Topics 1-4 Flashcards
the study of animals
zoology
what are some subdisciplines of zoology?
anatomy, ichthyology, ornithology
what are some of the traits that animals have?
eukaryotic and lack cell walls, multicellular, heterotopic (internal digestion), can move, have embryological development
define species
organisms that can breed and reproduce
How do animals evolve?
natural selection (“survival of the fittest”)
what is some of the evidence for evolution?
fossils, anatomical similarities, patterns in development, molecular biology, and biogeography
define a analogous structure and an example
a structure in an animal that preforms the same function, but is not built quite the same.
ex.) a dragonfly’s wings and a bat’s wings
define a homologous structure and an example
a structure in an animal that has a different function, but is built exactly the same.
ex.) a bat’s wing has 3 sections and is for flying while a horses leg has 3 sections and is used for walking/running
define a vestigial structure and an example
a structure in an animal that is still present in the species, but is no longer used
ex.) penguins still have wings, but cannot fly
define ontogeny
the study of the lifetimes of animals, specifically from conception to adulthood
when was the Human Genome Project published?
2000
How closely related are humans to chimpanzees?
98%
define phylogeny
the history and evolution of species from a common ancestor; specific genetic data tracking this family tree is relatively new
define biodiversity
the variety of life on Earth, including all living things and their interactions; can be specific to one area
what’s the estimated number of species on earth?
between 4 to 100 million+
what kind of fish has 1,000 species in Africa, and only 1 in North America (over 1,600 species total)?
cichlids
During gastrulation:
the neural tube forms
the blastocoel fills with cells to form a solid ball
germ layers form
the archenteron forms
germ layers form
the gastrocoel forms
an invagination of the cells in early gastrulation which go on to form the stomach (gut)
gastrocoel
the opening to the gut is called the
blastopore
the ball of cells that form at the end of cleavage
blastula
the germ layers form during which of the following stages of embryological development?
gastrulation
organisms with just an endoderm and ectoderm in which the blastopore is associated with the endoderm (jellyfish and sea anemones)
diploblasts
the inward pouch that reduces the size of the blastocoel and goes on the form the gut is called
gastrocoel or archenteron
in most bilaterally symmetrical animals, the cavity that forms inside the blastocoel and that is lined with mesoderm is called the
coelum
the opening to the gastrocoel which becomes the opening to the gut is called
blastopore
what kind of cleavage is a characteristic of most protostomes and forms tightly packed cells?
spiral
what characteristic sets the ecdysozoans apart from the other Protostomia?
molting
triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical animals in which the origin of the embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes the adult mouth
protostomes
triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical animals in which the origin of the embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes the adult anus
deuterostomes
this type of cleavage occurs with mosaic development, occurs in most protostomes, and forms cells that are offset from the cells in the layer below
spiral
animals without a coelom are called
acoelomate
the fluid-filled cavity surrounding the gut is called
pseduocoelom
this type of cleavage occurs with regulative development, occurs in most deuterostomes, and forms cells in which each blastomere of one tier lies directly above the corresponding blastomere of the next layer
radial
protostomes with a cavity surrounding the gut is completely lined with a mesodermal peritoneum
coelomate
protostomes that have a cavity surrounds the gut but is not lined with a peritoneum
pseudocoelomete
animals that lack a coelom; parenchyma derived from mesoderm completely fills the region between the epidermis and gut
acoelomate
which germ layer is responsible for the epithelium of the body surface (skin) and nervous system?
ectoderm
which germ layer is responsible for the muscular and reproductive system?
endoderm
which germ layer is responsible for the epithelial lining of the digestive tube?
endoderm
what two things suggest evolutionary relationships among different phyla?
fate of the blastopore and number of germ layers
what is cephalization?
formation of a head
dorsal
back
posterior
tail / butt
anterior
head
ventral
belly
the schizocoelous, lophotrochozoa, and ecdysozoa belong in which phylum?
protostome
the ecdysozoa have a molt cycle called
ecdysis
what is a type specimen
first or original specimen collected (usually put into a museum)
What are the pros and cons of the biological species concept?
