Exam #4 Study Guide Flashcards
which phylum?
-compound eye
-1 pare of antennae
-chitinous exoskeleton with articulated appendages
phylum annelida
phylum nematoda
phylum arthropoda
phylum mollusca
phylum arthropoda
which class?
-loss of antennae
-1st pair of appendages + chellcerae
-tagmata = cephalothorax + abdomen
class chelicerata
class myriapoda
class crustcea
class hexapoda
class chelicerata
which class?
-tagmata = head + trunk
-loss of compound eye
class chelicerata
class myriapoda
class crustcea
class hexapoda
class myriapoda
which class?
-biramous 2nd antennae
-2 pairs maxilae
-naupilus larva
-2nd pair of antennae
class chelicerata
class myriapoda
class crustcea
class hexapoda
class crustcea
which class?
-unique tracheal system
-6 legs
-tagmata = head + thorax + abdomen
class chelicerata
class myriapoda
class crustcea
class hexapoda
class hexapoda
the metamerism of arthropods are evident externally and increased internally
true or false
false; metamerism is reduced internally
a _____ limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end
biramous
uniramous
uniramous
a ____ limb branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end
uniramous
biramous
biramous
a wasp has ____ limbs
biramous
uniramous
uniramous
a crawfish has ____ limbs
biramous
uniramous
biramous
____ are chewing mouthparts
chelicerae
mandibles
mandibles
_____ are claws or pincers mostly used for grasping and tearing
mandibles
chelicerae
chelicerae
____ have chelicerae
spiders
grasshoppers
spiders
____ have mandibles
grasshoppers
spiders
grasshoppers
Which component of the arthropod exoskeleton acts as a barrier to water and external threats?
A) Procuticle
B) Epicuticle
C) Endocuticle
D) Sclerotization
B) Epicuticle
What material is found in the procuticle of the arthropod exoskeleton?
A) Lipoproteins
B) Calcium carbonate
C) Chitin
D) Articular membranes
C) Chitin
Which process is responsible for hardening the outer procuticle in arthropods?
A) Calcification
B) Sclerotization
C) Chitinization
D) Sensilla formation
B) Sclerotization
Sensory receptors in the arthropod exoskeleton are known as:
A) Articular membranes
B) Cuticular receptors
C) Sensilla
D) Epicuticles
C) Sensilla
The epicuticle of the arthropod exoskeleton is permeable to water.
T/F
False
The inner procuticle in arthropods is more flexible than the outer procuticle.
T/F
True
Calcium carbonate deposits contribute to the hardening of the arthropod exoskeleton.
T/F
True
Sclerotization occurs in the epicuticle layer of the arthropod exoskeleton.
T/F
False (It occurs in the outer procuticle)
During ecdysis, which glands secrete enzymes to digest the old procuticle?
A) Hypodermal glands
B) Sensory glands
C) Digestive glands
D) Excretory glands
A) Hypodermal glands
What hardens the new exoskeleton after the old exoskeleton is shed?
A) Deposition of lipoproteins
B) Deposition of calcium carbonate and/or sclerotization
C) Release of enzymes
D) Calcification of the epicuticle
B) Deposition of calcium carbonate and/or sclerotization
Which layer is formed first during the secretion of a new exoskeleton in arthropods?
A) Endocuticle
B) Epicuticle and procuticle
C) Hypodermis
D) Old exoskeleton
B) Epicuticle and procuticle
The hypodermal glands produce enzymes that digest the new procuticle during ecdysis.
T/F
False (They digest the old procuticle)
Sclerotization and/or calcium carbonate deposition are processes that harden the new exoskeleton after the old one is shed.
T/F
True
The old exoskeleton splits after the new procuticle and epicuticle are secreted.
T/F
True
Ecdysis occurs without any contribution from hypodermal glands.
T/F
False
What is the primary function of the hemocoel in arthropods?
A) To support a closed circulatory system
B) To act as a hydrostatic compartment
C) To serve as the internal cavity for an open circulatory system
D) To store metabolic waste products
C) To serve as the internal cavity for an open circulatory system
In arthropods, the hemocoel originates from which embryonic structure?
A) Endoderm
B) Blastocoel
C) Coelom
D) Mesoderm
B) Blastocoel
Which of the following is not a function of the hemocoel?
A) Transporting nutrients
B) Hydrostatic support
C) Waste exchange
D) Sometimes gas exchange
B) Hydrostatic support
In arthropods, the hemocoel serves as the central cavity for a closed circulatory system.
T/F
False (It serves an open circulatory system)
The hemocoel allows fluids to bathe internal organs, facilitating the exchange of nutrients, wastes, and sometimes gases.
T/F
True
Due to the presence of the exoskeleton, the coelom in arthropods functions as a hydrostatic compartment.
T/F
False (The coelom does not function as a hydrostatic compartment because of the exoskeleton)
The hemocoel in arthropods originates from the embryonic blastocoel.
T/F
True
What is a primary advantage of metamorphosis in arthropods?
A) It shortens the lifespan of the adult.
B) It allows larval and adult stages to occupy the same niche.
C) It reduces competition for resources between larval and adult stages.
D) It speeds up the developmental process.
C) It reduces competition for resources between larval and adult stages.
Which of the following pairs represents an example of metamorphosis reducing competition between immature and adult stages?
A) Spiderlings and adult spiders
B) Larval and adult crabs
C) Male and female mosquitoes
D) Nymphs and adult cockroaches
D) Nymphs and adult cockroaches
Trilobites possess which of the following characteristics?
A) Uniramous appendages
B) Three tagmata: head, thorax, and abdomen
C) Biramous appendages
D) Only two longitudinal sections
C) Biramous appendages
What type of feeders were trilobites?
A) Predators
B) Substrate feeders
C) Filter feeders
D) Herbivores
B) Substrate feeders
Which of the following arthropod subphyla has biramous appendages?
A) Crustacea
B) Chelicerata
C) Myriapoda
D) Hexapoda
A) Crustacea
Trilobitomorpha can be compared to which other arthropod group that also has three body sections, though with different tagmata divisions?
A) Crustacea (cephalothorax and abdomen)
B) Myriapoda (head and trunk)
C) Hexapoda (head, thorax, and abdomen)
D) Chelicerata (prosoma and opisthosoma)
C) Hexapoda (head, thorax, and abdomen)
Which of the following groups is NOT part of Subphylum Chelicerata?
A) Scorpions
B) Spiders
C) Crabs
D) Ticks
C) Crabs
In Chelicerata, the prosoma (cephalothorax) is responsible for which of the following functions?
