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Principles of Zoology > Topics 5-8 > Flashcards

Topics 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

what phylum is defined by:
-one single species
-two germ layers
-may have tissue

A

phylum placozoa

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2
Q

what phylum is defined by:
- Multicellular
– Incipient tissues
– Aggregation of cells
differentiated for various
functions
– Sessile although embryo are
free-swimming
– Filter feeder, draws water
through tiny pores
-no true tissue

A

phylum porifera

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3
Q

what does sessile mean?

A

not moving

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4
Q

what is the basis of sponge classification?

A

composition (calcium vs silica) and shape

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5
Q

outer layer of cells of sponges are called? they are also not tissue, but have specialized cells.

A

pinacoderm

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6
Q

flagellated collar cells that keep the current flowing via beating of flagella

A

choanocytes

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7
Q

what functions do pinacocytes and archeocytes preform?

A

facilitate feeding

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8
Q

small particles are taken into choanocytes by ______ and protein molecules may be taken in by _____ in sponges

A

phagocytosis; pinocytosis

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9
Q

what are the three types of sponge bodies from most simple to most complex?

A

asconoids, synconiods, and leuconoids

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10
Q

this body part pulls water through the pores and extracts food particles in sponges?

A

choanocytes

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11
Q

what is an osculum?

A

an opening in a sponge that releases water

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12
Q

this sponge body types is folded outwards with radial canals, water enters through tiny openings called prosopyles, and contains internal pores called apopyles; spongocoel instead of choanocytes

A

syconoids

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13
Q

this sponge body uses choanoctyes and has clusters of flagellated chambers which are filled from incurrent canals and discharge to excurrent canals

A

leuconoids

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14
Q

the connective “tissue” of sponges found in fibrils, skeletal elements, and amoeboid cells

A

mesohyl or mesenchyme

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15
Q

amoeboid cells that move about in the mesohyl with many functions

A

archaeocytes

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16
Q

sclerocytes secrete

A

spiculess

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17
Q

spongocytes secrete

A

spongin

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18
Q

collencytes secrete

A

fabrilliar collagen

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19
Q

lophocytes secrete

A

large amounts of collagen

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20
Q

thin, flat, epithelial-like cells that cover the exterior and interior surfaces of sponges almost like real tissues

A

pinacocytes

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21
Q

Complete reorganization of the
structure and function of
participating cells or bits of
tissue occurs in

A

somatic embryogenesis

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22
Q

what are two means of asexual reproduction in sponges?

A

fragmentation and bud formation

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23
Q

what is a gemmule?

A

an external bud formation that can survive harsh environmental conditions; live cells within them escape through micropyles and develop into new sponges

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24
Q

monoecious means

A

both male and female sex cells in one body

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25
Q

zygote is retained within parent and provided with nourishment until it is released as ciliated larva; most sponges are this

A

viviparous

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26
Q

sponges release both sperm and oocytes into water for external fertilization

A

oviparous

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27
Q

The free-swimming larva of most sponges is a solid-bodied ____

A

parenchymula

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28
Q

The outwardly directed flagellated cells of the parenchymula become

A

choanocytes

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29
Q

in sponge sexual reproduction, ____- become choanozytes, archaeocytes, and collencytes while ____ give rise to pinacoderm and sclerocytes

A

micromeres; macromeres

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30
Q

which class of porifera is defined by:
Calcareous sponges with spicules
of calcium carbonate
– Spicules are straight (monaxons)
or have three or four rays
– Most are small with tubular or
vase shapes
– Many are drab in color, but some
are bright yellow, green, red, or
lavender
– Leucosolenia (Scypha) and Sycon
(Grantia) are marine shallow-
water
– Asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid body forms

A

class calcarea

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31
Q

which class of porifera is defined by:
Glass sponges with six-rayed spicules of
silica bound together to form network
– Deep-sea; vase or funnel shaped bodies
attached by stalks of root spicules onto the
substrate (radial symmetry in some)
– Have syncytial cell structure

A

class hexactinellida

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32
Q

bilayered, sheet-like
and tubular with collagenous mesohyl cells

A

Trabecular reticulum

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33
Q

unusual cells that make
flagellated outgrowths called collar bodies
whose flagella beat to move

A

choanoblasts

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34
Q

which class of porifera is defined by:
Contains 95% of living sponge species include most large sponges
– Spicules are siliceous but not six rayed and may be absent or bound together by spongin
– Leuconoid body form for all species
– All marine except for Spongillidae, the freshwater sponges
– Marine demosponges are highly varied in color and shape, with some growing to several meters in diameter.