pros: can designate a species even when trait differences are difficult to find (sibling species)
cons: cannot be applied to asexual, organisms from fossil record, or species that do interbreed
what is the difference between a sibling species and a subspecies?
sibling - cannot breed, look similar
sub - can breed, but do not (usually due to isolation)
what are the pros and cons of the evolutionary species concept?
pros: applies to both sexual and asexual
cons: sexual dimorphism (may make members of the same species appear as two different species. ex: female and male cardinal)
what defines the typological species concept?
comparisons of specimens to type specimens
what are the pros and cons of the phylogenetic species concept?
pros: sexual and asexual, geographically divided species are differentiated, guarantees monophyletic units, shows relationships
cons: -
define monophyletic
descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.
phylogeny is?
the study of evolutionary relationships among all extant and extinct species
homology is?
character similarity that results from common ancestry (homologous structures)
homoplasy is?
similar characters that misrepresent common descent (analogous structures)
difference between ancestral and derived character state?
ancestral: present in the ancestor
derived: developed later
polarity is?
either ancestral or derived, determines character state
what is an outgroup in phylogeny?
a phylogenetically close specimen, but not in the taxon being studied
a taxon is ___ if it includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all the descendants of that ancestor
monophyletic
a taxon is _____ if it includes the most recent common ancestor and some, but not all, members of a lineage included
paraphyletic
a taxon is _____ if it does not include the mot recent common ancestor of all members of the group
polyphyletic
taxon that constitutes a distinct adaptive zone is called
a grade
different monophyletic taxon that shares common ancestry with each other more than recently than either one does with any other taxa
sister group
are protists monophyletic or polyphyletic?
polyphyletic
what are some groups of animal-like protists (protozoa)?
Euglenozoan, Alveolate, rhizobia, amoebozoan, and opisthokonta
what is the difference between unikonts and bikonts? examples?
unikonts - have one flagellum and a basal body (ameovozoans and opisthokonta
bikonts - have two flagella and two basal bodies (the rest of the protozoans)
what separates choanoflagellates from opisthokontans?
unicells that have flattened mitochondrial cristae and shared amino acid sequence in elongation factor alpha 1
what are the advantages and disadvantages of being multicellular?
advantages - increased surface area, highly adaptive towards larger body size, cell differentiation, organisms are more complex
disadvantages - increased energy requirements, cells are specialized (cannot function alone), slower reproduction rates
what are the two different hypothesis that explain the origins of multicellularity?
colonial hypothesis - a multicolumn arose as dividing cells remained together as a colonial protist
syncytial hypothesis - a large, multinucleate cell formed plasma membrane in the cytoplasm of a syncytial protists (created small, multicellular organism)
An animal that can be divided into similar halves by multiple planes passing through its center along its longitudinal axis displays
radial symmetry
During animal development, a depression appears as one side of the blastula pushes inward, at which point the gastrula is formed. What are the names of (i) the depression, and (ii) its opening?
(i) archenteron; (ii) blastopore
Deuterostomes form their blastula by radial cleavage. Choose all other features that typically characterize deuterostome animals.
Blastopore becomes the anus
Coelom forms via enterocoely
Regulative embryo
In animals with a(n)
______ body plan, cells of the mesoderm completely fill the blastocoel.
acoelomate
what is the developmental stage that is exclusive to animals?
blastula
which of the following does NOT show the importance of biodiversity?
biophilia
ecosystem health
invasive species
natural products
invasive species
_____ speciation may occur when subpopulations are geographically isolated.
allopatric
parapatric
sympatric
both b and c
none of the above
allopatric
protostomes cannot be distinguished from deuterostomes by _____.
spiral or radial cleavage
fate of the blastopore
triploblastic tissue
development of the coelom
triploblastic tissue (both have this)
synapomorphy =
derived or ancestral?
derived
symplesiomorphy =
derived or ancestral
ancestral
development of the coelom leads to _____ organization
triploblastic