A) Digestive and reproductive processes
B) Sensory, feeding, and locomotion
C) Respiration only
D) Excretory functions
B) Sensory, feeding, and locomotion
Which appendages are primarily used for sensory and feeding functions in Chelicerata?
A) Chelicerae
B) Pedipalps
C) Walking legs
D) Opisthosoma
B) Pedipalps
In chelicerates, the opisthosoma (abdomen) generally contains which systems?
A) Eyes and sensory organs
B) Chelicerae and walking legs
C) Digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory organs
D) Only digestive organs
C) Digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory organs
Chelicerae are generally used for locomotion in Chelicerata.
T/F
False (They are usually feeding appendages)
The opisthosoma in Chelicerata is mainly involved in sensory functions.
T/F
False (It contains digestive, reproductive, excretory, and respiratory organs)
Which arthropod group has a similar body structure of two tagmata but with distinct differences in appendages used for feeding?
A) Hexapoda
B) Myriapoda
C) Crustacea
D) None; only Chelicerata has two tagmata and unique feeding appendages like chelicerae
D) None; only Chelicerata has two tagmata and unique feeding appendages like chelicerae
In comparison to Chelicerata, which of the following subphyla has mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing rather than chelicerae?
A) Hexapoda
B) Crustacea
C) Myriapoda
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
The subclass Xiphosura, which includes horseshoe crabs, uses which structures for gas exchange?
A) Book lungs
B) Tracheae
C) Book gills
D) Spiracles
C) Book gills
Horseshoe crabs are dioecious, meaning:
A) They have both male and female organs in one individual.
B) They are either male or female and reproduce sexually.
C) They reproduce asexually.
D) They undergo metamorphosis during their life cycle.
B) They are either male or female and reproduce sexually.
Which structure is responsible for locomotion in horseshoe crabs?
A) Chelicerae
B) Pedipalps
C) Walking legs
D) Telson
C) Walking legs
Which body part of a horseshoe crab is used to help flip it upright if it is overturned?
A) Carapace
B) Chelicera
C) Pedipalp
D) Telson
D) Telson
Horseshoe crabs are found exclusively in freshwater environments.
T/F
False (They are found in marine environments like the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico)
In horseshoe crabs, external fertilization occurs in the water after the male and female release their gametes.
T/F
True
The carapace in horseshoe crabs provides protection to their dorsal side.
T/F
True
Which of the following structures do both horseshoe crabs (Class Meristomata) and spiders (Class Arachnida) possess, although they differ in function?
A) Chelicerae
B) Telson
C) Wings
D) Antennae
A) Chelicerae
Class Arachnida includes which of the following organisms?
A) Crabs and lobsters
B) Spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions
C) Insects and centipedes
D) Earthworms and leeches
B) Spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpions
The early terrestrial ancestors of arachnids are believed to have arisen from which ancient group?
A) Trilobites
B) Eurypterids
C) Annelids
D) Crustaceans
B) Eurypterids
Which of the following structures is responsible for holding prey in arachnids?
A) Pedipalps
B) Chelicerae
C) Walking legs
D) Antennae
B) Chelicerae
In arachnids, the midgut is characterized by which of the following features?
A) Cuticular lining
B) Noncuticular lining for secretion and absorption
C) Responsible for water reabsorption
D) Pumping action
B) Noncuticular lining for secretion and absorption
What type of excretory structures do arachnids possess?
A) Nephridia
B) Coxal glands and Malpighian tubules
C) Green glands
D) Spiracles
B) Coxal glands and Malpighian tubules
Gas exchange in arachnids primarily occurs through which structures?
A) Gills
B) Lungs
C) Book lungs and tracheae
D) Skin
C) Book lungs and tracheae
The circulatory system of arachnids is classified as:
A) Closed
B) Open
C) Semi-closed
D) Non-functional
B) Open
Which of the following best describes the nervous system of arachnids?
A) Dorsal and segmented
B) Ventral with fusion of ganglia
C) Centralized with no ganglia
D) Dispersed throughout the body
B) Ventral with fusion of ganglia
Arachnids have an exoskeleton that aids in water conservation, which was an adaptation for terrestrial life.
T/F
True
Male arachnids transfer sperm directly to females during mating.
T/F
False (They use spermatophores for indirect sperm transfer.)
The development of arachnids is always indirect and involves a larval stage.
T/F
False (Development is direct in many species.)
Which of the following structures is homologous to the nephridia found in annelids?
A) Coxal glands
B) Malpighian tubules
C) Book lungs
D) Spiracles
A) Coxal glands
How do gas exchange mechanisms differ between arachnids and insects?
A) Both groups use book lungs for gas exchange.
B) Arachnids primarily use book lungs and tracheae, while insects rely solely on tracheae.
C) Insects do not have any gas exchange structures.
D) Both groups use gills for respiration.
B) Arachnids primarily use book lungs and tracheae, while insects rely solely on tracheae.
Compared to arachnids, what is a major difference in the feeding structures of insects?
A) Insects have mandibles instead of chelicerae.
B) Insects do not have any feeding structures.
C) Both groups use fangs for feeding.
D) Insects have specialized mouthparts for sucking.
A) Insects have mandibles instead of chelicerae.
Which of the following is a characteristic behavior of scorpions?
A) Diurnal hunting
B) Nocturnal activity
C) Burrowing in the sand
D) Swimming in freshwater
B) Nocturnal activity
What is the primary function of the prosoma in scorpions?
A) Reproduction
B) Digestion
C) Protection and sensory functions
D) Locomotion
C) Protection and sensory functions
In scorpions, which part of the body is referred to as the “tail”?
A) Prosoma
B) Preabdomen
C) Postabdomen
D) Carapace
C) Postabdomen
Which of the following scorpions is known for its venom potency and is often referred to as a “deathstalker”?
A) Androctonus
B) Centuroides
C) Urodacus
D) Pandinus
A) Androctonus
Scorpions can exhibit which of the following reproductive strategies?
A) Only oviparous
B) Only viviparous
C) Oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous
D) Asexual reproduction only
C) Oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous
The opisthosoma in scorpions is divided into the preabdomen and postabdomen.
T/F
True
All scorpions are viviparous and give live birth to their young.
T/F
False (They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous.)
What distinguishes the prosoma of scorpions from that of arachnids like spiders?
A) Scorpions have a segmented prosoma, while spiders do not.
B) Scorpions have a shieldlike carapace, while spiders have a more flexible prosoma.
C) Both have similar prosomal structures.
D) Scorpions lack a prosoma entirely.
B) Scorpions have a shieldlike carapace, while spiders have a more flexible prosoma.