A

class demospongiae

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35
Q

which class of porifera is defined by:
-Mostly marine with a variety of colors but live in cryptic habitats
– Generally found near shore but
have deep water forms
– true
basement membrane
(extracellular matrix; ECM) under pinacoderm
– Also have adherens cell
junctions that form true tissues unlike other sponges
– Divided into two clades based
on absence or presence of
spicules

A

class homoschleromorpha

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36
Q

what trait of sponges is homologous to other animals?

A

proteins for cell adhesion and cell-signaling

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37
Q

what traits do sponges have in common with other animals?

A

Proteins for cell adhesion and cell-signaling are homologous to other animals
– Some sponges have basement membrane with collagen and adherens
junctions with cadherin molecules that connect epithelial cells
– Sponge have blastula and some form gastrula stages like many animals

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38
Q

what is the single species of phylum placozoa?

A

Trichoplax adhaerens

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39
Q

what are some traits of the Trichoplax adhaerens?

A
  • Tiny (2-3 mm) marine form that is plate-like and
    has no symmetry
  • No major organs, no muscular or nervous system
  • Lacks basal lamina and ECM but has genes for it
  • Body has dorsal epithelium to cover cells and
    have thick ventral epithelium of monociliated
    cells and nonciliated gland cells
  • Contain multinucleated fibrous “cells” within a
    contractile syncytium
  • Placozoans glides over food, secretes digestive
    enzymes, and absorb nutrients
  • Divide asexually and produce “swarmer” stages
    by budding.
  • No sexual stages have been seen but have
    isolated eggs in the laboratory
  • Considered diploblastic
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40
Q

cnidocytes that
contain a specialized stinging organelle

A

nematocyst

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41
Q

are cnidarians typically sessile (free-floating)

A

yes

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42
Q

cnidaria adapted to a sedentary or sessile lifestyle

A

polyp or hydroid form

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43
Q

cnidaria adapted to free-living and floating existence

A

medusa or jellyfish form

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44
Q

in polyp form, the mouth leads into a blind ____

A

gastrovascular cavity

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45
Q

in polyp form, the aboral end is attached to substrate by ____

A

pedal disc

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46
Q

how does polyp form reproduce?

A

asexually via budding, fission, or pedal laceration

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47
Q

what are the two types of polyps?

A

colonial forms and in class hydrozoa (or hydranths)

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48
Q

these reproductive polyps do not have tentacles and typically become medusae

A

gonangia

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49
Q

in medusas, they have sensory organs (3). what are they?

A

statocysts (orientation in water)
ocelli (light sensors)
nerve ring (sensory information to motor response)

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50
Q

cnidarians start with zygotes developing into _____, which settles on hard substrate and metamorphoses into a polyp

A

planula

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51
Q

how do medusas and polyps reproduce differently?

A

medusas - sexually
polyps - asexually

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52
Q

how is a cnidarian’s body structured? (in terms of body wall)

A

inner gastrodermis
middle mesoglea
outer epidermis

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53
Q

in Hydra sp., the _____ contains epitheliomuscular, interstitial, gland, sensory, cnidocytes, and nerve cells

A

epidermis

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54
Q

what makes cnidarians effective predators? what does the body part do?

A

cnidocytes produce over 20 types of cnidae that can be discharged, reabsorbed, and replaced

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55
Q

what is the primary example of a cnidae?

A

nematocysts, which can inject toxin for prey capture or defense

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56
Q

what is an operculum?

A

covers the end of a nematocyst (cnidae)

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57
Q

how do polyps tend to feed and digest?

