenea
c.) Trematoda
d.) Cestoidea

Answer 350

a.) Turbellaria

Question 351

Parthonogenesis is the laying of _______________
eggs.
a.) fertilized
b.) unfertilized
c.) masses of
d.) strings of
e.) none of the above

Answer 351

b.) unfertilized

Question 352

Acoelomates lack a body cavity because the
__________ cells completely fill the area
between the outer epidermis and digestive
tract.
a.) parenchymal
b.) muscular
c.) nervous
d.) ectodermal

Answer 352

a.) parenchymal

Question 353

A ______ is a mucoid mass that extends to the
stomach of gastropods. It contains trapped
food particles and is rotated by cilia.
a.) protostyle
b.) umbo
c.) crystalline style
d.) gastric shield

Answer 353

a.) protostyle

Question 354

Members of the class Cephalopoda are the
only molluscs that possess closed circulatory
systems.
a.) True
b.) False

Answer 354

a.) True

Question 355

Molluscs can be characterized by:
a.) trochophore larvae, and they are deuterostomes
b.) planala larvae, and they are ecdysozoans
c.) trochophore larvae and they are lophotrochozoans
d.) planula larvae, and they are deuterostome

Answer 355

c.) trochophore larvae and they are lophotrochozoans

Question 356

The specialization of body regions in a segmented
animal is called:
a.) tagmatization
b.) metamerism
c.) cephalization
d.) eutely

Answer 356

a.) tagmatization

Question 357

A clitellum is present in the members of the
subclass(es):
a.) Hirudinea
b.) Polychaeta
c.) Oligochaeta
d.) Hirudinea and Oligochaeta

Answer 357

d.) Hirudinea and Oligochaeta

Question 358

The formation of reproductive individual that differs
from a non-reproductive individual is:
a.) protandry
b.) transverse budding
c.) epitoky
d.) none of the above

Answer 358

c.) epitoky

Question 359

Which of the following phyla are not
pseudocoelomate?
a.) Acanthocephala
b.) Rotifera
c.) Polychaeta
d.) Nematoda

Answer 359

c.) Polychaeta

Question 360

Mictic eggs are diploid.
a.) True
b.) False

Answer 360

b.) False

Question 361

The ____________ cells are specialized excretory
cells found in nematodes.
a.) renette
b.) amphids
c.) phasmids
d.) bursa

Answer 361

a.) renette

Question 362

Members of the phylum Nematomorpha are
commonly called the __________ worms.
a.) horsehair
b.) Gordian
c.) round
d.) both a and b are correct

Answer 362

d.) both a and b are correct

Question 363

A layer of cells that secretes the arthropod
exoskeleton is called the:
a.) epicuticle
b.) procuticle
c.) hypodermis
d.) basement membrane

Answer 363

c.) hypodermis

Question 364

Excretory structures found in many arachnids consist
of thin-walled sacs that open to the body surface at
pores near the base of posterior appendages. These
excretory structures are called:
a.) tracheae
b.) coxal glands
c.) spinneretes
d.) green glands

Answer 364

b.) coxal glands

Question 365

Ticks and mites are members of the order:
a.) Opiliones
b.) Acarina
c.) Araneae
d.) Scorpionida

Answer 365

b.) Acarina

Question 366

The basal (proximal to the body) appendage in
crayfish is the ______________.
a.) endopodite
b.) exopodite
c.) protopodite
d.) endites

Answer 366

c.) protopodite

Question 367

Molting is initiated by the release of ecdysone
from the ___________________.
a.) X organs
b.) Y organs
c.) Androgenic organs
d.) Neurosecretory tissue

Answer 367

b.) Y organs

Question 368

Book lungs or book gills are present in
members of the subphylum Crustacea.
a.) True
b.) False

Answer 368

b.) False

Question 369

Members of this class feed on decaying plant
matter, possess repugnatorial glands, and possess
two pairs of appendages per apparent segment.
a.) Hexapoda
b.) Chilopoda
c.) Diplopoda
d.) Crustacea

Answer 369

c.) Diplopoda

Question 370

Gas exchange in insects involves respiratory
pigments dissolved in the hemolymph.
a.) True
b.) False

Answer 370

b.) False

Question 371

Insect flight, in which muscles act to change the
shape of the exoskeleton during both upward and
downward wing beats, is called ______ flight.
a.) synchronous
b.) asynchronous
c.) tympanal
d.) regulatory

Answer 371

b.) asynchronous

Question 372

Sea cucumbers belong to the class:
a.) Concentricycloidea
b.) Asteroidea
c.) Holothuroidea
d.) Crinoidea

Answer 372

c.) Holothuroidea

Question 373

Which is a recently discovered phylum with only
a single species?
a.) Diptera
b.) Cycliophora
c.) Coleoptera
d.) none of the above

Answer 373

b.) Cycliophora

Question 374

An example of a phytoflagellated member of the
Excavata is __________________.
a.) Euglena
b.) Trichomonas
c.) Giardia
d.) none of the above

Answer 374

a.) Euglena

Question 375

A parasitic nematode would have a ___________
excretory system.
a.) glandular
b.) tubular
c.) amphid
d.) phasmid

Answer 375

a.) glandular

Question 376

The scientific name of the human pinworm is:
a.) Ascaris lumbricoides
b.) Enterobius vermicularis
c.) Trichinella spiralis
d.) Wuchereria bancrofti

Answer 376

b.) Enterobius vermicularis

Question 377

The queen secretes _____________ which
motivates the workers to perform tasks in fire
ants.
a.) dopamine
b.) ecdysone
c.) octopamine
d.) royal jelly

Answer 377

c.) octopamine