Spiders belong to the largest group of arachnids.
T/F
True
The prosoma of spiders is primarily responsible for visceral functions.
T/F
False (The opisthosoma is responsible for visceral functions.)
Pedipalps in male spiders are used for sperm transfer.
T/F
True
How do the chelicerae of spiders differ from those of scorpions?
A) Both have chelicerae with poison glands.
B) Spiders have chelicerae with fangs, while scorpions have chelicerae used primarily for grasping.
C) Scorpions have no chelicerae.
D) Spiders do not have chelicerae.
B) Spiders have chelicerae with fangs, while scorpions have chelicerae used primarily for grasping.
In what way do the prosoma and opisthosoma of spiders differ in function?
A) The prosoma is mainly for visceral functions, while the opisthosoma is for movement.
B) The prosoma contains sensory and feeding structures, while the opisthosoma is primarily for visceral functions and silk production.
C) Both parts serve identical functions in spiders.
D) The prosoma is responsible for digestion, while the opisthosoma handles reproduction.
B) The prosoma contains sensory and feeding structures, while the opisthosoma is primarily for visceral functions and silk production.
What protein makes up spider silk?
A) Keratin
B) Collagen
C) Glycine and alanine amino acids
D) Myosin
C) Glycine and alanine amino acids
What modification occurs to silk when it is forced through the spinnerets?
A) It becomes solid
B) It undergoes chemical modification
C) It loses tensile strength
D) It becomes less acidic
B) It undergoes chemical modification
How does spider silk compare to Kevlar?
A) It is weaker than Kevlar.
B) It has a lower tensile strength than Kevlar.
C) It has better tensile strength than Kevlar.
D) It is not comparable to Kevlar.
C) It has better tensile strength than Kevlar.
During reproduction, how does the male spider transfer sperm to the female?
A) By injecting it directly
B) By placing it in her web
C) By using enlarged pedipalps to collect sperm
D) By laying it in an egg sac
C) By using enlarged pedipalps to collect sperm
What is another common name for members of the Order Opiliones?
A) Spiders
B) Scorpions
C) Harvestmen
D) Mites
C) Harvestmen
(Daddy Longlegs)
How is the prosoma connected to the opisthosoma in harvestmen?
A) By a narrow neck
B) It is broadly joined
C) It is separated by a carapace
D) It is not connected at all
B) It is broadly joined
What type of diet do harvestmen typically have?
A) Strict carnivores
B) Herbivores
C) Omnivores
D) Detritivores
C) Omnivores
How do harvestmen digest their food?
A) Only externally
B) Only internally
C) Through external and internal digestion
D) They do not digest food; they absorb nutrients directly
C) Through external and internal digestion
The prosoma and opisthosoma of harvestmen are distinctly separated.
T/F
False (They are broadly joined.)
What is the primary characteristic of the prosoma and opisthosoma in members of the Order Acarina?
A) They are separate structures.
B) They are fused and covered by a single carapace.
C) They are elongated and narrow.
D) They are not present in this order.
B) They are fused and covered by a single carapace.
Which of the following is a common lifestyle of many mites?
A) Parasitic on mammals
B) Free-living herbivores or scavengers
C) Exclusively aquatic
D) Predators of other arthropods
B) Free-living herbivores or scavengers
Which of the following is an example of an ectoparasite from the Order Acarina?
A) Ladybug
B) Chigger (Trombicula)
C) Dragonfly
D) Caterpillar
B) Chigger (Trombicula)
How do ticks differ in their life stages compared to mites?
A) Ticks do not have different life stages.
B) Ticks are ectoparasites in all life stages, while mites can be free-living.
C) Ticks only live in aquatic environments.
D) Ticks are larger than all mites at any life stage.
B) Ticks are ectoparasites in all life stages, while mites can be free-living.
How does the size of ticks generally compare to that of mites?
A) Ticks are usually smaller than mites.
B) Ticks can be up to 3 cm, while mites are typically 1 mm or less.
C) Both are usually the same size.
D) Ticks and mites have no size difference.
B) Ticks can be up to 3 cm, while mites are typically 1 mm or less.
How does the reproductive strategy of ticks compare to that of harvestmen in the Order Opiliones?
A) Both ticks and harvestmen are oviparous and do not exhibit parental care.
B) Ticks can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous, while harvestmen generally do not care for their eggs.
C) Both groups exhibit complex courtship rituals.
D) Harvestmen are exclusively viviparous.
B) Ticks can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous, while harvestmen generally do not care for their eggs.
Which of the following are the four classes in the Subphylum Myriapoda?
A) Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Hexapoda, Crustacea
B) Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Pauropoda
C) Chilopoda, Arachnida, Symphyla, Pauropoda
D) Diplopoda, Arachnida, Crustacea, Hexapoda
B) Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Pauropoda
Which class of Myriapoda is known for having two pairs of legs per body segment?
A) Chilopoda
B) Diplopoda
C) Symphyla
D) Pauropoda
B) Diplopoda
Which of the following best describes the feeding habits of Class Chilopoda?
A) Herbivorous
B) Carnivorous
C) Detritivorous
D) Omnivorous
B) Carnivorous
What is a distinguishing feature of Class Pauropoda compared to other Myriapoda classes?
A) They have a more complex body structure.
B) They are larger than all other classes.
C) They are very small and have fewer legs per segment.
D) They exclusively feed on plants.
C) They are very small and have fewer legs per segment.
All classes within Myriapoda have a fused prosoma and opisthosoma.
T/F
False (only Class Acarina has a fused body; Myriapoda has a distinct head and trunk).
Diplopoda are known for their ability to produce venom
T/F
False (Chilopoda are the class known for venomous fangs; Diplopoda are mostly detritivores and may secrete toxins as a defense).
Myriapoda have uniramous appendages, while insects (Hexapoda) have biramous appendages.
T/F
False (both Myriapoda and Hexapoda have uniramous appendages).
How do the appendages of Myriapoda differ from those of Chelicerata?
A) Myriapoda have biramous appendages, while Chelicerata have uniramous appendages.
B) Myriapoda have uniramous appendages, while Chelicerata have biramous appendages.
C) Both Myriapoda and Chelicerata have biramous appendages.
D) Both Myriapoda and Chelicerata have uniramous appendages.
D) Both Myriapoda and Chelicerata have uniramous appendages.
In terms of body segmentation, how does Myriapoda compare to Arachnida?
A) Myriapoda has two tagmata, while Arachnida has three.
B) Myriapoda has three tagmata, while Arachnida has two.