A

since they are carnivorous, they catch prey with tentacles and pass them to the gastrovascular cavity

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58
Q

what are gland cells?

A

cells that discharge enzymes to begin extracellular digestion; used by polyps

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59
Q

extended mouth edge

A

manubirum

60
Q

Unlike higher animals, Cnidarian
nerve nets have neurotransmitters on
____ ____

A

both sides

61
Q

what are the five classes of cnidaria?

A

anthozoa, staurozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, and hydrozoa

62
Q

these are the derived traits of what class?
-velum in medusae
-medusae produced by lateral budding and endocodon

A

hydrozoa

63
Q

these are the derived traits of what class?
-complex eyes
-velarium
-boxlike medusa body

A

cubozoa

64
Q

these are the derived traits of what class?
-strobilation

A

scyphozoa

65
Q

these are the derived traits of what class?
-creeping planula without cilia

A

staurozoa

66
Q

these are the derived traits of what class?
-gut with septal filaments
-siphonoglyph
-anthozoan pharynx
-hexaradial and octaradial symmetry

A

anthozoa

67
Q

what are the ancestral traits of the classes within phylum cnidaria?

A

-mouth surrounded by solid tentacles
-planula larva
-cnidocytes
-radial, polypoid body form

68
Q

feeding polyps which are tubular, bottle-shaped, or vase-like and form a circle of tentacles surrounding mouth

A

hydranths

69
Q

difference between thecate and athecate hydranth?

A

protective cup, naked polyp

70
Q

what is a gonangium?

A

reproductive polyp

71
Q

what does a velum do?

A

partly closes the bell and aids in swimming

72
Q

what are the four types of polyps of the Man o War?

A

feeding, reproduction, defense, and buoyancy

73
Q

what is the difference between monoecious and dioecious species?

A

monoecious means asexual production (produces both female and male)

dioecious means that two organisms create both

74
Q

what does protandrous mean?

A

producing sperm first and eggs later

75
Q

A grouping used by scientists to refer to all multicellular animals is

porifera.

opisthokont.

protozoan.

metazoan

A

metazoan

76
Q

Select all of the following that describe choanocytes.

They are flagellated collar cells

They maintain a current of water through the canals of the sponge

They can trap and phagocytize food particles

They form the pinacoderm

They secrete spicules and the collagen that forms spongi

A

They are flagellated collar cells

They maintain a current of water through the canals of the sponge

They can trap and phagocytize food particles

77
Q

In sponges, the pinacoderm

is a layer of cells containing incurrent pores.

is an opening that acts as an incurrent siphon.

is the opening at the tip of the sponge where sperm and egg cells are released during reproduction.

is a large cavity lined with choanocytes

A

is a layer of cells containing incurrent pores.

78
Q

Incoming water enters a sponge through

oscula.

ascon.

spongocytes.

dermal pores.

A

dermal pores.

79
Q

In a syconoid sponge, small lateral openings called Blank______ let water into the radial canals from the incurrent canals.

ostia

oscula

prosopyles

stolons

A

prosopyles

80
Q

______ are tubular cells that form pores, while Blank______ are ameboid cells in the mesohyl with various functions.

Porocytes; archaeocytes

Pinacocytes; porocytes

Archaeocytes; choanocytes

Choanocytes; pinacocytes

A

Porocytes; archaeocytes

81
Q

Sponge cells that can phagocytize food particles and differentiate into other cell types like spongocytes are called ____

A

archaeocytes

82
Q

Select all of the following that describe archaeocytes.

They differentiate into more specialized cells.

They are phagocytes.

They form the external covering.

They are ameboid cells.

A

They differentiate into more specialized cells.

They are phagocytes.

They are ameboid cells.

83
Q

is the development of entocodon layer in the hydrozoan medusae stage representative of triploblasty?

A

this is heavily debated. the origins of the entocodon seem to be ectodermal instead of mesodermal, so it is unclear whether or not they are triploblaslts

84
Q

what are the five phylum that are the first animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry and a body organization more complex than cnidarians?

