Topics 5-8 Flashcards by Amber Barnhart

what phylum is defined by:
-one single species
-two germ layers
-may have tissue

phylum placozoa

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what phylum is defined by:
- Multicellular
– Incipient tissues
– Aggregation of cells
differentiated for various
functions
– Sessile although embryo are
free-swimming
– Filter feeder, draws water
through tiny pores
-no true tissue

phylum porifera

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what does sessile mean?

not moving

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what is the basis of sponge classification?

composition (calcium vs silica) and shape

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outer layer of cells of sponges are called? they are also not tissue, but have specialized cells.

pinacoderm

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flagellated collar cells that keep the current flowing via beating of flagella

choanocytes

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what functions do pinacocytes and archeocytes preform?

facilitate feeding

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small particles are taken into choanocytes by ______ and protein molecules may be taken in by _____ in sponges

phagocytosis; pinocytosis

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what are the three types of sponge bodies from most simple to most complex?

asconoids, synconiods, and leuconoids

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this body part pulls water through the pores and extracts food particles in sponges?

choanocytes

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what is an osculum?

an opening in a sponge that releases water

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this sponge body types is folded outwards with radial canals, water enters through tiny openings called prosopyles, and contains internal pores called apopyles; spongocoel instead of choanocytes

syconoids

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this sponge body uses choanoctyes and has clusters of flagellated chambers which are filled from incurrent canals and discharge to excurrent canals

leuconoids

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the connective “tissue” of sponges found in fibrils, skeletal elements, and amoeboid cells

mesohyl or mesenchyme

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amoeboid cells that move about in the mesohyl with many functions

archaeocytes

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sclerocytes secrete

spiculess

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spongocytes secrete

spongin

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collencytes secrete

fabrilliar collagen

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lophocytes secrete

large amounts of collagen

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thin, flat, epithelial-like cells that cover the exterior and interior surfaces of sponges almost like real tissues

pinacocytes

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Complete reorganization of the
structure and function of
participating cells or bits of
tissue occurs in

somatic embryogenesis

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what are two means of asexual reproduction in sponges?

fragmentation and bud formation

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what is a gemmule?

an external bud formation that can survive harsh environmental conditions; live cells within them escape through micropyles and develop into new sponges

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monoecious means

both male and female sex cells in one body

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zygote is retained within parent and provided with nourishment until it is released as ciliated larva; most sponges are this

viviparous

sponges release both sperm and oocytes into water for external fertilization

oviparous

The free-swimming larva of most sponges is a solid-bodied ____

parenchymula

The outwardly directed flagellated cells of the parenchymula become

choanocytes

in sponge sexual reproduction, ____- become choanozytes, archaeocytes, and collencytes while ____ give rise to pinacoderm and sclerocytes

micromeres; macromeres

which class of porifera is defined by: Calcareous sponges with spicules of calcium carbonate – Spicules are straight (monaxons) or have three or four rays – Most are small with tubular or vase shapes – Many are drab in color, but some are bright yellow, green, red, or lavender – Leucosolenia (Scypha) and Sycon (Grantia) are marine shallow- water – Asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid body forms

class calcarea

which class of porifera is defined by: Glass sponges with six-rayed spicules of silica bound together to form network – Deep-sea; vase or funnel shaped bodies attached by stalks of root spicules onto the substrate (radial symmetry in some) – Have syncytial cell structure

class hexactinellida

bilayered, sheet-like and tubular with collagenous mesohyl cells

Trabecular reticulum

unusual cells that make flagellated outgrowths called collar bodies whose flagella beat to move

choanoblasts

which class of porifera is defined by: Contains 95% of living sponge species include most large sponges – Spicules are siliceous but not six rayed and may be absent or bound together by spongin – Leuconoid body form for all species – All marine except for Spongillidae, the freshwater sponges – Marine demosponges are highly varied in color and shape, with some growing to several meters in diameter.

class demospongiae

which class of porifera is defined by: -Mostly marine with a variety of colors but live in cryptic habitats – Generally found near shore but have deep water forms – true basement membrane (extracellular matrix; ECM) under pinacoderm – Also have adherens cell junctions that form true tissues unlike other sponges – Divided into two clades based on absence or presence of spicules

class homoschleromorpha

what trait of sponges is homologous to other animals?

proteins for cell adhesion and cell-signaling

what traits do sponges have in common with other animals?