C) Both Myriapoda and Arachnida have two tagmata.
D) Both Myriapoda and Arachnida have three tagmata.
C) Both Myriapoda and Arachnida have two tagmata.
What is a significant difference in feeding habits between Myriapoda and Acarina?
A) Myriapoda are strictly herbivores, while Acarina are carnivores.
B) Myriapoda are primarily carnivores, while Acarina include ectoparasites and herbivores.
C) Both Myriapoda and Acarina are exclusively carnivores.
D) Myriapoda are filter feeders, while Acarina are scavengers.
B) Myriapoda are primarily carnivores, while Acarina include ectoparasites and herbivores.
How does the reproductive strategy of Myriapoda differ from that of Arachnida?
A) Myriapoda are dioecious, while Arachnida are hermaphroditic.
B) Myriapoda typically lay eggs, while Arachnida can be ovoviviparous or viviparous.
C) Myriapoda engage in complex courtship rituals, while Arachnida do not.
D) Both Myriapoda and Arachnida reproduce via external fertilization.
B) Myriapoda typically lay eggs, while Arachnida can be ovoviviparous or viviparous.
What is the primary dietary habit of millipedes?
A) Predatory on small animals
B) Parasitic on larger organisms
C) Feeding on decaying plant matter
D) Herbivorous, consuming living plants
C) Feeding on decaying plant matter
How do millipedes in Class Diplopoda transfer sperm during reproduction?
A) Through direct copulation only
B) Via gonopods or in spermatophores
C) By releasing sperm into the environment
D) By using specialized mouthparts
B) Via gonopods or in spermatophores
What function do the repugnatorial glands serve in millipedes?
A) Aid in digestion
B) Assist in locomotion
C) Produce venom for predation
D) Release defensive chemicals to deter predators
D) Release defensive chemicals to deter predators
In terms of habitat preference, how do millipedes (Class Diplopoda) compare to centipedes (Class Chilopoda)?
A) Millipedes prefer dry environments, while centipedes prefer moist areas.
B) Millipedes are typically found in moist environments, while centipedes can be found in both dry and moist habitats.
C) Both classes prefer dry habitats.
D) Both classes prefer aquatic habitats.
B) Millipedes are typically found in moist environments, while centipedes can be found in both dry and moist habitats.
How do the defensive mechanisms of millipedes (Class Diplopoda) compare to those of spiders (Class Arachnida)?
A) Millipedes primarily use venom, while spiders use physical defenses.
B) Both use venom, but spiders have a more complex delivery system.
C) Millipedes use repugnatorial glands, while spiders often use venomous fangs.
D) Both use repugnatorial glands for defense.
C) Millipedes use repugnatorial glands, while spiders often use venomous fangs.
What is the primary feeding strategy of centipedes in Class Chilopoda?
A) Herbivorous
B) Detritivorous
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
C) Predatory
How do male centipedes transfer sperm to females?
A) Through direct contact
B) By releasing eggs into the environment
C) By placing a spermatophore in a silk web
D) Through a special appendage
C) By placing a spermatophore in a silk web
Which of the following classes in the Myriapoda subphylum has a flattened body shape?
A) Diplopoda
B) Chilopoda
C) Pauropoda
D) Symphyla
B) Chilopoda
Centipedes have a round cross-section, while millipedes are flattened.
T/F
False
Centipedes and millipedes both have repugnatorial glands for defense.
T/F
True
Symphyla and Pauropoda both have a similar body structure and feeding habits to Chilopoda.
T/F
False
Which class primarily feeds on fungi and decaying organic matter?
A) Chilopoda
B) Diplopoda
C) Pauropoda
D) Symphyla
C) Pauropoda
Which of the following statements accurately compares Pauropoda and Symphyla?
A) Both classes have a thick exoskeleton
B) Pauropoda lack eyes, while Symphyla have well-developed eyes
C) Symphyla are known for their ability to feed on decaying vegetation, unlike Pauropoda
D) Pauropoda have a thin, moist exoskeleton, while Symphyla do not have eyes
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D) Pauropoda have a thin, moist exoskeleton, while Symphyla do not have eyes
Which class is commonly found in soil and leaf mold?
A) Diplopoda
B) Chilopoda
C) Pauropoda
D) Symphyla
D) Symphyla
How do the feeding habits of Pauropoda and Symphyla differ from those of Chilopoda?
A) Both Pauropoda and Symphyla are carnivorous, while Chilopoda are herbivorous
B) Pauropoda and Symphyla feed on decaying organic matter, while Chilopoda are predators
C) All three classes are herbivorous
D) Both Pauropoda and Symphyla are predators, while Chilopoda are detritivores
B) Pauropoda and Symphyla feed on decaying organic matter, while Chilopoda are predators
Both Pauropoda and Symphyla possess well-developed eyes for detecting their surroundings.
T/F
False
Pauropoda and Symphyla are both adapted to living in moist environments, primarily in forest floor litter and soil, respectively.
T/F
True
Pauropoda feed primarily on decaying vegetation, while Symphyla primarily consume fungi.
T/F
False
Symphyla are known for their ability tothrive in leaf mold and have a more robust exoskeleton compared to Pauropoda.
T/F
False
Both Pauropoda and Symphyla lack the ability to digest solid food externally, requiring a moist environment for feeding.
T/F
True
Pauropoda and Symphyla are more closely related to Class Insecta than to Class Diplopoda.
T/F
False
In terms of evolutionary adaptations for survival, which of the following best distinguishes the Myriapoda from other arthropods such as Arachnida?
A) Myriapoda have a hardened exoskeleton, while Arachnida do not.
B) Myriapoda possess uniramous appendages, whereas Arachnida have chelicerae.
C) Myriapoda are primarily aquatic, while Arachnida are terrestrial.
D) Myriapoda have compound eyes, while Arachnida have simple eyes.
B) Myriapoda possess uniramous appendages, whereas Arachnida have chelicerae.
How do the reproductive strategies of Myriapoda compare to those of Arachnida?
A) Both groups use external fertilization exclusively.
B) Myriapoda have specialized structures for sperm transfer, while Arachnida may deposit spermatophores.
C) Myriapoda have a complex courtship behavior, whereas Arachnida do not.
D) Both groups carry their eggs in silk cases.
B) Myriapoda have specialized structures for sperm transfer, while Arachnida may deposit spermatophores.
What ecological role do Acarina serve that differs from that of Myriapoda?
A) Both groups primarily feed on decaying organic matter.
B) Acarina include species that are ectoparasites, whereas Myriapoda do not.
C) Myriapoda are key predators in their ecosystems, while Acarina are primarily herbivores.
D) Both groups contribute equally to soil health.
B) Acarina include species that are ectoparasites, whereas Myriapoda do not.
In terms of sensory perception, how do Myriapoda compare to Acarina?
A) Myriapoda have more complex eyes than Acarina.
B) Acarina have compound eyes, while Myriapoda do not.
C) Both groups possess similar types of sensory organs.
D) Myriapoda lack any form of sensory perception.
A) Myriapoda have more complex eyes than Acarina.
Which feature is NOT a reason for the evolutionary success of insects?
A) Exoskeleton with water-conserving properties
B) Gills for underwater respiration
C) Metamorphosis
D) High reproductive potential
B) Gills for underwater respiration
Which class within Hexapoda includes both winged and wingless insects?
A) Entognatha
B) Insecta
C) Arachnida
D) Crustacea
B) Insecta
In Hexapoda, how many tagmata are typically present?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Six
C) Three
What unique adaptation is associated with insects’ dominance on land?
A) Fins for swimming
B) External gills
C) Desiccation-resistant eggs
D) Internal fertilization only
C) Desiccation-resistant eggs
In Hexapoda, how many pairs of head appendages are typically present?
A) Three
B) Five
C) Seven
D) Eight
B) Five
True or False: All classes of Hexapoda include species with wings.
False. (Only the class Insecta includes winged species, while Entognatha is wingless.)
High reproductive potential is a key factor contributing to the dominance of insects on land.
True
Insects have a body divided into three distinct tagmata, similar to crustaceans.
T/F
False. (Crustaceans typically have two tagmata, while insects have three.)
True or False: Metamorphosis allows insects to exploit different ecological niches during their life stages.
True
Which feature differentiates Hexapoda from Crustacea?
A) Presence of two pairs of antennae in Hexapoda
B) Three pairs of legs on the thorax in Hexapoda
C) Exoskeleton in Hexapoda lacks chitin
B) Three pairs of legs on the thorax in Hexapoda
Which adaptation do Hexapods have that gives them an advantage in terrestrial environments compared to Crustaceans?
A) Metamorphosis
B) Aquatic respiration via gills
C) Ability to molt as adults
A) Metamorphosis
In contrast to Arachnids, Hexapoda have:
A) Fewer legs
B) Three tagmata
C) No metamorphosis
D) Both A and B
D) Both A and B
Which characteristic is unique to insects within Hexapoda, compared to Entognatha?
A) Presence of both winged (Pterygotes) and wingless (Apterogotes) species
B) Three pairs of head appendages
C) Desiccation-resistant eggs
D) Exoskeleton
A) Presence of both winged (Pterygotes) and wingless (Apterogotes) species
Which tagmata are present in Class Insecta?
A) Head, thorax, and abdomen
B) Head, cephalothorax, and abdomen
C) Prosoma, mesosoma, and metasoma
D) Cephalothorax and opisthosoma
A) Head, thorax, and abdomen
Which thoracic segments make up the insect thorax?
A) Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
B) Cephalothorax, prothorax, mesothorax
C) Metathorax, mesothorax, opisthothorax
D) None of the above
A) Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
Which type of flight is characterized by resilient properties of the exoskeleton enhancing power and velocity?
A) Synchronous flight
B) Direct flight
C) Indirect flight
D) None of the above
C) Indirect flight
Direct flight in insects is also known as asynchronous flight.
T/F
False (Direct flight is also called synchronous flight, where each wingbeat follows a nerve impulse.)
The abdomen in Class Insecta is responsible for housing the wings.
T/F
False (Wings are attached to the thorax.)
What is a key difference between synchronous (direct) and asynchronous (indirect) flight mechanisms?
A) Synchronous flight relies on multiple nerve impulses for each wingbeat, while asynchronous flight only needs one.
B) Synchronous flight only occurs in aquatic insects, while asynchronous flight is for terrestrial insects.
C) Asynchronous flight muscles act directly on wing bases, while synchronous flight does not.
D) Asynchronous flight is slower than synchronous flight.
A) Synchronous flight relies on multiple nerve impulses for each wingbeat, while asynchronous flight only needs one.
In comparison to arachnids, which feature is unique to insects in Class Insecta?
A) Possession of three tagmata
B) Presence of wings
C) Predatory feeding habits
D) Respiratory system with book lungs
B) Presence of wings
Which of the following distinguishes indirect flight in insects from crustacean movement mechanisms?
A) The use of a rigid exoskeleton for structural support
B) Reliance on nerve impulses for movement
C) Muscles that alter the exoskeleton shape to initiate wing strokes
D) Ability to move appendages in water
C) Muscles that alter the exoskeleton shape to initiate wing strokes
Which structure serves as the sensory upper lip in the biting-chewing mouthparts of insects?
A) Mandibles
B) Maxillae
C) Labrum
D) Labium
C) Labrum
What function does the proventriculus serve in the insect digestive system?
A) Grinding and cutting food
B) Storing food
C) Regulating food movement into the midgut
D) Absorbing water
C) Regulating food movement into the midgut
Which of the following is involved in passive gas exchange in insects?
A) Setae
B) Ventral nerve cord
C) Tracheal trunks
D) Dorsal contractile vessel
C) Tracheal trunks
Which sensory organ in insects is involved in detecting sound through vibration in the antennae?
A) Tympanal organ
B) Johnston’s organ
C) Compound eye
D) Ocelli
B) Johnston’s organ
What purpose do compound eyes serve in insects?
A) Detecting UV light and movement
B) Providing binocular vision
C) Filtering light
D) Detecting sound frequencies
A) Detecting UV light and movement
The labium is a sensory structure that functions as the lower lip in insect mouthparts.
T/F
True
Insect circulatory systems transport respiratory gases throughout the body.
T/F
False (They do not transport respiratory gases; only nutrients, hormones, and wastes.)
Tympanal organs are used by insects for both mating calls and predator avoidance.
T/F
True
Ocelli in insects are primarily used for detecting detailed images.
T/F
False (They detect changes in light, not detailed images.)
Insects regulate body temperature for flight by shivering their flight muscles.
T/F
True
How does the open circulatory system in insects differ from that in crustaceans?
A) Insects’ circulatory systems do not transport respiratory gases, while crustaceans’ do.
B) Crustaceans lack a dorsal contractile vessel, while insects have one.
C) Crustaceans have a closed circulatory system, while insects have an open one.
D) Insect circulatory systems only distribute nutrients, while crustacean circulatory systems are solely for gas exchange.
A) Insects’ circulatory systems do not transport respiratory gases, while crustaceans’ do.
What is the main difference between compound eyes in insects and simple eyes (ocelli) in other arthropods?
A) Compound eyes detect movement and UV light, while simple eyes detect sound.
B) Compound eyes are found only in aquatic arthropods, while simple eyes are terrestrial.
C) Compound eyes have multiple ommatidia, while simple eyes (ocelli) detect light changes.
D) Simple eyes can form detailed images, unlike compound eyes.
C) Compound eyes have multiple ommatidia, while simple eyes (ocelli) detect light changes.
In terms of feeding adaptations, how do the mouthparts of insects with sponging mouthparts differ from those of crustaceans?
A) Insects with sponging mouthparts use mandibles exclusively, while crustaceans do not.
B) Sponging mouthparts in insects lack a cutting function, unlike crustacean mouthparts.
C) Crustaceans and insects both utilize labium structures for sponging.
D) Insects with sponging mouthparts lack labium structures entirely.
B) Sponging mouthparts in insects lack a cutting function, unlike crustacean mouthparts.
How does the tracheal system for gas exchange in insects differ from the respiratory structures in crustaceans?
A) Insects use tracheae with spiracles for direct air intake, while crustaceans use gills.
B) Crustaceans have an open tracheal system, while insects have a closed one.
C) Both crustaceans and insects rely on spiracles for respiration.
D) Insects use their circulatory system for gas exchange, while crustaceans do not.
A) Insects use tracheae with spiracles for direct air intake, while crustaceans use gills.
What role does UV vision play in honeybee pollination?
A) It allows honeybees to detect predators on flowers.
B) It helps honeybees identify ripe flowers from unripe ones.
C) It reveals a bulls-eye pattern on flowers, guiding bees to the reproductive organs.
D) It enables bees to distinguish flower species.
C) It reveals a bulls-eye pattern on flowers, guiding bees to the reproductive organs.
Malpighian tubules in insects are involved in which bodily function?
A) Digestion
B) Excretion
C) Respiration
D) Sensory detection
B) Excretion
Which hormone is responsible for regulating the insect molting process from an immature to an adult stage?
A) Ecdysotropin
B) Ecdysone
C) Juvenile hormone
D) Thoracotropic hormone
B) Ecdysone
Pheromones in insects are characterized by which of the following features?
A) They are only active in a direct physical exchange.
B) They require large quantities to have an effect.
C) They can cause behavioral changes and have a specific shape.
D) They are exclusively released during mating.
C) They can cause behavioral changes and have a specific shape.
Which reproductive method is used by most insects?
A) External fertilization
B) Indirect fertilization using spermatophores
C) Copulation with abdominal appendages
D) Budding
C) Copulation with abdominal appendages
Honeybee UV vision enables them to see specific flower patterns that guide them to the flower’s reproductive organs.
T/F
True
Juvenile hormone concentration in an insect’s hemocoel determines whether molting leads to another immature stage or maturity.
T/F
True
The Malpighian tubules in insects are homologous to those found in arachnids.
T/F
False (they are not homologous)
In insects, pheromones need to be in large amounts to be effective at eliciting a behavioral response in another member of the same species.
T/F
false (only a small amount is needed to elicit a response)
Thysanura and Collembola use direct fertilization for reproduction.
T/F
False (They use indirect fertilization with spermatophores.)
What is a key difference between the Malpighian tubules in insects and the excretory systems in crustaceans?
A) Malpighian tubules function in ion transport, while crustaceans rely on gills for excretion.
B) Insect Malpighian tubules are homologous to those in crustaceans, sharing a similar structure.
C) Insects use Malpighian tubules for excretion directly into the gut, while crustaceans have a more separate excretory system.
D) Crustaceans rely on their tracheae for excretion, unlike insects.
C) Insects use Malpighian tubules for excretion directly into the gut, while crustaceans have a more separate excretory system.
How does pheromone communication in insects differ from visual or auditory signals used in reproduction?
A) Pheromones are effective over longer distances than visual or auditory signals.
B) Visual signals require complex body structures, while pheromones require no structures.
C) Auditory signals are less effective in water environments, unlike pheromones.
D) Pheromones are used exclusively for navigation, whereas visual signals are for mating.
B) Visual signals require complex body structures, while pheromones require no structures.
How does honeybee UV vision compare to human vision in terms of flower detection?
A) Honeybees cannot detect any color in flowers, unlike humans.
B) Honeybee vision allows them to see UV light patterns that guide them to reproductive parts, whereas humans see no such pattern.
C) Humans detect UV light more precisely than honeybees, helping with flower pollination.
D) Both honeybees and humans detect UV, but only honeybees respond to floral patterns.
B) Honeybee vision allows them to see UV light patterns that guide them to reproductive parts, whereas humans see no such pattern.
What is a key functional difference between ecdysone and juvenile hormone in insect development?
A) Ecdysone regulates digestive functions, while juvenile hormone affects vision.
B) Ecdysone directly initiates molting, while juvenile hormone controls the nature of the molt.
C) Juvenile hormone is primarily active in adults, unlike ecdysone.
D) Ecdysone controls only the first molt, while juvenile hormone is active throughout life.
B) Ecdysone directly initiates molting, while juvenile hormone controls the nature of the molt.
In ametabolous metamorphosis, which of the following is true?
A) Immature stages look completely different from adults.
B) Molting stops after adulthood.
C) Adults and larvae are similar except for sexual maturity.
D) Wings develop internally during each molt.
C) Adults and larvae are similar except for sexual maturity.
What term is used for the immature forms of insects that undergo hemimetabolous metamorphosis?
A) Pupae
B) Nymphs or naiads
C) Larvae
D) Instars
B) Nymphs or naiads
Which caste in a honeybee colony is responsible for gathering nectar and defending the hive?
A) Queen
B) Soldier
C) Worker
D) Drone
C) Worker
What effect does octopamine have on fire ant workers?
A) It causes them to become reproductive.
B) It motivates them to perform tasks.
C) It makes them wander aimlessly.
D) It induces diapause.
B) It motivates them to perform tasks.
Which of the following insect orders includes the most species?
A) Coleoptera
B) Hymenoptera
C) Diptera
D) Lepidoptera
A) Coleoptera
Insects with holometabolous metamorphosis undergo a complete transformation, including a pupal stage, before becoming adults.
T/F
True
The queen bee in a colony inhibits worker bees from raising a new queen through a caste-regulating pheromone.
T/F
True
The term ‘instar’ refers to the dormant period that insects enter during adverse environmental conditions.
T/F
False (Diapause is the dormant period, while an instar is a developmental stage between molts.)
Honeybees contribute to pollination for approximately 65% of plant species.
T/F
True
Fire ants that lack octopamine tend to perform tasks with increased efficiency.
T/F
False (They wander aimlessly and do not perform tasks effectively without octopamine.)
How does hemimetabolous metamorphosis differ from holometabolous metamorphosis?
A) Hemimetabolous insects undergo a pupal stage, whereas holometabolous insects do not.
B) Hemimetabolous metamorphosis includes nymph stages that look more like adults, while holometabolous metamorphosis includes distinct larval forms that differ from adults.
C) Hemimetabolous insects stop molting after adulthood, while holometabolous insects continue to molt throughout life.
D) Only holometabolous insects experience diapause.
B) Hemimetabolous metamorphosis includes nymph stages that look more like adults, while holometabolous metamorphosis includes distinct larval forms that differ from adults.
What is the main functional difference between workers and soldiers in social insect colonies?
A) Workers are exclusively female, while soldiers are male.
B) Workers perform tasks like gathering food and caring for young, whereas soldiers primarily defend the colony.
C) Soldiers are reproductive, while workers are sterile.
D) Soldiers regulate the colony’s pheromone levels.
B) Workers perform tasks like gathering food and caring for young, whereas soldiers primarily defend the colony.
In what way do humans benefit from insects’ biological activities?
A) Insects exclusively act as disease vectors, impacting agriculture negatively.
B) Insects only benefit humans through soil aeration and pollination.
C) Humans benefit from insects’ wax production, silk, pollination, and biological control of pests.
D) Insects provide direct food sources but no ecological benefits.
C) Humans benefit from insects’ wax production, silk, pollination, and biological control of pests.
How does caste specialization in honeybee colonies differ from that in fire ant colonies?
A) Honeybee colonies have three main castes, while fire ants have five.
B) Honeybees rely on royal jelly for queen selection, whereas fire ants use octopamine to regulate worker behavior.
C) Fire ant colonies rely on pheromones to raise new queens, while honeybees use sound signals.
D) Fire ant workers perform multiple tasks, while honeybee workers are limited to one role.
B) Honeybees rely on royal jelly for queen selection, whereas fire ants use octopamine to regulate worker behavior.
In ametabolous metamorphosis, the primary difference between larvae and adults is:
A) Development of wings
B) Sexual maturity
C) Changes in body structure
D) Growth of antennae
B) Sexual maturity
Which of the following correctly describes hemimetabolous metamorphosis?
A) There is no change between the larval and adult forms.
B) Immature forms develop in aquatic environments and are called naiads.
C) Immature forms (nymphs) develop internally.
D) Adults emerge directly from eggs.
B) Immature forms develop in aquatic environments and are called naiads.
Insects with holometabolous metamorphosis have a distinct life stage known as a(n):
A) Nymph
B) Pupa
C) Naiad
D) Juvenile
B) Pupa
During which type of metamorphosis do the wings develop externally on the immature insect?
A) Ametabolous
B) Hemimetabolous
C) Holometabolous
D) None of the above
B) Hemimetabolous
Diapause, a dormancy state induced by environmental conditions, is primarily associated with:
A) Ametabolous insects
B) Hemimetabolous insects
C) Holometabolous insects
D) All of the above
C) Holometabolous insects
In ametabolous metamorphosis, molting continues after the insect reaches adulthood.
T/F
True
Hemimetabolous insects have distinct larval and adult stages with completely different habitats.
T/F
False (They gradually take on the adult form but may share similar habitats.)
Holometabolous insects undergo a complete transformation, including a larval, pupal, and adult stage.
T/F
True
Diapause is a type of seasonal dormancy that can occur during various life stages, allowing insects to survive unfavorable conditions.
T/F
True
How do larvae in holometabolous metamorphosis differ from nymphs in hemimetabolous metamorphosis?
A) Larvae resemble the adult form, while nymphs do not.
B) Larvae and adults often occupy different habitats, while nymphs and adults usually share the same habitat.
C) Nymphs go through a pupal stage, while larvae do not.
D) Both larvae and nymphs are identical to the adult form.
B) Larvae and adults often occupy different habitats, while nymphs and adults usually share the same habitat.
Which type of metamorphosis includes an environmentally induced dormancy called diapause?
A) Ametabolous
B) Hemimetabolous
C) Holometabolous
D) None of the above
C) Holometabolous
Which of the following insect orders is known for having hardened forewings known as elytra?
a) Diptera
b) Lepidoptera
c) Coleoptera
d) Hymenoptera
c) Coleoptera
Which insect order primarily contributes to pollination and also produces honey and wax?
a) Hymenoptera
b) Coleoptera
c) Diptera
d) Lepidoptera
a) Hymenoptera
Which of these has only one pair of wings, with the second pair modified into structures called halteres?
a) Lepidoptera
b) Coleoptera
c) Diptera
d) Hymenoptera
c) Diptera
Which of these insect orders undergoes holometabolous metamorphosis and has caterpillars as larvae?
a) Lepidoptera
b) Coleoptera
c) Diptera
d) Hymenoptera
a) Lepidoptera
In Hymenoptera, what term describes the reduced and fused metathorax and first abdominal segment?
a) Halteres
b) Hamuli
c) Propodeum
d) Elytra
c) Propodeum
True or False: Coleoptera is known for species that serve both as pests and beneficial insects.
True
True or False: Lepidoptera is the insect order with the largest number of species in the world.
False
True or False: All members of Diptera have chewing mouthparts in the adult stage.
False (They have sponging, sucking, or lapping mouthparts)
True or False: The order Hymenoptera includes bees, ants, and butterflies.
False
True or False: Lepidoptera larvae are often herbivores with chewing mouthparts.
True
Which of the following insect orders is the largest, containing approximately 40% of all insect species?
a) Lepidoptera
b) Coleoptera
c) Diptera
d) Hymenoptera
b) Coleoptera
Compared to Lepidoptera, which of the following insect orders has highly evolved social structures?
a) Diptera
b) Coleoptera
c) Hymenoptera
d) Lepidoptera itself
c) Hymenoptera
Which insect order primarily contributes to disease transmission compared to other orders that focus on pollination?
a) Diptera
b) Hymenoptera
c) Coleoptera
d) Lepidoptera
a) Diptera
In comparing the mouthparts, which insect order has members with chewing mouthparts in the larval stage and sucking mouthparts as adults?
a) Coleoptera
b) Diptera
c) Lepidoptera
d) Hymenoptera
c) Lepidoptera
Compared to Diptera, which of the following orders has two pairs of wings with hamuli connecting them?
a) Lepidoptera
b) Hymenoptera
c) Coleoptera
d) None of the above
b) Hymenoptera
Which of the following insect orders undergoes holometabolous metamorphosis, characterized by distinct larval, pupal, and adult stages?
a) Thysanura
b) Coleoptera
c) Collembola
d) Isoptera
b) Coleoptera
In holometabolous insects, the immature form is called a nymph, which gradually develops into the adult form
T/F
False (In holometabolous insects, the immature form is a larva, not a nymph)
Which of the following orders includes insects that have larvae significantly different in form and habitat from adults, a key trait of holometabolous development?
a) Hemiptera
b) Lepidoptera
c) Thysanura
d) Orthoptera
b) Lepidoptera
Gypsy moths, a species within the Lepidoptera order, are beneficial insects due to their role in pollination.
T/F
False (pests)
Which insect order includes members like sawflies, which can be pests, and also contains beneficial members that contribute to pollination?
a) Diptera
b) Hymenoptera
c) Coleoptera
d) Orthoptera
b) Hymenoptera
Which of the following is the approximate age of the oldest known insect fossil?
a) 200 million years
b) 400 million years
c) 330 million years
d) 600 million years
b) 400 million years
Approximately how many years ago did coevolution between insects and flowering plants begin?
a) 600 million years ago
b) 330 million years ago
c) 200-100 million years ago
d) 430 million years ago
c) 200-100 million years ago
Which arthropod lineage is considered the earliest to diverge, based on fossil evidence from around 550 million years ago?
a) Hexapoda
b) Myriapoda
c) Chelicerata
d) Trilobitomorpha
d) Trilobitomorpha
Two-thirds of all flowering plants are pollinated by insects.
T/F
True
Myriapoda were the first terrestrial animals to evolve.
T/F
False (Chelicerata were the first terrestrial animals)
Flying insect fossils have been found dating back approximately 600 million years.
T/F
False (330 million)
Which of the following groups emerged approximately 400 million years ago and is directly related to the development of modern insects?
a) Trilobitomorpha
b) Myriapoda
c) Hexapoda
d) Chelicerata
c) Hexapoda
Compared to the appearance of Chelicerata fossils 500 million years ago, which group is the oldest in terms of fossil evidence?
a) Protocrustaceans (600 million years ago)
b) Hexapoda (400 million years ago)
c) Myriapoda (430 million years ago)
d) Crustacea (300 million years ago)
a) Protocrustaceans (600 million years ago)
Which feature is characteristic of almost all members of the Subphylum Crustacea?
a) Two pairs of antennae
b) Uniramous appendages
c) Three pairs of wings
d) Terrestrial lifestyle
a) Two pairs of antennae
Which part of the crustacean appendage is responsible for forming two branches?
a) Exoskeleton
b) Cephalothorax
c) Biramous structure
d) Carapace
c) Biramous structure
Crustaceans generally have two pairs of antennae.
T/f
True
All crustaceans are aquatic.
T/F
False
The endopodite and exopodite are parts of the biramous appendages found in crustaceans.
T/F
True
Which of the following best describes the function of biramous appendages in crustaceans?
a) Single-branched and used primarily for sensory functions
b) Double-branched, consisting of an endopodite and an exopodite
c) Triple-branched, adapted for movement and respiration
d) Winged structures used for flight in aquatic environments
b) Double-branched, consisting of an endopodite and an exopodite
What is the largest order within Class Malacostraca?
a) Amphipoda
b) Isopoda
c) Decapoda
d) Euphausiacea
c) Decapoda
What anatomical feature is formed by the fusion of the head and thorax in crayfish?
a) Abdomen
b) Carapace
c) Cephalothorax
d) Exoskeleton
c) Cephalothorax
Which of the following best describes the function of the abdomen in crayfish?
a) Sensory processing
b) Feeding
c) Locomotion and visceral functions
d) Defense mechanisms
c) Locomotion and visceral functions
The Decapoda order includes only those crustaceans with ten appendages.
T/F
True
In crayfish, the carapace covers the cephalothorax dorsally and laterally.
T/F
True
All appendages of crustaceans are derived from different ancestral patterns.
T/F
False (They are serially homologous, derived from a common ancestral pattern)
Compared to other classes of crustaceans, what distinguishes Class Malacostraca?
a) They all have two pairs of antennae.
b) They possess a unique larval stage called nauplius.
c) They include larger and more complex organisms like crabs and lobsters.
d) They lack a carapace.
c) They include larger and more complex organisms like crabs and lobsters.
Which statement best compares the cephalothorax of a crayfish to the abdomen?
a) The cephalothorax is primarily for locomotion, while the abdomen is for feeding.
b) The cephalothorax is covered by a carapace, while the abdomen is muscular and flexible.
c) Both are equally important for sensory functions.
d) The cephalothorax is used for respiration, while the abdomen is not involved in respiration.
b) The cephalothorax is covered by a carapace, while the abdomen is muscular and flexible.
What are the three parts of the crayfish digestive system?
a) Foregut, midgut, hindgut
b) Gills, hemocoel, pericardial sinus
c) Cephalothorax, abdomen, carapace
d) Antennae, eyes, gills
a) Foregut, midgut, hindgut
Where do the gills of a crayfish attach?
a) At the base of the abdomen
b) At the base of the cephalothoracic appendages
c) On the dorsal surface of the carapace
d) Directly to the heart
b) At the base of the cephalothoracic appendages
What type of circulatory system do crayfish possess?
a) Closed circulatory system
b) Open circulatory system
c) Semi-closed circulatory system
d) Lymphatic system
b) Open circulatory system
What is the primary function of the second maxilla in crayfish?
a) Feeding
b) Circulating water over the gills
c) Locomotion
d) Sensory detection
b) Circulating water over the gills
Crayfish have a complete digestive system consisting of three sections.
T/F
True
The gills of a crayfish lie within the gill chamber, which is located between the carapace and the dorsal body wall.
T/F
False (it lies between the carapace and the lateral body wall)
Crayfish have a closed circulatory system, meaning that blood is always contained within blood vessels.
T/F
False
The crayfish nervous system includes a ventral nervous system with supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia.
T/F
True
Compared to terrestrial arthropods, how does the respiratory system of crayfish function?
a) Terrestrial arthropods use lungs, while crayfish use gills.
b) Both use gills for respiration.
c) Both rely on the diffusion of oxygen directly through the exoskeleton.
d) Terrestrial arthropods do not have a respiratory system
a) Terrestrial arthropods use lungs, while crayfish use gills.
How does the circulatory system of a crayfish differ from that of mammals?
a) