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Principles of Zoology > Topics 1-4 > Flashcards

Topics 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of animals

A

zoology

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2
Q

what are some subdisciplines of zoology?

A

anatomy, ichthyology, ornithology

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3
Q

what are some of the traits that animals have?

A

eukaryotic and lack cell walls, multicellular, heterotopic (internal digestion), can move, have embryological development

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4
Q

define species

A

organisms that can breed and reproduce

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5
Q

How do animals evolve?

A

natural selection (“survival of the fittest”)

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6
Q

what is some of the evidence for evolution?

A

fossils, anatomical similarities, patterns in development, molecular biology, and biogeography

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7
Q

define a analogous structure and an example

A

a structure in an animal that preforms the same function, but is not built quite the same.
ex.) a dragonfly’s wings and a bat’s wings

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8
Q

define a homologous structure and an example

A

a structure in an animal that has a different function, but is built exactly the same.
ex.) a bat’s wing has 3 sections and is for flying while a horses leg has 3 sections and is used for walking/running

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9
Q

define a vestigial structure and an example

A

a structure in an animal that is still present in the species, but is no longer used
ex.) penguins still have wings, but cannot fly

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10
Q

define ontogeny

A

the study of the lifetimes of animals, specifically from conception to adulthood

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11
Q

when was the Human Genome Project published?

A

2000

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12
Q

How closely related are humans to chimpanzees?

A

98%

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13
Q

define phylogeny

A

the history and evolution of species from a common ancestor; specific genetic data tracking this family tree is relatively new

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14
Q

define biodiversity

A

the variety of life on Earth, including all living things and their interactions; can be specific to one area

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15
Q

what’s the estimated number of species on earth?

A

between 4 to 100 million+

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16
Q

what kind of fish has 1,000 species in Africa, and only 1 in North America (over 1,600 species total)?

A

cichlids

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17
Q

During gastrulation:

the neural tube forms

the blastocoel fills with cells to form a solid ball

germ layers form

the archenteron forms

A

germ layers form

the gastrocoel forms

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18
Q

an invagination of the cells in early gastrulation which go on to form the stomach (gut)

A

gastrocoel

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19
Q

the opening to the gut is called the

A

blastopore

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20
Q

the ball of cells that form at the end of cleavage

A

blastula

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21
Q

the germ layers form during which of the following stages of embryological development?

A

gastrulation

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22
Q

organisms with just an endoderm and ectoderm in which the blastopore is associated with the endoderm (jellyfish and sea anemones)

A

diploblasts

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23
Q

the inward pouch that reduces the size of the blastocoel and goes on the form the gut is called

A

gastrocoel or archenteron

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24
Q

in most bilaterally symmetrical animals, the cavity that forms inside the blastocoel and that is lined with mesoderm is called the

A

coelum

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25
Q

the opening to the gastrocoel which becomes the opening to the gut is called

A

blastopore

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26
Q

what kind of cleavage is a characteristic of most protostomes and forms tightly packed cells?

A

spiral

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27
Q

what characteristic sets the ecdysozoans apart from the other Protostomia?

A

molting

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28
Q

triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical animals in which the origin of the embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes the adult mouth

A

protostomes

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29
Q

triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical animals in which the origin of the embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes the adult anus

A

deuterostomes

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30
Q

this type of cleavage occurs with mosaic development, occurs in most protostomes, and forms cells that are offset from the cells in the layer below

A

spiral

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31
Q

animals without a coelom are called

A

acoelomate

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32
Q

the fluid-filled cavity surrounding the gut is called

A

pseduocoelom

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33
Q

this type of cleavage occurs with regulative development, occurs in most deuterostomes, and forms cells in which each blastomere of one tier lies directly above the corresponding blastomere of the next layer

A

radial

34
Q

protostomes with a cavity surrounding the gut is completely lined with a mesodermal peritoneum

A

coelomate

35
Q

protostomes that have a cavity surrounds the gut but is not lined with a peritoneum

A

pseudocoelomete

36
Q

animals that lack a coelom; parenchyma derived from mesoderm completely fills the region between the epidermis and gut

A

acoelomate

37
Q

which germ layer is responsible for the epithelium of the body surface (skin) and nervous system?

A

ectoderm

38
Q

which germ layer is responsible for the muscular and reproductive system?

A

endoderm

39
Q

which germ layer is responsible for the epithelial lining of the digestive tube?

A

endoderm

40
Q

what two things suggest evolutionary relationships among different phyla?

A

fate of the blastopore and number of germ layers

41
Q

what is cephalization?

A

formation of a head

42
Q

dorsal

A

back

43
Q

posterior

A

tail / butt

44
Q

anterior

A

head

45
Q

ventral

A

belly

46
Q

the schizocoelous, lophotrochozoa, and ecdysozoa belong in which phylum?

A

protostome

47
Q

the ecdysozoa have a molt cycle called

A

ecdysis

48
Q

what is a type specimen

A

first or original specimen collected (usually put into a museum)

49
Q

What are the pros and cons of the biological species concept?

A

pros: can designate a species even when trait differences are difficult to find (sibling species)
cons: cannot be applied to asexual, organisms from fossil record, or species that do interbreed

50
Q

what is the difference between a sibling species and a subspecies?

A

sibling - cannot breed, look similar
sub - can breed, but do not (usually due to isolation)

51
Q

what are the pros and cons of the evolutionary species concept?

A

pros: applies to both sexual and asexual
cons: sexual dimorphism (may make members of the same species appear as two different species. ex: female and male cardinal)

52
Q

what defines the typological species concept?

A

comparisons of specimens to type specimens

53
Q

what are the pros and cons of the phylogenetic species concept?

A

pros: sexual and asexual, geographically divided species are differentiated, guarantees monophyletic units, shows relationships
cons: -

54
Q

define monophyletic

A

descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.

55
Q

phylogeny is?

A

the study of evolutionary relationships among all extant and extinct species

56
Q

homology is?

A

character similarity that results from common ancestry (homologous structures)

57
Q

homoplasy is?

A

similar characters that misrepresent common descent (analogous structures)

58
Q

difference between ancestral and derived character state?

A

ancestral: present in the ancestor
derived: developed later

59
Q

polarity is?

A

either ancestral or derived, determines character state

60
Q

what is an outgroup in phylogeny?

A

a phylogenetically close specimen, but not in the taxon being studied

61
Q

a taxon is ___ if it includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all the descendants of that ancestor

A

monophyletic

62
Q

a taxon is _____ if it includes the most recent common ancestor and some, but not all, members of a lineage included

A

paraphyletic

63
Q

a taxon is _____ if it does not include the mot recent common ancestor of all members of the group

A

polyphyletic

64
Q

taxon that constitutes a distinct adaptive zone is called

A

a grade

65
Q

different monophyletic taxon that shares common ancestry with each other more than recently than either one does with any other taxa

A

sister group

66
Q

are protists monophyletic or polyphyletic?

A

polyphyletic

67
Q

what are some groups of animal-like protists (protozoa)?

A

Euglenozoan, Alveolate, rhizobia, amoebozoan, and opisthokonta

68
Q

what is the difference between unikonts and bikonts? examples?

A

unikonts - have one flagellum and a basal body (ameovozoans and opisthokonta
bikonts - have two flagella and two basal bodies (the rest of the protozoans)

69
Q

what separates choanoflagellates from opisthokontans?

A

unicells that have flattened mitochondrial cristae and shared amino acid sequence in elongation factor alpha 1

70
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of being multicellular?

A

advantages - increased surface area, highly adaptive towards larger body size, cell differentiation, organisms are more complex
disadvantages - increased energy requirements, cells are specialized (cannot function alone), slower reproduction rates

71
Q

what are the two different hypothesis that explain the origins of multicellularity?

A

colonial hypothesis - a multicolumn arose as dividing cells remained together as a colonial protist
syncytial hypothesis - a large, multinucleate cell formed plasma membrane in the cytoplasm of a syncytial protists (created small, multicellular organism)

72
Q

An animal that can be divided into similar halves by multiple planes passing through its center along its longitudinal axis displays

A

radial symmetry

73
Q

During animal development, a depression appears as one side of the blastula pushes inward, at which point the gastrula is formed. What are the names of (i) the depression, and (ii) its opening?

A

(i) archenteron; (ii) blastopore

74
Q

Deuterostomes form their blastula by radial cleavage. Choose all other features that typically characterize deuterostome animals.

A

Blastopore becomes the anus

Coelom forms via enterocoely

Regulative embryo

75
Q

In animals with a(n)
______ body plan, cells of the mesoderm completely fill the blastocoel.

A

acoelomate

76
Q

what is the developmental stage that is exclusive to animals?

A

blastula

77
Q

which of the following does NOT show the importance of biodiversity?

biophilia

ecosystem health

invasive species

natural products

A

invasive species

78
Q

_____ speciation may occur when subpopulations are geographically isolated.

allopatric

parapatric

sympatric

both b and c

none of the above

A

allopatric

79
Q

protostomes cannot be distinguished from deuterostomes by _____.

spiral or radial cleavage

fate of the blastopore

triploblastic tissue

development of the coelom

A

triploblastic tissue (both have this)

80
Q

synapomorphy =

derived or ancestral?

A

derived

81
Q

symplesiomorphy =

derived or ancestral

A

ancestral

82
Q

development of the coelom leads to _____ organization

A

triploblastic

Principles of Zoology (9 decks)

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