Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Which of the following is not a characteristic unique to members of the Phylum Chordata?
A) Notochord
B) Ventral nerve cord
C) Pharyngeal slits or pouches
D) Endostyle or thyroid gland
B) Ventral nerve cord
In chordates, which structure is responsible for producing mucus to trap food particles or later developing into the thyroid gland?
A) Notochord
B) Endostyle
C) Dorsal nerve cord
D) Postanal tail
B) Endostyle
Which part of the chordate body plan is primarily responsible for body support and often replaced by the vertebral column in vertebrates?
A) Notochord
B) Postanal tail
C) Pharyngeal pouches
D) Endostyle
A) Notochord
All chordates have a complete digestive tract.
T/F
True
The postanal tail is present in all chordates throughout their entire lifespan.
T/F
False (The postanal tail is present at least during some stage of development but may not be retained in adulthood for all species.)
Which of the following structures in chordates is most similar in function to the vertebral column found in vertebrates?
A) Dorsal nerve cord
B) Pharyngeal slits
C) Endostyle
D) Notochord
D) Notochord
Which of the following characteristics is shared between chordates and echinoderms due to their common ancestry as deuterostomes?
A) Bilateral symmetry
B) Pharyngeal slits
C) Endostyle or thyroid gland
D) Postanal tail
A) Bilateral symmetry
Among chordates, which structure plays a critical role in respiration or feeding during some developmental stage but may not be retained in adults?
A) Notochord
B) Pharyngeal slits
C) Postanal tail
D) Endostyle
B) Pharyngeal slits
The notochord in chordates is located:
A) On the ventral side of the body cavity
B) Inside the digestive tract
C) Dorsal to the body cavity
D) Surrounding the blood vessels
C) Dorsal to the body cavity
What structure in chordates is enclosed by a connective tissue sheath and consists of vacuolated cells?
A) Pharyngeal slits
B) Notochord
C) Dorsal nerve cord
D) Endostyle
B) Notochord
Pharyngeal slits in chordates serve primarily for:
A) Sensory functions
B) Structural support
C) Filter feeding or gas exchange
D) Locomotion
C) Filter feeding or gas exchange
The notochord is a rigid structure without flexibility, which helps support the chordate body.
T/F
False (The notochord is supportive but also flexible.)
Pharyngeal slits are always open to the external environment throughout a chordate’s life.
T/F
False (Pharyngeal slits may exist as pouches and are not always externally open.)
In some chordates, pharyngeal slits develop into gills that are used for gas exchange.
T/F
True
Which of the following best describes the primary difference between the notochord and the pharyngeal slits?
A) The notochord is for support, while pharyngeal slits are involved in feeding or gas exchange.
B) The notochord is a sensory organ, while pharyngeal slits are for structural support.
C) The notochord aids in locomotion, while pharyngeal slits are used for reproduction.
D) Both the notochord and pharyngeal slits serve the same primary function.
A) The notochord is for support, while pharyngeal slits are involved in feeding or gas exchange.
Compared to other structures in chordates, the notochord is most similar in its function to:
A) A skeleton, providing structural support
B) A respiratory system, providing gas exchange
C) A digestive tract, aiding in food processing
D) A nervous system, relaying signals
A) A skeleton, providing structural support
The pharyngeal slits are to filter feeding as the gills are to:
A) Structural support
B) Sensory input
C) Gas exchange
D) Digestive functions
C) Gas exchange
In chordates, the tubular nerve cord is positioned:
A) Ventral to the notochord
B) Within the notochord
C) Dorsal to the notochord
D) Posterior to the brain
C) Dorsal to the notochord
What is the primary function of the endostyle in non-vertebrate chordates?
A) Sensory detection
B) Structural support
C) Mucus secretion for filter feeding
D) Locomotion
C) Mucus secretion for filter feeding
In vertebrates, the endostyle develops into which of the following?
A) Notochord
B) Thyroid gland
C) Dorsal nerve cord
D) Pharyngeal slits
B) Thyroid gland
In chordates, the postanal tail extends beyond the anal opening, aiding in locomotion for many species.
T/F
True
The tubular nerve cord in chordates is expanded anteriorly to form a brain.
T/F
Tru
The endostyle is present in both non-vertebrate and vertebrate chordates in its original form throughout life.
T/F
False (The endostyle transforms into the thyroid gland in vertebrates.)
Which of the following best describes the difference between the dorsal tubular nerve cord and the notochord in chordates?
A) The nerve cord functions primarily in support, while the notochord relays sensory signals.
B) The nerve cord is involved in nervous system functions, while the notochord provides structural support.
C) Both the nerve cord and notochord are involved in locomotion.
D) The notochord and nerve cord both function as part of the digestive system.
B) The nerve cord is involved in nervous system functions, while the notochord provides structural support.
The postanal tail is most similar in function to:
A) The dorsal nerve cord, providing structural support
B) Pharyngeal slits, aiding in respiration
C) Limbs in terms of aiding locomotion
D) The notochord, which relays sensory signals
C) Limbs in terms of aiding locomotion
In chordates, which structure undergoes a transformation from the endostyle to the thyroid gland, indicating a significant difference between vertebrates and non-vertebrate chordates?
A) Notochord
B) Tubular nerve cord
C) Pharyngeal slits
D) Endostyle
D) Endostyle
Which of the following statements about Phylum Chordata is correct?
A) Chordata is paraphyletic
B) Chordata is monophyletic
C) Chordata does not include vertebrates
D) Chordata has no craniate members
B) Chordata is monophyletic
The group Vertebrata, also known as Craniata, is characterized by which of the following features?
A) Lack of a notochord
B) Absence of a cranium
C) Presence of a three-part brain and a skull
D) Exclusively cartilaginous skeleton
C) Presence of a three-part brain and a skull
In vertebrates, what feature replaces the notochord either fully or partially?
A) The endostyle
B) Vertebrae, either bony or cartilaginous
C) Pharyngeal slits
D) The dorsal nerve cord
B) Vertebrae, either bony or cartilaginous
According to the fossil record, when did the earliest craniates and evidence of bone first appear?
A) Less than 100 million years ago
B) Approximately 250 million years ago
C) Around 500 million years ago
D) Over 1 billion years ago
C) Around 500 million years ago
The vertebrae in vertebrates may be made of either bone or cartilage and serve to completely or partially replace the notochord.
T/F
True
All chordates are classified as vertebrates.
T/F
False
Vertebrates are considered the most successful group within Phylum Chordata.
T/F
True
Which characteristic primarily distinguishes vertebrates (craniates) from other chordates?
A) Presence of a postanal tail
B) Development of a three-part brain and cranium
C) Bilateral symmetry
D) Complete digestive system
B) Development of a three-part brain and cranium
Which of the following is true of organisms in the clade Agnatha?
A) They are primarily freshwater species
B) They lack jaws
C) They possess bony skeletons
D) They are known for their high metabolic rate
B) They lack jaws
Which of the following features distinguishes hagfishes from most other vertebrates?
A) Presence of a bony skeleton
B) Presence of vertebrae
C) Retention of the notochord without developing vertebrae
D) Lack of sensory structures around the mouth
C) Retention of the notochord without developing vertebrae
Hagfishes use which of the following structures primarily for defense?
A) Cartilaginous bars in the head
B) Dorsal fins
C) Ventrolateral slime glands
D) Sharp teeth
C) Ventrolateral slime glands
The diet of hagfishes mainly consists of:
A) Live prey such as small fish and invertebrates
B) Dead and dying fish
C) Aquatic plants
D) Filtered plankton
B) Dead and dying fish
Hagfishes belong to the class Myxini and are primarily marine scavengers.
T/F
True
Hagfishes have vertebrae that support their head and body.
T/F
False (They lack vertebrae and retain a notochord.)
Hagfishes possess four pairs of sensory tentacles around their mouth.
T/F
True
Which of the following best describes the function of the notochord in hagfishes?
A) It acts as a flexible support structure, compensating for the lack of vertebrae
B) It aids in sensory detection
C) It functions as a main digestive organ
D) It provides protection against predators
A) It acts as a flexible support structure, compensating for the lack of vertebrae
Compared to most other fish, hagfishes are unique in that they:
A) Have jaws for eating
B) Possess a highly developed vertebral column
C) Produce copious slime as a defense mechanism
D) Filter feed on small aquatic organisms
C) Produce copious slime as a defense mechanism
The sensory tentacles around the mouth of a hagfish are primarily used for:
A) Detecting prey and environmental changes
B) Generating electric fields for defense
C) Releasing mucus
D) Oxygen absorption
A) Detecting prey and environmental changes
Which of the following environments can members of Class Petromyzontida inhabit?
A) Only freshwater
B) Only marine
C) Marine and freshwater
D) Brackish water only
C) Marine and freshwater
Which statement best describes the diet of adult lampreys in Class Petromyzontida?
A) They are filter-feeders throughout their entire life cycle
B) They are predators as adults and filter-feeders as larvae
C) They only feed on aquatic plants
D) They feed exclusively on plankton
B) They are predators as adults and filter-feeders as larvae
Which of the following statements is true about brook lampreys?