A

Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea,
Gastrotricha, and Ciliophora

85
Q

Rotifers and acanthocephalans are lophotrochozoans but are
______

A

pseudocoelomate

86
Q

acoelomorphs (phylum) have

A

no gut and a radial arrangement of nerves

87
Q

which phylum has an external body covering called a neodermis with cellular ciliated epidermis?

A

platyhelminthes

88
Q

– Have flame cells which are cupshaped structures that have flagella
extending from the surface
– Beating flagella drive fluids down
collecting ducts and through
delicate interlaced projections
– Wall of the duct bears folds or
microvilli to resorb ions and
molecules
– Majority of metabolic wastes
removed by diffusion across the
wall
– The collecting ducts join and
empty at nephridiopores to regulate water

A

flatworms

89
Q

which class?
Mostly free-living and range
from 5 mm to 50 cm long
* Lives under objects in marine,
freshwater and terrestrial habitats
* combine creeping
with ciliary movements while
very small planaria swim by cilia
* Others move by gliding over a
slime track secreted by marginal
adhesive glands and using
rhythmical muscular waves that
pass backwards from the head

A

turbellaria

90
Q

what are those from class trematoda also called?

A

flukes

91
Q

explain the life cycle of the common liver fluke

A

Miracidium - Free living
* Sporocyst - Snail
* Redia - Snail
* Cercaria - Free living
* Metacercaria - Plant / Animal

92
Q

which phylum?
Microscopic, aquatic animals
(inhabiting sediments of marine and
freshwater environments) with a
head, neck, and trunk
* Numerous adhesive glands are
present
* Marine species are generally
hermaphroditic
* Parthenogenesis (laying unfertilized
eggs) is common in freshwater
species
* Protonephridia possess a single
flagellum instead of cilia found in
flame cells

A

gastrotricha

93
Q

(laying unfertilized
eggs

A

Parthenogenesis

94
Q

possess a single
flagellum instead of cilia found in
flame cells

A

Protonephridia

95
Q

what are the 9 most known phylum of animals? remember (pcpnaamec)

A

porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthe, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata

96
Q

have ducts that empty into excretory bladder that leads to the outside
via a terminal pore

A

trematodes

97
Q

have two main excretory canals on each side that are continuous along
the length of the worm and join on the last segment and opens to the terminal pore

A

Cestodes

98
Q

explain the nervous system of flatworms

A

Most primitive flatworm nervous system called subepidermal nerve plexus
resembles the nerve net of cnidarians
* Also have one to five pairs of longitudinal nerve cords under the muscle layer
* Freshwater planarians have one ventral pair of nerve cords forming a ladder-type
pattern and the brain is a bilobed ganglion anterior to the ventral nerve cords

99
Q

beef tapeworm life cycle

A

Onchosphere
* Found in egg
* Digestive enzymes release it
*Cysticerus
* Bladder worm
* Form fluid filled bladder
* Encyst in muscle
Taenia solium
* Pork Tapeworm
* Cysticercosis

100
Q

Microscopic, aquatic animals
(inhabiting sediments of marine and
freshwater environments) with a
head, neck, and trunk
* Numerous adhesive glands are
present
* Marine species are generally
hermaphroditic
* Parthenogenesis (laying unfertilized
eggs) is common in freshwater
species
* Protonephridia possess a single
flagellum instead of cilia found in
flame cells

which phylum?

A

Phylum Gastrotricha

101
Q

possess a single
flagellum instead of cilia found in
flame cells

A

Protonephridia

102
Q

(laying unfertilized
eggs) is common in freshwater
species

A

Parthenogenesis

103
Q

which 6 phylum are lophotrochozoan?

A

platyhelminthes, gastrotricha, gnathifera, micrognathozoa, rotifera, acanthocephala

104
Q

which phylum is not lophotrochozoan?

A

mesozoa

105
Q

(jawed worms)
– Found mostly in interstitial
spaces of very fine sand,
sediment and silt from the coasts
to the deep sea.
– Can endure very low oxygen and
live in association ciliates,
tardigrades and worms
– Feed by scraping bacteria and
fungi from the substrate with
paired jaws on the pharynx
– Acoelomate with no circulatory
system but use diffusion for
excretion and gas exchange
– Protandric or simultaneous
hermaphrodite that can cross fertilize internally forming single
zygote

A

Phylum Gnathostomulida

106
Q

Mostly small animals living
interstitially with a two-part head,
thorax and abdomen leading to short
tail
– Has dorsal plates but no ventral ones
and use cilia to move with a ventral
adhesive pad that produce glue
– Have three pairs of complex jaws with
mouth leading to simple gut and anus
– Has protonephridia but reproductive
system is not well understood

A

Phylum Micrognathozoa

107
Q

Tripoblastic, bilateral, unsegmented,
pseudocoelomates
– Complete digestive system, regionally
specialized
– Anterior end often has a ciliated organ
called a corona
– Posterior end with toes and adhesive
glands
– Well-developed cuticle
– Protonephridia with flame cells
– Males generally reduced in numbers or
absent; parthenogenesis common

A

Phylum Rotifera

108
Q

explain the Rotifera Life Cycle

A

Amitic eggs
diploid; mitosis
* Mitic eggs
haploid; meiosis
changes depending on environmental stimuli (fall rain, winter)

109
Q

s are endoparasites in the
intestinal tract of vertebrates
* The body of an adult is elongate and
composed of a short anterior proboscis, a neck
region, and a trunk
* The retractable proboscis provides the means
of attachment in the host’s intestine
* Tegument – absorb food
* Dioecious
* have unique embryo
selective apparatus system

A

Phylum Acanthocephala

110
Q

Sperm is ejected into female genital duct
and into the pseudocoel
– Embryos are sorted and separated
according to size and condition
– Shelled embryos are released in the feces
of host and await entry to intermediate
host

A

selective apparatus system

111
Q

a (middle animals)
– Considered a “missing link”
between protozoa and metazoa
– Usually minute, ciliated, and
wormlike animals that live as
parasites or symbionts in
marine invertebrates
– Arranged in two layers of 20-30
cells not related to animal germ
layers of metazoans
* Live in kidneys of benthic
cephalopods
* Adults called vermiforms and are
long and slender
* Asexual reproduction consists of a
multinucleated mass called a
plasmodium that give rise to males
and females

A

Phylum Mesozoa

112
Q

what are lophophores? (function)

A

s have a crown of ciliated tentacles that are used in food capture
and respiration
– Cavity inside the lophophore is part of the coelom and filled with coelomic
fluid
– Thin ciliated walls act as respiratory surface for gas exchange
– Lophophores normally extended but can be withdrawn for protection

113
Q

which phylum use lophophores?

A

ectoprocta, brachiozoa, phoronida

114
Q

Members of this phylum live on
the mouthparts of the claw
lobster
– 0.35 mm long (0.10 mm wide)
* Dwarf males emerge and seek
out another female symbiont
– During lobster molt
* Free swimming individuals seek
another host

A

Phylum Cycliophora

115
Q

Similar to Platyhelminthes, but can be
much larger
– Have fluid filled sac, primitive coelom
* Prey on invertebrates, which they capture
with a unique probosis held in a sheath
called a rhynchocoel
* They have a complete digestive tract
(mouth and anus)
* Blood-vascular system
– Primitive circulatory system
– Two lateral blood vessels
* Dioecious
* Fertilization results in a helmet shaped,
ciliated pilidium larva

A

Phylum Nemertea

116
Q

In a typical cnidarian life cycle, a newly formed zygote develops into a motile _____ larva, which then settles onto a hard surface to develop into a _____.

A

planula, polyp

117
Q

Tiny organelles contained within cnidocytes are called

A

cnidae

118
Q

The tentacle cavity communicates with the gastrovascular cavity; extracellular digestion occurs in the gastrovascular cavity and intracellular digestion occurs in the gastrodermis

A

Hydra

119
Q

Digestion begins in the mouth, which faces upward into the water column; a digestive broth is passed to the gastrovascular cavity, where intracellular digestion occurs in the cells lining it

A

colonial hydrozoan polyps

120
Q

Digestion begins in the mouth, which faces downward at the end of a manubrium; a digestive broth is passed to the gastrovascular cavity, where intracellular digestion occurs in the cells lining it

A

hydromedusae

121
Q

The diffuse nervous system of cnidarians can best be described as a

A

nerve net

122
Q

What type of cnidarian structure can be described as a tiny capsule composed of a material similar to chitin containing a coiled filament that may bear tiny barbs?

A

nematocyst

123
Q

which class?

The polyp stage is usually asexual.

Most are colonial in form.

Some lack a medusa stage in the life cycle.

A

hydrozoa

124
Q

The difference between thecate and athecate hydroid polyp forms is the presence of a

A

protective cup formed by an extension of the perisarc.

125
Q

What is a hypostome?

A

A conical protuberance upon which the mouth is situated, found in hydras

126
Q

In hydroid colonies, polyps may be
______ indicating that the perisarc creates a protective cup around the polyp and functions in protection, or _____ when there is no such protective cup.

A

thecate, athecate

127
Q

Members of what cnidarian class have the following characteristics:
a medusa stage ranging from 2 cm to 2 m in diameter, a bell that lacks a velum and can vary from a shallow saucer shape to a deep helmet or goblet shape, and sense organs called rhopalia?

A

Scyphozoa

128
Q

which class?

An adhesive disc that attaches to objects on the ocean floor

A polyp that resembles a medusa, with eight arms surrounding the mouth

A solitary stalked polyp body form

A

staurozoa

129
Q

which class?

Each rhopalium contains six eyes.

The base of a tentacle is differentiated into a flattened, tough blade called a pedalium.

The edge of the subumbrella turns inward to form a velarium.

A

cubozoa

130
Q

which class?

The gastrovascular cavity is partitioned by septa.

They can be solitary or colonial.

Many forms produce a skeleton for support.

A

anthozoa

131
Q

What organism is best described as a relatively large polyp with a crown of tentacles arranged in one or more circles around the mouth of a flat oral disc?

sea fan

Portuguese man-o-war

sea anemone

cubozoan

A

sea anemone

132
Q

Biradial marine animals that typically use eight rows of cilia for locomotion are members of what taxonomic group?

(phylum)

A

Ctenophora

133
Q

In Cnidaria, Blank______ have expanded locomotor and sensory capabilities.

A

medusae

134
Q

Protective cells that can swell and form a protective sheath around a turbellarian are called

A

rhabdites

135
Q

What phylum is distinguished by a cylindrical, invaginable proboscis?

A

Acanthocephala

136
Q

Relatively small planktonic marine predators that have torpedo-shaped bodies and mouths bearing sickle-shaped bristles on each side make up what phylum?

A

Chaetognatha

137
Q

Acanthocephalans are dioecious.

T/F

A

True

138
Q

which phylum?

Parasites

Symbionts

Two-layered body

Ciliated worm-like exterior

A

mesozoans

139
Q

which phylum?

Cilia around mouth

U-shaped gut with anus

A

cycliophora

140
Q

which phylum?

Ciliary feeders

Solitary or colonial sessile organisms

most less than 0.5mm in size

encrust firm surfaces

colony builders (zooid)

A

entoprocta

141
Q

The crown of tentacles in the Urnatella and Loxosomella is called the

A

calyx

142
Q

Small, worm-like marine organisms that secrete a leathery or chitinous tube in which they live

They live in a leathery or chitinous tube.

They are marine organisms.

Their lophophore creates water current.

They are worm-like animals.

Phylum?

A

phoronida

143
Q

which phylum?

They are bottom dwelling species.

They prefer shallow water marine habitats.

They have a fleshy stalk called a pedicel.

It contains the living form called Lingula.

It was most prominent and diverse in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic.

A

brachiopods

144
Q

It contains the living form called Lingula.

It was most prominent and diverse in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic.

It contains the ribbon worms.

Nearly all are marine.

Extracellular in a complete digestive tract.

which phylum?

A

nemertea

145
Q

The ciliated epidermis and flame cells in nemerteans show that they were once taxonomically aligned with the Phylum

A

Platyhelminthes

146
Q
A

Principles of Zoology (9 decks)

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