Proteins for cell adhesion and cell-signaling are homologous to other animals – Some sponges have basement membrane with collagen and adherens junctions with cadherin molecules that connect epithelial cells – Sponge have blastula and some form gastrula stages like many animals

what is the single species of phylum placozoa?

Trichoplax adhaerens

what are some traits of the Trichoplax adhaerens?

* Tiny (2-3 mm) marine form that is plate-like and has no symmetry * No major organs, no muscular or nervous system * Lacks basal lamina and ECM but has genes for it * Body has dorsal epithelium to cover cells and have thick ventral epithelium of monociliated cells and nonciliated gland cells * Contain multinucleated fibrous “cells” within a contractile syncytium * Placozoans glides over food, secretes digestive enzymes, and absorb nutrients * Divide asexually and produce “swarmer” stages by budding. * No sexual stages have been seen but have isolated eggs in the laboratory * Considered diploblastic

cnidocytes that contain a specialized stinging organelle

nematocyst

are cnidarians typically sessile (free-floating)

yes

cnidaria adapted to a sedentary or sessile lifestyle

polyp or hydroid form

cnidaria adapted to free-living and floating existence

medusa or jellyfish form

in polyp form, the mouth leads into a blind ____

gastrovascular cavity

in polyp form, the aboral end is attached to substrate by ____

pedal disc

how does polyp form reproduce?

asexually via budding, fission, or pedal laceration

what are the two types of polyps?

colonial forms and in class hydrozoa (or hydranths)

these reproductive polyps do not have tentacles and typically become medusae

gonangia

in medusas, they have sensory organs (3). what are they?

statocysts (orientation in water) ocelli (light sensors) nerve ring (sensory information to motor response)

cnidarians start with zygotes developing into _____, which settles on hard substrate and metamorphoses into a polyp

planula

how do medusas and polyps reproduce differently?

medusas - sexually polyps - asexually

how is a cnidarian's body structured? (in terms of body wall)

inner gastrodermis middle mesoglea outer epidermis

in Hydra sp., the _____ contains epitheliomuscular, interstitial, gland, sensory, cnidocytes, and nerve cells

epidermis

what makes cnidarians effective predators? what does the body part do?

cnidocytes produce over 20 types of cnidae that can be discharged, reabsorbed, and replaced

what is the primary example of a cnidae?

nematocysts, which can inject toxin for prey capture or defense

what is an operculum?

covers the end of a nematocyst (cnidae)

how do polyps tend to feed and digest?

since they are carnivorous, they catch prey with tentacles and pass them to the gastrovascular cavity

what are gland cells?

cells that discharge enzymes to begin extracellular digestion; used by polyps

extended mouth edge

manubirum

Unlike higher animals, Cnidarian nerve nets have neurotransmitters on ____ ____

both sides

what are the five classes of cnidaria?

anthozoa, staurozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, and hydrozoa

these are the derived traits of what class? -velum in medusae -medusae produced by lateral budding and endocodon

hydrozoa

these are the derived traits of what class? -complex eyes -velarium -boxlike medusa body

cubozoa

these are the derived traits of what class? -strobilation

scyphozoa

these are the derived traits of what class? -creeping planula without cilia

staurozoa

these are the derived traits of what class? -gut with septal filaments -siphonoglyph -anthozoan pharynx -hexaradial and octaradial symmetry

anthozoa

what are the ancestral traits of the classes within phylum cnidaria?

-mouth surrounded by solid tentacles -planula larva -cnidocytes -radial, polypoid body form

feeding polyps which are tubular, bottle-shaped, or vase-like and form a circle of tentacles surrounding mouth

hydranths

difference between thecate and athecate hydranth?

protective cup, naked polyp

what is a gonangium?

reproductive polyp

what does a velum do?

partly closes the bell and aids in swimming

what are the four types of polyps of the Man o War?

feeding, reproduction, defense, and buoyancy

what is the difference between monoecious and dioecious species?

monoecious means asexual production (produces both female and male) dioecious means that two organisms create both

what does protandrous mean?

producing sperm first and eggs later

A grouping used by scientists to refer to all multicellular animals is porifera. opisthokont. protozoan. metazoan

metazoan

Select all of the following that describe choanocytes. They are flagellated collar cells They maintain a current of water through the canals of the sponge They can trap and phagocytize food particles They form the pinacoderm They secrete spicules and the collagen that forms spongi

They are flagellated collar cells They maintain a current of water through the canals of the sponge They can trap and phagocytize food particles

In sponges, the pinacoderm is a layer of cells containing incurrent pores. is an opening that acts as an incurrent siphon. is the opening at the tip of the sponge where sperm and egg cells are released during reproduction. is a large cavity lined with choanocytes

is a layer of cells containing incurrent pores.

Incoming water enters a sponge through oscula. ascon. spongocytes. dermal pores.

dermal pores.

In a syconoid sponge, small lateral openings called Blank______ let water into the radial canals from the incurrent canals. ostia oscula prosopyles stolons

prosopyles

______ are tubular cells that form pores, while Blank______ are ameboid cells in the mesohyl with various functions. Porocytes; archaeocytes Pinacocytes; porocytes Archaeocytes; choanocytes Choanocytes; pinacocytes

Porocytes; archaeocytes

Sponge cells that can phagocytize food particles and differentiate into other cell types like spongocytes are called ____

archaeocytes

Select all of the following that describe archaeocytes. They differentiate into more specialized cells. They are phagocytes. They form the external covering. They are ameboid cells.

They differentiate into more specialized cells. They are phagocytes. They are ameboid cells.

is the development of entocodon layer in the hydrozoan medusae stage representative of triploblasty?

this is heavily debated. the origins of the entocodon seem to be ectodermal instead of mesodermal, so it is unclear whether or not they are triploblaslts

what are the five phylum that are the first animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry and a body organization more complex than cnidarians?

Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gastrotricha, and Ciliophora

Rotifers and acanthocephalans are lophotrochozoans but are ______

pseudocoelomate

acoelomorphs (phylum) have

no gut and a radial arrangement of nerves

which phylum has an external body covering called a neodermis with cellular ciliated epidermis?

platyhelminthes

– Have flame cells which are cupshaped structures that have flagella extending from the surface – Beating flagella drive fluids down collecting ducts and through delicate interlaced projections – Wall of the duct bears folds or microvilli to resorb ions and molecules – Majority of metabolic wastes removed by diffusion across the wall – The collecting ducts join and empty at nephridiopores to regulate water

flatworms

which class? Mostly free-living and range from 5 mm to 50 cm long * Lives under objects in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats * combine creeping with ciliary movements while very small planaria swim by cilia * Others move by gliding over a slime track secreted by marginal adhesive glands and using rhythmical muscular waves that pass backwards from the head

turbellaria

what are those from class trematoda also called?

flukes

explain the life cycle of the common liver fluke

Miracidium - Free living * Sporocyst - Snail * Redia - Snail * Cercaria - Free living * Metacercaria - Plant / Animal

which phylum? Microscopic, aquatic animals (inhabiting sediments of marine and freshwater environments) with a head, neck, and trunk * Numerous adhesive glands are present * Marine species are generally hermaphroditic * Parthenogenesis (laying unfertilized eggs) is common in freshwater species * Protonephridia possess a single flagellum instead of cilia found in flame cells

gastrotricha

(laying unfertilized eggs

Parthenogenesis

possess a single flagellum instead of cilia found in flame cells

Protonephridia

what are the 9 most known phylum of animals? remember (pcpnaamec)

porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthe, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata

have ducts that empty into excretory bladder that leads to the outside via a terminal pore

trematodes

have two main excretory canals on each side that are continuous along the length of the worm and join on the last segment and opens to the terminal pore

Cestodes

explain the nervous system of flatworms

Most primitive flatworm nervous system called subepidermal nerve plexus resembles the nerve net of cnidarians * Also have one to five pairs of longitudinal nerve cords under the muscle layer * Freshwater planarians have one ventral pair of nerve cords forming a ladder-type pattern and the brain is a bilobed ganglion anterior to the ventral nerve cords

beef tapeworm life cycle

Onchosphere * Found in egg * Digestive enzymes release it *Cysticerus * Bladder worm * Form fluid filled bladder * Encyst in muscle Taenia solium * Pork Tapeworm * Cysticercosis

Microscopic, aquatic animals (inhabiting sediments of marine and freshwater environments) with a head, neck, and trunk * Numerous adhesive glands are present * Marine species are generally hermaphroditic * Parthenogenesis (laying unfertilized eggs) is common in freshwater species * Protonephridia possess a single flagellum instead of cilia found in flame cells which phylum?

Phylum Gastrotricha

possess a single flagellum instead of cilia found in flame cells

Protonephridia

(laying unfertilized eggs) is common in freshwater species

Parthenogenesis

which 6 phylum are lophotrochozoan?

platyhelminthes, gastrotricha, gnathifera, micrognathozoa, rotifera, acanthocephala

which phylum is not lophotrochozoan?

mesozoa

(jawed worms) – Found mostly in interstitial spaces of very fine sand, sediment and silt from the coasts to the deep sea. – Can endure very low oxygen and live in association ciliates, tardigrades and worms – Feed by scraping bacteria and fungi from the substrate with paired jaws on the pharynx – Acoelomate with no circulatory system but use diffusion for excretion and gas exchange – Protandric or simultaneous hermaphrodite that can cross fertilize internally forming single zygote

Phylum Gnathostomulida

Mostly small animals living interstitially with a two-part head, thorax and abdomen leading to short tail – Has dorsal plates but no ventral ones and use cilia to move with a ventral adhesive pad that produce glue – Have three pairs of complex jaws with mouth leading to simple gut and anus – Has protonephridia but reproductive system is not well understood

Phylum Micrognathozoa

Tripoblastic, bilateral, unsegmented, pseudocoelomates – Complete digestive system, regionally specialized – Anterior end often has a ciliated organ called a corona – Posterior end with toes and adhesive glands – Well-developed cuticle – Protonephridia with flame cells – Males generally reduced in numbers or absent; parthenogenesis common

Phylum Rotifera

explain the Rotifera Life Cycle

Amitic eggs diploid; mitosis * Mitic eggs haploid; meiosis changes depending on environmental stimuli (fall rain, winter)

s are endoparasites in the intestinal tract of vertebrates * The body of an adult is elongate and composed of a short anterior proboscis, a neck region, and a trunk * The retractable proboscis provides the means of attachment in the host’s intestine * Tegument – absorb food * Dioecious * have unique embryo selective apparatus system

Phylum Acanthocephala

Sperm is ejected into female genital duct and into the pseudocoel – Embryos are sorted and separated according to size and condition – Shelled embryos are released in the feces of host and await entry to intermediate host

selective apparatus system

a (middle animals) – Considered a “missing link” between protozoa and metazoa – Usually minute, ciliated, and wormlike animals that live as parasites or symbionts in marine invertebrates – Arranged in two layers of 20-30 cells not related to animal germ layers of metazoans * Live in kidneys of benthic cephalopods * Adults called vermiforms and are long and slender * Asexual reproduction consists of a multinucleated mass called a plasmodium that give rise to males and females

Phylum Mesozoa

what are lophophores? (function)

s have a crown of ciliated tentacles that are used in food capture and respiration – Cavity inside the lophophore is part of the coelom and filled with coelomic fluid – Thin ciliated walls act as respiratory surface for gas exchange – Lophophores normally extended but can be withdrawn for protection

which phylum use lophophores?

ectoprocta, brachiozoa, phoronida

Members of this phylum live on the mouthparts of the claw lobster – 0.35 mm long (0.10 mm wide) * Dwarf males emerge and seek out another female symbiont – During lobster molt * Free swimming individuals seek another host

Phylum Cycliophora

Similar to Platyhelminthes, but can be much larger – Have fluid filled sac, primitive coelom * Prey on invertebrates, which they capture with a unique probosis held in a sheath called a rhynchocoel * They have a complete digestive tract (mouth and anus) * Blood-vascular system – Primitive circulatory system – Two lateral blood vessels * Dioecious * Fertilization results in a helmet shaped, ciliated pilidium larva

Phylum Nemertea

In a typical cnidarian life cycle, a newly formed zygote develops into a motile _____ larva, which then settles onto a hard surface to develop into a _____.

planula, polyp

Tiny organelles contained within cnidocytes are called

cnidae

The tentacle cavity communicates with the gastrovascular cavity; extracellular digestion occurs in the gastrovascular cavity and intracellular digestion occurs in the gastrodermis

Hydra

Digestion begins in the mouth, which faces upward into the water column; a digestive broth is passed to the gastrovascular cavity, where intracellular digestion occurs in the cells lining it

colonial hydrozoan polyps

Digestion begins in the mouth, which faces downward at the end of a manubrium; a digestive broth is passed to the gastrovascular cavity, where intracellular digestion occurs in the cells lining it

hydromedusae

The diffuse nervous system of cnidarians can best be described as a

nerve net

What type of cnidarian structure can be described as a tiny capsule composed of a material similar to chitin containing a coiled filament that may bear tiny barbs?

nematocyst

which class? The polyp stage is usually asexual. Most are colonial in form. Some lack a medusa stage in the life cycle.

hydrozoa

The difference between thecate and athecate hydroid polyp forms is the presence of a

protective cup formed by an extension of the perisarc.

What is a hypostome?

A conical protuberance upon which the mouth is situated, found in hydras

In hydroid colonies, polyps may be ______ indicating that the perisarc creates a protective cup around the polyp and functions in protection, or _____ when there is no such protective cup.

thecate, athecate

Members of what cnidarian class have the following characteristics: a medusa stage ranging from 2 cm to 2 m in diameter, a bell that lacks a velum and can vary from a shallow saucer shape to a deep helmet or goblet shape, and sense organs called rhopalia?

Scyphozoa

which class? An adhesive disc that attaches to objects on the ocean floor A polyp that resembles a medusa, with eight arms surrounding the mouth A solitary stalked polyp body form

staurozoa

which class? Each rhopalium contains six eyes. The base of a tentacle is differentiated into a flattened, tough blade called a pedalium. The edge of the subumbrella turns inward to form a velarium.

cubozoa

which class? The gastrovascular cavity is partitioned by septa. They can be solitary or colonial. Many forms produce a skeleton for support.

anthozoa

What organism is best described as a relatively large polyp with a crown of tentacles arranged in one or more circles around the mouth of a flat oral disc? sea fan Portuguese man-o-war sea anemone cubozoan

sea anemone

Biradial marine animals that typically use eight rows of cilia for locomotion are members of what taxonomic group? (phylum)

Ctenophora

In Cnidaria, Blank______ have expanded locomotor and sensory capabilities.

medusae

Protective cells that can swell and form a protective sheath around a turbellarian are called

rhabdites

What phylum is distinguished by a cylindrical, invaginable proboscis?

Acanthocephala

Relatively small planktonic marine predators that have torpedo-shaped bodies and mouths bearing sickle-shaped bristles on each side make up what phylum?

Chaetognatha

Acanthocephalans are dioecious. T/F

True

which phylum? Parasites Symbionts Two-layered body Ciliated worm-like exterior

mesozoans

which phylum? Cilia around mouth U-shaped gut with anus

cycliophora

which phylum? Ciliary feeders Solitary or colonial sessile organisms most less than 0.5mm in size encrust firm surfaces colony builders (zooid)

entoprocta

The crown of tentacles in the Urnatella and Loxosomella is called the

calyx

Small, worm-like marine organisms that secrete a leathery or chitinous tube in which they live They live in a leathery or chitinous tube. They are marine organisms. Their lophophore creates water current. They are worm-like animals. Phylum?

phoronida

which phylum? They are bottom dwelling species. They prefer shallow water marine habitats. They have a fleshy stalk called a pedicel. It contains the living form called Lingula. It was most prominent and diverse in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic.

brachiopods

It contains the living form called Lingula. It was most prominent and diverse in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. It contains the ribbon worms. Nearly all are marine. Extracellular in a complete digestive tract. which phylum?

nemertea

The ciliated epidermis and flame cells in nemerteans show that they were once taxonomically aligned with the Phylum

Platyhelminthes