A) Adults are active predators
B) Adults do not feed
C) Adults filter-feed in streams
D) Adults primarily scavenge
B) Adults do not feed
What type of life cycle is characteristic of many lampreys in Class Petromyzontida?
A) Terrestrial to freshwater
B) Open water adult stages and stream or river larval stages
C) Direct development in freshwater
D) Marine to terrestrial
B) Open water adult stages and stream or river larval stages
True or False: Brook lampreys in Class Petromyzontida do not feed as adults.
True
True or False: Members of Class Petromyzontida are exclusively freshwater species.
Answer: False (They can be found in both marine and freshwater environments.)
True or False: Lampreys are classified as anadromous, meaning they migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed.
True
Which of the following best describes the main difference in feeding behavior between adult lampreys and their larvae?
A) Adults are predators, while larvae are filter-feeders
B) Both adults and larvae are predators
C) Adults are filter-feeders, while larvae are predators
D) Both adults and larvae do not feed
A) Adults are predators, while larvae are filter-feeders
Compared to brook lampreys, other lamprey species in Class Petromyzontida are unique because they:
A) Have life cycles limited to freshwater
B) Do not feed as adults
C) Actively feed as adults, often as predators
D) Remain in larval stages indefinitely
C) Actively feed as adults, often as predators
Anadromous fish, such as certain lampreys, migrate for which primary purpose?
A) To escape predators
B) To find more abundant food sources
C) To reproduce in a specific freshwater habitat
D) To avoid colder temperatures
C) To reproduce in a specific freshwater habitat
The defining characteristic of Clade Gnathostomata is:
A) Lack of jaws
B) Development of jaws from anterior pharyngeal arches
C) Presence of a notochord only
D) Absence of paired appendages
B) Development of jaws from anterior pharyngeal arches
Which of the following is not a class within Clade Gnathostomata?
A) Chondrichthyes
B) Actinopterygii
C) Sarcopterygii
D) Myxini
D) Myxini
Paired appendages in Gnathostomes are primarily used for:
A) Sensory detection
B) Locomotion and stability
C) Reproduction
D) Respiration
B) Locomotion and stability
Which class in Clade Gnathostomata includes bony fish with ray-finned structures?
A) Chondrichthyes
B) Actinopterygii
C) Sarcopterygii
D) Myxini
B) Actinopterygii
True or False: Gnathostomes are defined by the presence of jaws derived from pharyngeal arches.
True
True or False: All members of Clade Gnathostomata lack paired appendages.
Answer: False (Gnathostomes have paired appendages.)
True or False: Sarcopterygii includes fish with lobed fins, distinct from the ray-finned fins of Actinopterygii.
True
Compared to Agnathans (jawless fishes), Gnathostomes are unique in their:
A) Lack of a notochord
B) Development of paired appendages and jaws
C) Absence of a nervous system
D) Ability to only survive in marine environments
B) Development of paired appendages and jaws
Chondrichthyes, a class within Gnathostomata, differs from Actinopterygii in that Chondrichthyes have:
A) Cartilaginous skeletons instead of bony skeletons
B) Paired appendages only in larvae
C) Gills covered by an operculum
D) Lack of jaws
A) Cartilaginous skeletons instead of bony skeletons
Which feature distinguishes Sarcopterygii from Actinopterygii within Clade Gnathostomata?
A) Lobed fins versus ray-finned structures
B) Complete absence of paired appendages
C) Filter-feeding as a primary diet
D) Exclusively cartilaginous skeleton
A) Lobed fins versus ray-finned structures
Which of the following is a characteristic of Class Chondrichthyes?
A) Bony skeleton and smooth skin
B) Placoid scales and a cartilaginous skeleton
C) Operculum covering gills in all species
D) Lack of any type of scales
B) Placoid scales and a cartilaginous skeleton
Which subclass within Chondrichthyes includes sharks, skates, and rays?
A) Holocephali
B) Elasmobranchii
C) Actinopterygii
D) Sarcopterygii
B) Elasmobranchii
In sharks, teeth are derived from:
A) Modified pharyngeal arches
B) Bone-like structures on the jaw
C) Modified placoid scales
D) Gill arches
C) Modified placoid scales
Which feature helps sharks reduce friction as they move through the water?
A) Pharyngeal arches
B) Placoid scales projecting posteriorly
C) Cartilaginous skeleton
D) Large operculum
B) Placoid scales projecting posteriorly
The largest sharks, such as the whale shark, are unique in that they:
A) Prey on large marine mammals
B) Are filter feeders that strain plankton
C) Primarily feed on other sharks
D) Use pharyngeal slits for respiration only
B) Are filter feeders that strain plankton
True or False: All members of Class Chondrichthyes possess an operculum.
Answer: False (Only members of Subclass Holocephali, like ratfish, possess an operculum.)
In contrast to Elasmobranchii, members of Holocephali are distinguished by:
A) Presence of an operculum covering their gills
B) Having bony skeletons instead of cartilaginous ones
C) Only inhabiting freshwater environments
D) Lacking placoid scales
A) Presence of an operculum covering their gills
Which of the following characteristics is unique to Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)?
A) Fins with muscular lobes
B) Ray-finned structure in fins
C) Presence of a swim bladder
D) Fins lacking muscular lobes
A) Fins with muscular lobes
How many genera of lungfish are there, and where can they be found?
A) 2; Australia and Africa
B) 3; Australia, Africa, and South America
C) 4; North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia
D) 2; South America and Europe
B) 3; Australia, Africa, and South America
The Coelacanth, a species of lobe-finned fish, is found in which regions?
A) African and Indonesian coasts
B) Australian rivers
C) South American lakes
D) North American freshwater systems
A) African and Indonesian coasts
Rhipidistians are significant because they are:
A) Modern fish with advanced swim bladders
B) Extinct ancestors of ancient amphibians and all tetrapods
C) A group of marine mammals
D) The most abundant species in South American rivers
B) Extinct ancestors of ancient amphibians and all tetrapods
Which of the following is a defining feature of Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)?
A) Presence of muscular lobes in fins
B) Swim bladders instead of lungs
C) Lack of any gas exchange organ
D) Fins with muscular lobes
B) Swim bladders instead of lungs
Which group within Class Actinopterygii includes sturgeons and paddlefish?
A) Teleosts
B) Neopterygii
C) Chondrosteans
D) Coelacanths
C) Chondrosteans
Which group of modern ray-finned fish includes most species of bony fish alive today?
A) Chondrosteans
B) Teleosts
C) Lungfish
D) Rhipidistians
B) Teleosts
True or False: The Class Sarcopterygii includes lobe-finned fishes, which possess fins with muscular lobes and lungs for gas exchange.
True
True or False: Coelacanths, a type of lobe-finned fish, were thought to be extinct until their rediscovery near the African and Indonesian coasts.
True
True or False: Rhipidistians, which are part of Class Actinopterygii, are ancestors of all modern amphibians.
Answer: False (Rhipidistians are part of Class Sarcopterygii.)
True or False: Ray-finned fishes in Class Actinopterygii lack muscular lobes in their fins.
True
True or False: Teleosts, a subgroup within Actinopterygii, are the most diverse and advanced group of ray-finned fishes.
True
Which primary feature distinguishes lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) from ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii)?
A) Lobe-finned fish have muscular lobes in their fins, while ray-finned fish do not
B) Lobe-finned fish lack swim bladders, while ray-finned fish have them
C) Ray-finned fish have lungs for gas exchange, while lobe-finned fish have swim bladders
D) Ray-finned fish are exclusively marine, while lobe-finned fish are freshwater only
A) Lobe-finned fish have muscular lobes in their fins, while ray-finned fish do not
Compared to lungfish, coelacanths differ in that they:
A) Are found only in South American rivers
B) Lack lungs and do not use them for gas exchange
C) Have evolved from Rhipidistians
D) Are freshwater species only
B) Lack lungs and do not use them for gas exchange
Within Class Actinopterygii, Chondrosteans differ from Neopterygii because:
A) Chondrosteans include ancient species like sturgeons and paddlefish, while Neopterygii includes more modern species like gar and bowfin
B) Neopterygii species are exclusively marine, while Chondrosteans are freshwater
C) Chondrosteans have muscular fins, while Neopterygii have ray-like fins
D) Neopterygii have no swim bladders, while Chondrosteans do
A) Chondrosteans include ancient species like sturgeons and paddlefish, while Neopterygii includes more modern species like gar and bowfin
Which of the following features aids fish in achieving streamlined locomotion?
A) Spiral valve
B) Mucoid secretions
C) Gill rakers
D) Pyloric cecae
B) Mucoid secretions
Modern filter-feeding fish primarily use which structure for filtering food particles?
A) Pharyngeal lamellae
B) Spiral valve
C) Gill rakers
D) Sinus venosus
C) Gill rakers
In most fish, the heart consists of four embryological enlargements. Which of the following is not one of these enlargements?
A) Atrium
B) Sinus venosus
C) Dorsal aorta
D) Conus arteriosus
C) Dorsal aorta
Which gas exchange mechanism is common in elasmobranchs and some open-ocean bony fish?
A) Opercular pumping
B) Ram ventilation
C) Countercurrent exchange
D) Pyloric cecae
B) Ram ventilation
In lungfish, the circulatory system includes:
A) A single circuit system only
B) Pulmonary and systemic circuits
C) Only systemic circulation
D) No atrium or ventricle
B) Pulmonary and systemic circuits
Which of the following structures functions as a lung in some non-teleost fish?
A) Swim bladder
B) Pyloric cecae
C) Spiral valve
D) Pneumatic sac
D) Pneumatic sac
True or False: The countercurrent exchange mechanism in fish gills maximizes oxygen uptake by maintaining a gradient between water and blood flow.
True
True or False: In sharks, the spiral valve is a digestive specialization that aids in nutrient absorption.
True
True or False: Fish have an open circulatory system with a single circuit.
False
True or False: Swim bladders in some fish help regulate buoyancy by using a countercurrent exchange mechanism in the rete mirabile.
True
The main difference between gas exchange in most bony fish and elasmobranchs is that:
A) Elasmobranchs use ram ventilation while bony fish use opercular pumping
B) Bony fish have gills, while elasmobranchs have lungs
C) Elasmobranchs use countercurrent exchange, while bony fish do not
D) Bony fish use spiracles for gas exchange, while elasmobranchs do not
A) Elasmobranchs use ram ventilation while bony fish use opercular pumping
Compared to modern predatory fish, filter-feeding fish are unique because they:
A) Use gill rakers to trap food particles
B) Lack a digestive tract
C) Only feed on other fish
D) Have a closed circulatory system
A) Use gill rakers to trap food particles
In terms of buoyancy regulation, non-teleost fish with pneumatic sacs differ from other bony fish in that:
A) Their pneumatic sacs function as lungs instead of swim bladders
B) They use low-density compounds instead of swim bladders
C) Their fins alone regulate buoyancy
D) They rely on muscular movement instead of buoyancy structures
A) Their pneumatic sacs function as lungs instead of swim bladders
The rete mirabile is primarily associated with which of the following functions?
A) Gas exchange in gills
B) Buoyancy control in swim bladders
C) Nutrient absorption in the digestive system
D) Blood circulation in the single circuit
B) Buoyancy control in swim bladders
In non-teleost fish, pneumatic sacs connect to the digestive tract and primarily function as:
A) Kidneys for excretion
B) Lungs for gas exchange
C) Swim bladders for buoyancy
D) Sensory organs
B) Lungs for gas exchange
In modern bony fish, which structure assists with buoyancy and has evolved from primitive lungs?
A) Lateral line system
B) Swim bladder
C) Pneumatic duct
D) Rete mirabile
B) Swim bladder
The lateral line system in fish is primarily used for:
A) Buoyancy control
B) Detecting water movements
C) Excreting waste
D) Gas exchange
B) Detecting water movements
Which structure in fish kidneys is responsible for filtering nitrogenous wastes and ions?
A) Glomerulus
B) Swim bladder
C) Electroreceptors
D) Pneumatic sac
A) Glomerulus
In freshwater fish, what is a primary function of the kidney in terms of osmoregulation?
A) Sequestering urea
B) Excreting excess ions
C) Conserving water
D) Excreting excess water
D) Excreting excess water
Elasmobranchs, such as sharks, cope with osmoregulation by:
A) Storing excess ions
B) Sequestering urea in body tissues
C) Absorbing water through gills
D) Increasing ammonia excretion
B) Sequestering urea in body tissues
In which type of fish does the gills’ ion regulation adapt to both freshwater and saltwater environments?
A) Marine fishes
B) Diadromous fishes
C) Freshwater fishes
D) Elasmobranchs
B) Diadromous fishes
What percentage of nitrogenous waste is excreted as ammonia in most fish?
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 90%
D) 90%
Which reproductive strategy involves the development of young within eggs that hatch inside the mother?
A) Oviparous
B) Ovoviviparous
C) Viviparous
D) Parthenogenesis
B) Ovoviviparous
In elasmobranch males, which structure is used for copulation?
A) Claspers
B) Rectal gland
C) Lateral line
D) Operculum
A) Claspers
True or False: In some fish, swim bladders evolved from primitive lungs and no longer connect to the digestive tract.
True
True or False: The lateral line system is primarily responsible for balance and hearing in fish.
True or False: The lateral line system is primarily responsible for balance and hearing in fish.
True or False: Marine fish excrete excess ions to conserve water, while freshwater fish must excrete excess water.
True
True or False: Most fish reproduce through external fertilization, although some elasmobranchs are viviparous.
True
True or False: The primary nitrogenous waste product excreted by fish gills is urea.
Answer: False (It is primarily ammonia.)
Which structure differentiates swim bladders from lungs in fish?
A) Swim bladders are dorsal and may lose connection to the digestive tract, whereas lungs are ventral and remain connected
B) Lungs are located on the dorsal side and serve buoyancy functions
C) Both have the same functions and connections
D) Lungs are used only by marine fish
A) Swim bladders are dorsal and may lose connection to the digestive tract, whereas lungs are ventral and remain connected
Compared to elasmobranchs, freshwater fish kidneys primarily:
A) Excrete large amounts of water and reabsorb ions
B) Store urea in body tissues
C) Use rectal glands for ion excretion
D) Conserve water to avoid dehydration
A) Excrete large amounts of water and reabsorb ions
The lateral line system differs from electroreception in that:
A) Electroreception detects prey, while the lateral line system detects water movement
B) Both systems detect water movement
C) The lateral line is only present in sharks
D) Electroreception detects light, while the lateral line detects electrical signals
A) Electroreception detects prey, while the lateral line system detects water movement
Which adaptation helps marine fish conserve water compared to freshwater fish?
A) Excretion of excess water
B) Storage of urea
C) Excretion of excess ions
D) Use of swim bladders for buoyancy
C) Excretion of excess ions
In terms of reproduction, viviparous elasmobranchs differ from oviparous species in that viviparous species:
A) Lay eggs in a nest
B) Give live birth after internal development
C) Have no internal fertilization
D) Provide extensive parental care
B) Give live birth after internal development
Which evolutionary event was one of the two major events in the evolution of fish?
A) Development of filter-feeding mechanisms
B) Evolution of terrestrialism
C) Formation of the lateral line system
D) Emergence of electroreception
B) Evolution of terrestrialism
Rhipidistians, a group of osteolepiform sarcopterygians, share which of the following features with early amphibians?
A) Lateral line system
B) Jaws, teeth, vertebrae, and limbs
C) Gills and dorsal fins
D) Swim bladders
B) Jaws, teeth, vertebrae, and limbs
Which feature of Tiktaalik indicates its adaptation toward terrestrial foraging?
A) Presence of an operculum
B) Tetrapod-like forelimbs and a moveable neck
C) Fully developed dorsal and anal fins
D) Lack of scales
B) Tetrapod-like forelimbs and a moveable neck
Which of the following sarcopterygians had a dorsoventrally compressed and widened skull, along with tetrapod-like features?
A) Sauripterus
B) Eusthenopteron
C) Tiktaalik
D) Ichthyostega
C) Tiktaalik
The forelimb of the tetrapod Acanthostega and the hindlimb of Ichthyostega are significant because:
A) They represent the evolution of limbs adapted to life on land
B) They show adaptations for filter-feeding
C) They were the first limbs with fins
D) They only developed in teleost fishes
A) They represent the evolution of limbs adapted to life on land
True or False: Tiktaalik is known as a “fishapod” because it has features of both fish (like fins and scales) and tetrapods (like a moveable neck).
True
True or False: The sarcopterygian Rhipidistians are significant because they share common features with early amphibians, such as vertebrae and limbs.
True
True or False: Tiktaalik had fully developed dorsal and anal fins, indicating it was still primarily an aquatic animal.
Answer: False (Tiktaalik lacked dorsal and anal fins, indicating adaptations toward terrestrial environments.)
True or False: The forelimb of Acanthostega and the hindlimb of Ichthyostega represent early adaptations for walking on land.
True
Which characteristic of Tiktaalik most closely resembles that of early tetrapods, differentiating it from typical fish?
A) Presence of scales and gills
B) A freely moveable neck and tetrapod-like forelimbs
C) Lack of pectoral girdle
D) An operculum covering the gills
B) A freely moveable neck and tetrapod-like forelimbs
Compared to the sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik shows a more advanced adaptation toward land due to:
A) The presence of an operculum and lack of fins
B) The absence of opercular supports and possession of a moveable neck
C) Its pectoral fins being adapted exclusively for swimming
D) A completely ossified backbone
B) The absence of opercular supports and possession of a moveable neck
How do the limb structures of Acanthostega and Ichthyostega reflect their role in the transition from water to land?
A) They have fully formed digits, which are adapted for support on land
B) They lack any joint articulation
C) Their limbs only function in swimming
D) They retain primitive fins instead of actual limbs
A) They have fully formed digits, which are adapted for support on land
Amphibians are often described as living a “double life” because they:
A) Live in both saltwater and freshwater environments
B) Have both aquatic and terrestrial stages in their life cycle
C) Possess both lungs and gills throughout life
D) Alternate between herbivory and carnivory
B) Have both aquatic and terrestrial stages in their life cycle
Tetrapods include all descendants of:
A) Actinopterygii that possess fins
B) Sarcopterygians with well-formed forelimbs and hindlimbs
C) Osteichthyans that develop gills
D) Cartilaginous fishes that move onto land
B) Sarcopterygians with well-formed forelimbs and hindlimbs
What are crown tetrapods?
A) All sarcopterygians that live exclusively in water
B) The least inclusive group of tetrapods and their most recent common ancestor
C) A group of organisms that includes fish with gills and lungs
D) All vertebrates except amphibians
B) The least inclusive group of tetrapods and their most recent common ancestor
Lissamphibia includes which of the following groups?
A) Frogs, salamanders, reptiles, and mammals
B) Frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians, and their most recent common ancestor
C) Only aquatic amphibians such as frogs and toads
D) Early amphibians, reptiles, and birds
B) Frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians, and their most recent common ancestor
Why are traditional tetrapod “class” designations considered paraphyletic?
A) They include all sarcopterygians, including fish.
B) They exclude some descendants, like reptiles, birds, and mammals.
C) They group amphibians with lobe-finned fish.
D) They include species with entirely aquatic lifestyles.
B) They exclude some descendants, like reptiles, birds, and mammals.
The Stegocephalian lineage, which includes Ichthyostega, is significant because:
A) It represents the first lineage of sarcopterygians to move back into water.
B) It is part of the early amphibians that link tetrapods to lobe-finned fish.
C) It evolved lungs before forelimbs.
D) It includes only extinct marine species.
B) It is part of the early amphibians that link tetrapods to lobe-finned fish.
Which of the following accurately describes the phylogenetic relationship of Tetrapodomorpha?
A) It includes only amphibians and lobe-finned fishes.
B) It includes all lobe-finned fishes and their tetrapod descendants.
C) It is restricted to extinct species.
D) It is equivalent to the class Actinopterygii.
B) It includes all lobe-finned fishes and their tetrapod descendants.
True or False: Class Sarcopterygii is considered monophyletic because it includes all descendants of a common ancestor, including tetrapods.
True
True or False: Early amphibians such as Ichthyostega appeared approximately 400 million years ago and are closely linked to the Stegocephalian lineage.
true
Which of the following characteristics is unique to members of Order Gymnophiona?
A) External fertilization
B) Limbs for burrowing
C) Segment-like appearance due to skin folds
D) Presence of a swim bladder for buoyancy
C) Segment-like appearance due to skin folds
What is the primary diet of caecilians, members of Order Gymnophiona?
A) Aquatic plants
B) Soil invertebrates
C) Small amphibians
D) Algae
B) Soil invertebrates
Where do the larval stages of caecilians typically develop?
A) In aquatic environments
B) Within the oviducts of the female
C) Attached to vegetation
D) Buried in soil outside the body
B) Within the oviducts of the female
Which of the following best describes the method of reproduction in caecilians?
A) External fertilization in water
B) Internal fertilization with larval stages developing inside the female
C) Asexual reproduction through budding
D) External fertilization on land
B) Internal fertilization with larval stages developing inside the female
True or False: Caecilians appear segmented because of their internal bone structure.
Answer: False (The segmented appearance is due to skin folds.)
True or False: Members of Order Gymnophiona are exclusively tropical burrowers.
t
True or False: Fertilization in caecilians is internal, and larval stages occur within the oviducts of the female.
t
Which of the following characteristics is specific to Order Urodela (salamanders)?
A) Adults lack tails
B) Tail present throughout life and unspecialized legs
C) Caudal vertebrae fuse into a urostyle
D) Webbed feet adapted for swimming
B) Tail present throughout life and unspecialized legs
Salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are unique because:
A) They have aquatic larvae
B) Their larvae develop in terrestrial environments
C) They are exclusively aquatic throughout their life cycle
D) They are paedomorphic
B) Their larvae develop in terrestrial environments
What is a spermatophore in the reproduction of salamanders?
A) A cluster of fertilized eggs
B) A packet of sperm used for internal fertilization
C) An aquatic larva
D) A specialized structure for holding larvae
B) A packet of sperm used for internal fertilization
Paedomorphic salamanders, such as Necturus, retain which larval feature(s)?
A) External gills and a tail fin
B) Urostyle and webbed feet
C) Fused caudal vertebrae
D) Fully developed lungs
A) External gills and a tail fin
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Order Anura (frogs and toads)?
A) Adults retain tails throughout life
B) Hindlimbs are long, muscular, and adapted for jumping
C) Caudal vertebrae remain unfused
D) Fertilization is internal
B) Hindlimbs are long, muscular, and adapted for jumping
In frogs and toads, the urostyle refers to:
A) Fused caudal vertebrae supporting jumping and swimming
B) The muscular structure of the hindlimbs
C) A larval structure used in respiration
D) The cartilaginous skeleton found in tadpoles
A) Fused caudal vertebrae supporting jumping and swimming
What is the typical diet of frog and toad larvae (tadpoles)?
A) Carnivorous, feeding on insects and small fish
B) Herbivorous, feeding on algae and plant material
C) Omnivorous, feeding on both plant and animal matter
D) Filter-feeders in aquatic environments
B) Herbivorous, feeding on algae and plant material
In frogs and toads, fertilization is typically:
A) External, with eggs and larvae developing in water
B) Internal, with eggs retained inside the female
C) Internal, with live birth of tadpoles
D) External, with eggs and larvae developing on land
A) External, with eggs and larvae developing in water
True or False: Salamanders in Order Urodela have external fertilization.
Answer: False (They use internal fertilization with spermatophores.)
True or False: Some salamanders, like Necturus, are paedomorphic and retain larval features throughout life.
t
True or False: Frogs and toads in Order Anura lack tails as adults, and their caudal vertebrae fuse into a urostyle.
t
True or False: Tadpoles are typically herbivorous, while adult frogs are carnivorous.
t
What distinguishes Order Urodela from Order Anura?
A) Urodela adults lack tails, while Anura adults retain them.
B) Urodela adults have tails, while Anura adults lack them.
C) Urodela use external fertilization, while Anura use internal fertilization.
D) Urodela have webbed feet, while Anura have hindlimbs specialized for jumping.
B) Urodela adults have tails, while Anura adults lack them.
Which amphibian order includes species with fused caudal vertebrae for jumping?
A) Urodela
B) Anura
C) Gymnophiona
D) Caecilians
B) Anura
What is the primary function of mucous glands in amphibian skin?
A) Producing toxic secretions
B) Preventing drying and maintaining skin moisture
C) Protecting against predators
D) Facilitating locomotion
B) Preventing drying and maintaining skin moisture
Which structures in amphibians may be produced by keratin deposits?
A) Chromatophores and mucous glands
B) Warts, claws, and hardened structures
C) Scales and fins
D) Granular glands and chromatophores
B) Warts, claws, and hardened structures
What is the primary function of granular glands in amphibian skin?
A) Secreting mucus for hydration
B) Producing noxious or toxic secretions for defense
C) Assisting with respiration
D) Preventing color changes in chromatophores
B) Producing noxious or toxic secretions for defense
What is a distinguishing feature of the amphibian skull compared to fish?
A) The skull is larger and more robust than in fish.
B) The skull is flattened with fewer bony elements.
C) The jaw structure is less developed than in fish.
D) The skull lacks any adaptations for prey capture.
B) The skull is flattened with fewer bony elements.
What are zygapophyses in amphibians?
A) Structures on the pelvic girdle that support hindlimbs
B) Projections on vertebrae that strengthen the vertebral column
C) Elements of the sternum that protect internal organs
D) Jaw structures that assist with prey capture
B) Projections on vertebrae that strengthen the vertebral column
What is the primary function of the amphibian sternum?
A) Supporting hindlimbs
B) Protecting the brain
C) Supporting forelimbs and protecting internal organs
D) Allowing for movement of the jaw
C) Supporting forelimbs and protecting internal organs
True or False: Keratin deposits in amphibian skin can produce structures like claws and warts.
t
True or False: Granular glands in amphibians secrete mucus to prevent drying.
Answer: False (Granular glands produce noxious or toxic secretions.)
True or False: Chromatophores are responsible for amphibians’ ability to change color.
t
Amphibians are typically:
A) Herbivores as adults and carnivores as larvae
B) Carnivores as adults and herbivores as larvae
C) Omnivores throughout their life stages
D) Filter feeders throughout life
B) Carnivores as adults and herbivores as larvae
Which aortic arches are retained in amphibians?
A) I, II, III
B) III, IV, VI
C) I, IV, VI
D) II, V, VI
B) III, IV, VI
What is the function of the nictitating membrane in amphibians?
A) Focuses light on the retina
B) Lubricates and washes the eye
C) Protects the tympanic membrane
D) Enhances binocular vision
B) Lubricates and washes the eye
The tympanic membrane and stapes (columella) in amphibians are adapted for:
A) Detecting substrate-borne vibrations
B) Sensing air-borne vibrations
C) Filtering water for feeding
D) Chemoreception in aquatic environments
B) Sensing air-borne vibrations
Amphibians use the front appendages and pectoral girdle to detect:
A) Air-borne vibrations
B) Substrate-borne vibrations
C) Changes in temperature
D) Chemical signals in water
B) Substrate-borne vibrations
How do amphibians excrete nitrogenous waste while living in water?
A) Store urea in lymph sacs
B) Excrete ammonia directly through kidneys and urinary bladder
C) Conserve ions by reabsorbing water in lymph sacs
D) Excrete water and store ions
B) Excrete ammonia directly through kidneys and urinary bladder
On land, amphibians conserve water by:
A) Excreting ammonia directly into the environment
B) Relying on nocturnal activity, body posture, and cutaneous absorption
C) Using gills for water absorption
D) Producing cocoons to trap excess moisture
B) Relying on nocturnal activity, body posture, and cutaneous absorption
How does cutaneous gas exchange in amphibians differ from pulmonary gas exchange?
A) Cutaneous gas exchange requires a buccal pump, while pulmonary does not.
B) Pulmonary gas exchange is more efficient, but cutaneous exchange allows for oxygen absorption through highly vascularized skin.
C) Cutaneous exchange occurs only in larvae, while pulmonary is exclusive to adults.
D) Pulmonary exchange uses vascularized skin, while cutaneous relies on gills.
B) Pulmonary gas exchange is more efficient, but cutaneous exchange allows for oxygen absorption through highly vascularized skin.
Which sensory adaptation allows amphibians to detect air-borne vibrations?
A) Lateral line system
B) Tympanic membrane and stapes
C) Nictitating membrane
D) Front appendages and pectoral girdle
B) Tympanic membrane and stapes
What is the primary method of water conservation used by green tree frogs during the daytime?
A) Basking in the sun
B) Sleeping in a curled posture to minimize water loss
C) Producing excess mucus
D) Burrowing underground
B) Sleeping in a curled posture to minimize water loss
In amphibians, fertilization is usually:
A) Dioecious and internal
B) Hermaphroditic and external
C) Dioecious and external
D) Dioecious with egg-laying on land
C) Dioecious and external
What sensory cues are most commonly used in salamander courtship?
A) Tactile and auditory cues
B) Olfactory and visual cues
C) Visual and auditory cues
D) Chemical and tactile cues
B) Olfactory and visual cues
In frogs, amplexus refers to:
A) A type of vocalization for territory marking
B) The tactile and auditory courtship behavior in anurans
C) The clasping of the female by the male during external fertilization
D) Egg-laying behavior on aquatic plants
C) The clasping of the female by the male during external fertilization
What is the primary purpose of male anuran vocalization?
A) To signal danger to other frogs
B) To establish feeding territories
C) To attract females and establish breeding territories
D) To communicate with predators
C) To attract females and establish breeding territories
Which of the following frogs is known for its loud, species-specific calls?
A) American Bullfrog
B) Cajun Chorus Frog
C) Spring Peeper
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following describes a unique form of egg transport in extinct Rheobatrachus frogs?
A) Carrying eggs on their backs
B) Brooding young in their stomachs and releasing them through the mouth
C) Depositing eggs in water-filled tree holes
D) Protecting eggs in underground burrows
B) Brooding young in their stomachs and releasing them through the mouth
Parental care in amphibians may involve:
A) Aerating aquatic eggs
B) Cleaning and moistening terrestrial eggs
C) Removing dead or infected eggs
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which gland controls metamorphosis in amphibians?
A) Adrenal gland
B) Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid glands
C) Pineal gland
D) Lymphatic glands
B) Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid glands
Which of the following is a major threat to amphibian populations worldwide?
A) Clear-cutting forests
B) Chytrid fungus infections
C) Climate change
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Conservation strategies for amphibians include:
A) Collecting restrictions and population monitoring
B) Climate-change reversal and wetland conservation
C) Protecting species from chytrid fungus
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Why are Lissamphibia considered monophyletic?
A) They include all modern amphibians and their most recent common ancestor
B) They are the only lineage that transitioned from water to land
C) They lack a fully developed vertebral column
D) They are characterized by external fertilization only
A) They include all modern amphibians and their most recent common ancestor
What adaptation allowed sarcopterygians to move onto land?
A) Development of the amniotic egg
B) Skeletal and muscular changes for mobility and a moveable head for feeding on insects
C) Highly vascularized skin for cutaneous respiration
D) Evolution of the urostyle for jumping
B) Skeletal and muscular changes for mobility and a moveable head for feeding on insects
Which feature is unique to Amniota and aids in development apart from external water sources?
A) Cutaneous respiration
B) Amniotic egg with extraembryonic membranes
C) External fertilization
D) Gills in larval stages
B) Amniotic egg with extraembryonic membranes
The Amniota lineage includes:
A) Only reptiles
B) Reptiles, birds, and mammals
C) Amphibians and reptiles
D) Birds and amphibians
B) Reptiles, birds, and mammals
Which amniote lineage has a single opening (fenestra) in the temporal region of the skull?
A) Anapsida
B) Synapsida
C) Diapsida
D) Archosauria
B) Synapsida
The Diapsida lineage includes:
A) All living reptiles and numerous extinct lineages
B) Mammals and their ancestors
C) Only extinct reptiles
D) Anapsid turtles
A) All living reptiles and numerous extinct lineages
What is a primary function of keratinized epidermal scales in reptiles?
A) Gas exchange
B) Water loss prevention across the body surface
C) Aiding in movement
D) Sensory detection
B) Water loss prevention across the body surface
Respiration in reptiles occurs via:
A) Skin and gills
B) Cutaneous respiration
C) Lungs with a large surface area
D) Buccopharyngeal mechanisms
C) Lungs with a large surface area
In turtles, the dorsal portion of the shell is called the:
A) Plastron
B) Carapace
C) Scute
D) Keratinized plate
B) Carapace
Which characteristic is unique to turtles (Order Testudines)?
A) Limbs articulate internally to ribs
B) Presence of teeth in the upper jaw
C) Viviparous reproduction
D) External fertilization
A) Limbs articulate internally to ribs
What feature allows crocodilians to breathe while submerged?
A) Enlarged lungs
B) Nostrils located at the top of the snout
C) Keratinized beak-like jaws
D) Posteriorly positioned gills
B) Nostrils located at the top of the snout
Which reptile order demonstrates parental care for eggs and hatchlings?
A) Squamata
B) Sphenodontida
C) Crocodylia
D) Testudines
C) Crocodylia
What adaptation allows snakes to swallow large prey?
A) Presence of hinged maxillary bones
B) Fixed jaw structure
C) Fused vertebrae
D) Keratinized beak
A) Presence of hinged maxillary bones
What is a characteristic feature of Suborder Sauria (lizards)?
A) Kinetic skull with movable quadrate bones
B) Legless body structure
C) Viviparous reproduction only
D) Absence of external ears
A) Kinetic skull with movable quadrate bones
Reptilian hearts typically have:
A) Two atria and a completely divided ventricle
B) Two atria and an incompletely divided ventricle
C) One atrium and one ventricle
D) Two ventricles and one atrium
B) Two atria and an incompletely divided ventricle
How do turtles achieve negative pressure ventilation for breathing?
A) Movement of the ribs
B) Reduction of body cavity pressure
C) Buccopharyngeal pumping
D) Cutaneous respiration
B) Reduction of body cavity pressure
The amniotic egg allows reptiles to:
A) Develop in water
B) Lay eggs in dry environments
C) Fertilize eggs externally
D) Produce live young only
B) Lay eggs in dry environments
What structure is used by male reptiles for internal fertilization?
A) Hemipenes
B) Spermatophore
C) Cloaca
D) Intromittent duct
A) Hemipenes
What sensory organ allows snakes to detect airborne chemical cues?
A) Nictitating membrane
B) Jacobson’s (vomeronasal) organ
C) Tympanic membrane
D) Median (parietal) eye
B) Jacobson’s (vomeronasal) organ
Which sensory organ is used by pit vipers to detect temperature changes?
A) Nictitating membrane
B) Pit organs
C) Tympanic membrane
D) Jacobson’s organ
B) Pit organs
What skeletal adaptation allowed early archosaurs to transition to flight?
A) Sternum adapted for flight muscle attachment
B) Development of fused caudal vertebrae
C) Enlarged ribs for negative pressure ventilation
D) Development of keratinized epidermal scales
A) Sternum adapted for flight muscle attachment
The synapsid lineage diverged approximately:
A) 200 million years ago
B) 250 million years ago
C) 320 million years ago
D) 400 million years ago
C) 320 million years ago
True or False: The Order Testudines includes species with kinetic skulls for increased feeding flexibility.
f
True or False: Most reptiles are ectothermic and rely on behavioral temperature regulation.
t
True or False: Turtles possess Jacobson’s organ for chemical detection.
f
True or False: Lizards can exhibit oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous reproductive strategies.
t
True or False: Reptiles conserve water through excretion of uric acid and behaviors like burrowing or nocturnal activity.
t
Which lineage do birds belong to?
A) Synapsida
B) Archosauria
C) Anapsida
D) Therapsida
D) Therapsida
What is a characteristic shared between birds and reptiles?
A) Endothermy in all lineages
B) Single occipital condyle
C) Multiple ear ossicles
D) Lack of nesting behavior
B) Single occipital condyle
The theropod lineage that includes birds also includes:
A) Pterosaurs and ichthyosaurs
B) T. rex and Velociraptor
C) Crocodylia and turtles
D) Sauropods and stegosaurs
B) T. rex and Velociraptor
What feature is unique to Microraptor among the theropods?
A) Tubular feathers for insulation
B) Asymmetrical feathers for potential gliding
C) Symmetrical feathers for courtship
D) Lack of feathers altogether
B) Asymmetrical feathers for potential gliding
Which of the following was likely the primary function of the earliest feathers?
A) Aiding in flight
B) Insulation and temperature regulation
C) Enhancing respiratory efficiency
D) Scaring off predators
B) Insulation and temperature regulation
Archaeopteryx, a transitional fossil, possessed which reptilian feature?
A) Feathered wings
B) Toothed, beaklike jaws
C) Sternum for flight muscle attachment
D) Alula for maneuverable flight
B) Toothed, beaklike jaws
What was the likely function of clawed digits in Archaeopteryx?
A) Digging burrows
B) Aiding in tree climbing
C) Holding prey during flight
D) Enhancing aerial maneuverability
B) Aiding in tree climbing
What innovation in Sinornis helped improve flight efficiency compared to Archaeopteryx?
A) Clawed fingers for gripping trees
B) Forelimbs that permitted folding wings at rest
C) Lack of feathered wings
D) Long reptilian tail for balance
B) Forelimbs that permitted folding wings at rest
What is the purpose of the alula in birds like Eoalulavis?
A) Enhancing rapid ascent during flight
B) Reducing turbulence for slow, maneuverable flight
C) Improving respiratory efficiency
D) Aiding in camouflage
B) Reducing turbulence for slow, maneuverable flight
Modern birds are thought to have diverged from a few lineages that survived which extinction event?
A) Permian extinction
B) Triassic extinction
C) Cretaceous extinction
D) Devonian extinction
C) Cretaceous extinction
Approximately how many modern bird species exist today?
A) 1,000
B) 5,000
C) 10,000
D) 50,000
C) 10,000
True or False: Feathers initially evolved for flight and later served purposes like insulation and courtship.
Answer: False (Feathers initially evolved for insulation and later served flight.)
True or False: Archaeopteryx had both reptilian features like a bony tail and avian features like feathered wings.
t
True or False: The alula is a group of small feathers at the anterior portion of a bird’s wing that helps reduce turbulence during flight.
t
True or False: Most modern bird lineages survived into the Tertiary period, diversifying after the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Answer: False (Only a few lineages survived, leading to modern birds.)
Which of the following distinguishes Sinosauropteryx from Microraptor?
A) Sinosauropteryx had symmetrical feathers, while Microraptor had tubular feathers.
B) Sinosauropteryx had tubular feathers, while Microraptor had asymmetrical feathers.
C) Both had asymmetric feathers for flight.
D) Sinosauropteryx had clawed digits, while Microraptor lacked them.
B) Sinosauropteryx had tubular feathers, while Microraptor had asymmetrical feathers.
How did Sinornis differ from Eoalulavis in flight adaptations?
A) Sinornis had a long tail for balance, while Eoalulavis had an alula for slow, maneuverable flight.
B) Eoalulavis could fold its wings at rest, while Sinornis lacked this adaptation.
C) Eoalulavis had a shortened body and tail, while Sinornis relied on hovering flight.
D) Sinornis had forelimbs for folding wings, while Eoalulavis had small anterior feathers for reducing turbulence.
D) Sinornis had forelimbs for folding wings, while Eoalulavis had small anterior feathers for reducing turbulence.
Which feature differentiates modern birds from ancient bird lineages like Archaeopteryx?
A) Lack of feathers
B) Sternum for flight muscle attachment
C) Long reptilian tail
D) Clawed digits
B) Sternum for flight muscle attachment
Which event led to the adaptive radiation of mammals?
A) Mass extinction at the end of the Tertiary period
B) Extinction of many reptilian lineages 65 million years ago
C) Evolution of amniotic eggs 320 million years ago
D) Emergence of ectothermy in therapsids
B) Extinction of many reptilian lineages 65 million years ago
What is a defining feature of the Therapsid subgroup of premammalian synapsids?
A) External fertilization
B) Mammal-like teeth (diastema) and hindlimbs beneath the body
C) Lack of separation between thoracic and abdominal regions
D) Absence of hair and endothermy
B) Mammal-like teeth (diastema) and hindlimbs beneath the body
Which premammalian synapsid had a thermoregulatory sail?
A) Cynognathus
B) Dimetrodon
C) Therapsid
D) Zalophus
B) Dimetrodon
Which subclass of mammals is oviparous and possesses a cloaca?
A) Theria
B) Prototheria
C) Metatheria
D) Eutheria
B) Prototheria
Marsupials belong to which infraclass?
A) Prototheria
B) Eutheria
C) Metatheria
D) Afrotheria
C) Metatheria
Placental mammals belong to which infraclass?
A) Prototheria
B) Theria
C) Eutheria
D) Metatheria
C) Eutheria
Mammalian claws are derived from which layer of the skin?
A) Dermal layer
B) Epidermal layer
C) Hypodermal layer
D) Subcutaneous layer
B) Epidermal layer
The unguis in claws, nails, and hooves refers to:
A) The softer ventral plate
B) The hard keratinized dorsal plate
C) The dermal attachment point
D) The blood supply within the claw
B) The hard keratinized dorsal plate
Mammalian teeth are described as heterodont because they:
A) Are uniformly conical
B) Are specialized for different functions
C) Are deciduous and replaced once
D) Lack any secondary palate
B) Are specialized for different functions
What distinguishes mammalian middle ear anatomy?
A) A single ear ossicle
B) Three middle ear ossicles
C) Lack of ear ossicles
D) A single tympanic membrane
B) Three middle ear ossicles
What is the function of the cecum in herbivorous mammals?
A) Storage of nutrients
B) Production of digestive enzymes
C) Fermentation of cellulose by microorganisms
D) Absorption of proteins and fats
C) Fermentation of cellulose by microorganisms
Ruminants digest cellulose in which specialized structure?
A) Cecum
B) Stomach chambers
C) Intestines
D) Liver
B) Stomach chambers
Which fetal structure allows blood to bypass the lungs during development?
A) Foramen ovale
B) Cecum
C) Ductus arteriosus
D) Nephron
C) Ductus arteriosus
What is the primary function of brown fat in mammals?
A) Conserving water
B) Producing heat through nonshivering thermogenesis
C) Insulating against heat loss
D) Storing energy for extended fasting
B) Producing heat through nonshivering thermogenesis
Fertilization in mammals typically occurs in the:
A) Uterus
B) Cervix
C) Upper third of the oviduct
D) Vagina
C) Upper third of the oviduct
What is embryonic diapause in mammals?
A) Arrested development after fertilization until conditions are favorable
B) Fertilization of multiple ova for delayed implantation
C) A phase of rapid growth after birth
D) A reproductive strategy unique to monotremes
A) Arrested development after fertilization until conditions are favorable
Which type of mammal nourishes young with “uterine milk” during short gestation periods?
A) Prototheria
B) Marsupials
C) Eutherians
D) Placental mammals
B) Marsupials
How do mammalian kidneys conserve water?
A) Excretion of uric acid
B) Long loops of the nephron that concentrate urine
C) Elimination of dry feces only
D) Condensation of water in skin pores
B) Long loops of the nephron that concentrate urine
What is a common adaptation in desert mammals for water conservation?
A) High protein diets
B) Respiratory water condensation
C) Increased sweat gland activity
D) Diurnal activity
B) Respiratory water condensation
True or False: Mammals are the only group of vertebrates with a diaphragm that aids in respiration.
t
True or False: Monotremes are viviparous and possess mammary glands with nipples.
Answer: False (Monotremes are oviparous and lack nipples.)
True or False: The secondary palate in mammals is homologous to the archosaur secondary palate.
f
True or False: All mammals possess heterodont teeth.
t
True or False: Brown fat in mammals is used for shivering thermogenesis.
Answer: False (Brown fat produces heat through nonshivering thermogenesis.)
Members of the vertebrate class ____________ include the sharks, skates, and rays.
Osteichthyes
Cephalaspidomorphi
Placodermi
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes
The lateral line system may function in all of the following except one. Select the exception.
detecting water currents
detecting predators or prey that may be causing water movements
buoyancy regulation
detecting low-frequency sounds
buoyancy regulation
All of the following are adaptations of freshwater fish for osmoregulation except one. Select the exception.
excreting hypotonic urine
actively transporting salts out of the blood at the gills
not drinking water
drinking water
drinking water
This class of bony fishes contains the lungfishes and coelacanths.
Actinopterygii
Cephalaspidomorphi
Chondrichthyes
Sarcopterygii
Sarcopterygii
Diadromous fishes
live in murky environments and often rely on electroreception to detect objects in their environment.
possess both lungs and gills.
are open ocean fishes that force water over their gills through ram ventilation.
migrate between freshwater and marine environments.
migrate between freshwater and marine environments.
The vast majority of fishes are _____, meaning that eggs develop outside the female from stored yolk.
oviparous
ovoviviparous
viviparous
none of the above
oviparous
Blood and water move in opposite directions on either side of a gill lamellar epithelium. This movement provides very efficient gas exchange between blood and water and is called a countercurrent exchange mechanism.
True
False
True
Electroreception is the detection of electrical fields that fish or another organism in the environment generates.
True
False
True
An operculum is present on fish of the class Holocephali.
True
False
True
Which statement most accurately describes the reproductive biology of fishes?
Most species produce few eggs and exhibit high levels of parental care.
Most species produce few eggs and exhibit no parental care.
Most species produce many eggs and exhibit high levels of parental care.
Most species produce many eggs and may or may not exhibit parental care.
Most species produce many eggs and may or may not exhibit parental care.
Which of the following is not a member of the clade Gnathostomata?
Hagfishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Ostracoderms
Bony fishes
Hagfishes
Blood flows from the conus ateriosus/ventral aorta of the heart of a fish toward the:
Group of answer choices
gills
ventricle
kidneys
tail
gills
Blood flows through the heart of a fish in the following sequence: conus arteriosus, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus, ventral aorta.
True
False
False
The endostyle of a lamprey is present in both the larval and adult stage.
True
False
False
which of these is not evidence for evolution?
biogeography
fossils
molecular biology
comparative anatomy
all are evidence for evolution
all are evidence for evolution
the wings of insects and birds are examples of ______ structures
analogous
homologous
vestigial
none of the above
analogous (same function; different structure)
evolutionary theory helps to explain
the diversity of life
the relationships within animal groups
the behavior of animals
all of the above are correct
all of the above are correct
a body cavity provides many advantages except _____
organ development
cephalization
hydrostatic skeleton
more surface area for diffusion
cephalization (head formation)
which of these does NOT show the importance of biodiversity?
biophilia
ecosystem health
invasive species
natural products
invasive species
phylogeny is the study of an organism’s entire lifespan
true
false
false (ontogeny)
______ speciation may occur when subpopulations are geographically isolated
allopatric
parapatric
sympatric
both b and c
none of the above
allopatric
protostomes cannot be distinguished from deuterostomes by _____
spiral or radial cleavage
fate of the blastopore
triploblastic tissue
development of the coelom
triploblastic tissue
an order is a broader taxonomic category than a ______.
phylum
class
family
all of the above
none of the above
family
A monophyletic group includes:
A) Only the most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms
B) A common ancestor and all of its descendants
C) Several groups of organisms without a shared common ancestor
D) A common ancestor but excludes some of its descendants
B) A common ancestor and all of its descendants
A paraphyletic group differs from a monophyletic group in that it:
A) Excludes some descendants of the common ancestor
B) Includes unrelated organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor
C) Is composed of entirely unrelated species
D) Includes all descendants and the common ancestor
A) Excludes some descendants of the common ancestor
Which of the following best describes a polyphyletic group?
A) A group that contains only one lineage with a shared common ancestor
B) A group that excludes the most recent common ancestor of its members
C) A group that contains all descendants of a single common ancestor
D) A group that is identical to a monophyletic group
B) A group that excludes the most recent common ancestor of its members
A synapomorphy is:
A) A derived trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor
B) An ancestral trait shared by all members of a group
C) A trait unique to an outgroup species
D) A trait that evolved independently in unrelated groups
A) A derived trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor
Which of the following is an example of a symplesiomorphy?
A) Feathers in birds and their dinosaur ancestors
B) Vertebrae shared by all vertebrates
C) Mammary glands in mammals
D) The presence of wings in bats and birds
B) Vertebrae shared by all vertebrates
What is the primary purpose of an outgroup in phylogenetic analysis?
A) To serve as a representative of the ancestor of all taxa being studied
B) To help determine the polarity of traits (ancestral vs. derived)
C) To provide an example of a polyphyletic group
D) To ensure that all taxa in the ingroup are related
B) To help determine the polarity of traits (ancestral vs. derived)
Which of the following would likely be used as an outgroup when studying the evolutionary relationships among mammals?
A) Reptiles
B) Amphibians
C) Birds
D) Fish
A) Reptiles
plant cells show an embryological developmental stage called the blastula
true
false
false
solenopsis invicta is an invasive species of fire ants from South America
true
false
true
which is NOT a member of Entognatha?
protura
collembola
diplura
thysanura
thysanura
insect flight, in which muscles act to change the shape of the exoskeleton during both upward and downward wing beats, is called ______
synchronous
asynchronous
tympanal
regulatory
asynchronous
which of the following mouthparts of a chewing insect, like a grasshopper, is primarily a sensory, liplike structure and is the anterior-most mouthpart?
mandible
maxilla
labrum
labium
labrum
insect development in which immatures are very different from the adult in body form, behavior, and habitat is called _____ metamorphosis.
ametabolous
hemimetabolous
holometabolous
none of the above
holometabolous
mayfly development occurs through a gradual series of changes, but the immature are very different from adults. these immature are called ______
larvae
nymphs
niads
pupae
niads
a HIGH concentration of juvenile hormone is needed for the molting of an immature to an adult.
true
false
false; low
the dipterans have a single pair of wings with the metathoracic wings modified into ______
hamuli
elytra
halteres
scales
halteres
ticks and mites are members of the order:
opiliones
acarina
araneae
scorpionida
acarina
which subphyla of arthropods does NOT contain any living animals?
myriapoda
chelicerata
trilobitomorpha
hexapoda
trilobitomorpha
a layer of cells that secretes the arthropod exoskeleton is called:
epicuticle
procuticle
hypodermis
basement membrane
procuticle
the sensory, feeding, and locomotor tagmata of members of the subphylum chelicerata is the:
throax
prosoma or cephalothorax
opisthoma
abdomen
prosoma or cephalothorax
excretory structures found in many arachnids consist of thin-walled sacs that open to the body surface at pores near the base of the posterior appendages. these excretory structures are called:
trachae
coxal glands
spinneretes
green glands
coxal glands
the prosoma of a horseshoe crab is covered by a hard ____
chelicerae
pedipalp
carapace
opisthoma
caraspace
royal jelly is fed to larvae that develop into drones.
true
false
false; queens
all of the following are unique to the molluscs except one. select the exception.
mantle
shell
visceral mass
head foot
shell
______ is a developmental process that occurs in gastropods and results in a 180 degree counterclockwise twisting of the visceral mass and mantle cavity.
gastrulation
epilboly
involution
torsion
torsion
a _____ is rotated by cilia and extends into the stomach of bivalves. it produces a mucoid mass containing trapped food particles.
protostyle
umbo
crystalline style
gastric shield
crystalline style
which type of cephalopod possesses an external shell?
cuttlefish
nautilus
squid
octopus
nautilus
which of the following is generally accepted as the prevailing explanation behind the evolution of intelligence in cephalopods?
their complex social structure
the fact that they typically live long lives
living as active predators as well as actively avoiding predators
the pressures exerted by living in both marine and freshwater environments
living as active predators as well as actively avoiding predators
aquatic molluscs excrete ______, whereas terrestrial molluscs excrete _____.
uric acid; ammonia
ammonia; uric acid
ammonia; oxygen
oxygen; ammonia
ammonia; uric acid
members of the classes cephalopoda and gastropoda are the only molluscs that possess closed circulatory systems.
true
false
false; only cephalopoda
an ocean dwelling worm in the errantia group (nerius) would have a clitellum.
true
false
false; errantia is outside of clitella
nuchal organs are chemoreceptors found in the head of a polychaete worm.
true
false
true
the main propulsive structure(s) in the circulatory system of an earthworm is (are)
capillaries
dorsal and ventral aorta
seminal vesicles
the typhiosole
dorsal and ventral aorta
the specialization of body regions in a segmented animal is called:
tagmatization
metamerism
cephalization
eutely
tagmatization
a distinctive feature of members of the subclass hirudinea is:
parapodia
anterior and posterior suckers
tentacles
palps
anterior and posterior suckers
pearl formation may occur in bivalves when an irritant becomes lodged between the shell and the mantle. the mantle secretes nacre around the irritant, gradually forming a pearl.
true
false
true
sponges from the class homoscleromorpha have:
a true basement membrane
adherens cell junctions
a pinacoderm which is a true tissue layer
all of the above
all of the above
all of the following are characteristic of members of the phylum porifera except one. select the exception:
asymmetrical
three main cell types
central cavity, or a series of branching chambers, through which water circulates during filter feeding
diploblastic tissue organization
diploblastic tissue organization
all of the following are characteristic of members of the phylum cnidaria except one. select the exception:
radial or modified biradial symmetry
gelatinous mesoglea located between epidermal and gastrodermal tissue layers
triploblastic tissue
cnidocytes used in defense, feeding, and attachment
diploblastic tissue organization
the largest and most prominent stage in the life cycle of most members of the class Scyphozoa is the
medusa
planula
polyp
ephyrya
medusa
the hydranth (gastrozoid) is the reproductive polyp in the obelia life cycle. ‘
true
false
false
some anthozoans live in mutalistic relationships with protists called zooxanthellae and are largely responsible for the formation of coral reefs.
true
false
true
cnidocytes produce nematocysts that are discharged on stimulation of a cnidocil. cnidocytes are produced only in members of the phylum cnidaria
true
false
true
in most porifera, the zygote develops into planktonic larvae.
true
false
false
cells are never present in the mesoglea of cnidarians
true
false
false
in an ascon sponge, choanocytes ____
line radial canals that branch off the spongocoel
line the spongocoel directly
are found in flagellated chambers
line incurrent canals
line the spongocoel directly
which of the following cell types is involved with creating water currents during filter feeding of a sponge?
pinacocytes
choanocytes
poroctyes
archaeocytes
choanocytes
the leucon body form is seen in the Class ______
demospongiae
calcarea
hexactinellida
all of the above
none of the above
all of the above
gemmules are resistant capsules filled with pinacocyte cells
true
false
false; not pinacocyte cells
the soft corals have _____ pinnate tentacles
6
2
8
4
8
A development stage seen only in animals is
the __________________.
a.) zygote
b.) blastula
c.) embryo
d.) none of the above
b.) blastula
Structures that have no apparent function in
modern animals but that clearly evolved
from functioning structures in ancestors are
called:
a.) derivative structures
b.) homologous structures
c.) convergent structures
d.) vestigial structures
d.) vestigial structures
______________ is an example of reproductive
isolation.
a.) behavioral attributes
b.) reproductive physiology
c.) hybrid nonviability
d.) all of the above
d.) all of the above
Protosomes cannot be distinguished from
deuterostomes by ______________.
a.) spiral or radial cleavage
b.) fate of the blastopore
c.) triploblastic tissue
d.) development of the coelom
c.) triploblastic tissue
A group of animals that shares a particular set of
characteristics forms an assemblage called
a/an:
a.) intron
b.) photon
c.) exon
d.) taxon
d.) taxon
_____________ speciation may occur when
subpopulations are geographically isolated.
a.) Allopatric
b.) Parapatric
c.) Sympatric
d.) both b and c
e.) none of the above
a.) Allopatric
The wings of insects and birds are examples of
_______________ structures.
a.) Analagous
b.) Homologous
c.) Vestigial
d.) none of the above
a.) Analagous
The development of a coelom in an animal is always
associated with
a.) bilateral symmetry
b.) asymmetry
c.) diploblastic organization
d.) triploblastic organization
d.) triploblastic organization
A paraphyletic group includes some, but not all,
members of a lineage
a.) True
b.) False
a.) True
In the life cycle of Plasmodium, sporozoites are
formed in the________________.
a.) mosquito gut
b.) red blood cells
c.) liver
d.) spleen
a.) mosquito gut
Which of the following is a type of
pseudopodium found in the amoebae?
a.) lobopodia
b.) filopodia
c.) reticulopodia
d.) axopodia
e.) all of the above
e.) all of the above
All of the following are characteristic of members
of the phylum Porifera except one. Select the
exception.
a.) asymmetrical
b.) three cell types
c.) central cavity, or a series of branching chambers,
through which water circulates during filter
feeding.
d.) triploblastic tissue organization
d.) triploblastic tissue organization
The first multicellular animals may have arisen
as dividing cells remained together. This idea is
known as the ______ hypothesis.
a.) colonial
b.) syncytial
c.) membrane
d.) Precambrian
a.) colonial
Which of the following cell types is involved with
secreting skeletal elements of a sponge?
a.) pinacocytes
b.) choanocytes
c.) porocytes
d.) ameboid/mesenchymal cells
d.) ameboid/mesenchymal cells
The largest and most prominent stage in the life cycle
of most members of the class Scyphozoa is the:
a.) medusa
b.) planula
c.) polyp
d.) ephyra
a.) medusa
Cnidocytes produce nematocysts that are
discharged on stimulation of a cnidocil.
Cnidocytes are produced only in members of the
phylum Cnidaria.
a.) True
b.) False
a.) True
Which of the following classes is typically not
parasitic?
a.) Turbellaria
b.) Monogenea
c.) Trematoda
d.) Cestoidea
a.) Turbellaria
Parthonogenesis is the laying of _______________
eggs.
a.) fertilized
b.) unfertilized
c.) masses of
d.) strings of
e.) none of the above
b.) unfertilized
Acoelomates lack a body cavity because the
__________ cells completely fill the area
between the outer epidermis and digestive
tract.
a.) parenchymal
b.) muscular
c.) nervous
d.) ectodermal
a.) parenchymal
A ______ is a mucoid mass that extends to the
stomach of gastropods. It contains trapped
food particles and is rotated by cilia.
a.) protostyle
b.) umbo
c.) crystalline style
d.) gastric shield
a.) protostyle
Members of the class Cephalopoda are the
only molluscs that possess closed circulatory
systems.
a.) True
b.) False
a.) True
Molluscs can be characterized by:
a.) trochophore larvae, and they are deuterostomes
b.) planala larvae, and they are ecdysozoans
c.) trochophore larvae and they are lophotrochozoans
d.) planula larvae, and they are deuterostome
c.) trochophore larvae and they are lophotrochozoans
The specialization of body regions in a segmented
animal is called:
a.) tagmatization
b.) metamerism
c.) cephalization
d.) eutely
a.) tagmatization
A clitellum is present in the members of the
subclass(es):
a.) Hirudinea
b.) Polychaeta
c.) Oligochaeta
d.) Hirudinea and Oligochaeta
d.) Hirudinea and Oligochaeta
The formation of reproductive individual that differs
from a non-reproductive individual is:
a.) protandry
b.) transverse budding
c.) epitoky
d.) none of the above
c.) epitoky
Which of the following phyla are not
pseudocoelomate?
a.) Acanthocephala
b.) Rotifera
c.) Polychaeta
d.) Nematoda
c.) Polychaeta
Mictic eggs are diploid.
a.) True
b.) False
b.) False
The ____________ cells are specialized excretory
cells found in nematodes.
a.) renette
b.) amphids
c.) phasmids
d.) bursa
a.) renette
Members of the phylum Nematomorpha are
commonly called the __________ worms.
a.) horsehair
b.) Gordian
c.) round
d.) both a and b are correct
d.) both a and b are correct
A layer of cells that secretes the arthropod
exoskeleton is called the:
a.) epicuticle
b.) procuticle
c.) hypodermis
d.) basement membrane
c.) hypodermis
Excretory structures found in many arachnids consist
of thin-walled sacs that open to the body surface at
pores near the base of posterior appendages. These
excretory structures are called:
a.) tracheae
b.) coxal glands
c.) spinneretes
d.) green glands
b.) coxal glands
Ticks and mites are members of the order:
a.) Opiliones
b.) Acarina
c.) Araneae
d.) Scorpionida
b.) Acarina
The basal (proximal to the body) appendage in
crayfish is the ______________.
a.) endopodite
b.) exopodite
c.) protopodite
d.) endites
c.) protopodite
Molting is initiated by the release of ecdysone
from the ___________________.
a.) X organs
b.) Y organs
c.) Androgenic organs
d.) Neurosecretory tissue
b.) Y organs
Book lungs or book gills are present in
members of the subphylum Crustacea.
a.) True
b.) False
b.) False
Members of this class feed on decaying plant
matter, possess repugnatorial glands, and possess
two pairs of appendages per apparent segment.
a.) Hexapoda
b.) Chilopoda
c.) Diplopoda
d.) Crustacea
c.) Diplopoda
Gas exchange in insects involves respiratory
pigments dissolved in the hemolymph.
a.) True
b.) False
b.) False
Insect flight, in which muscles act to change the
shape of the exoskeleton during both upward and
downward wing beats, is called ______ flight.
a.) synchronous
b.) asynchronous
c.) tympanal
d.) regulatory
b.) asynchronous
Sea cucumbers belong to the class:
a.) Concentricycloidea
b.) Asteroidea
c.) Holothuroidea
d.) Crinoidea
c.) Holothuroidea
Which is a recently discovered phylum with only
a single species?
a.) Diptera
b.) Cycliophora
c.) Coleoptera
d.) none of the above
b.) Cycliophora
An example of a phytoflagellated member of the
Excavata is __________________.
a.) Euglena
b.) Trichomonas
c.) Giardia
d.) none of the above
a.) Euglena
A parasitic nematode would have a ___________
excretory system.
a.) glandular
b.) tubular
c.) amphid
d.) phasmid
a.) glandular
The scientific name of the human pinworm is:
a.) Ascaris lumbricoides
b.) Enterobius vermicularis
c.) Trichinella spiralis
d.) Wuchereria bancrofti
b.) Enterobius vermicularis
The queen secretes _____________ which
motivates the workers to perform tasks in fire
ants.
a.) dopamine
b.) ecdysone
c.) octopamine
d.) royal jelly
c.) octopamine
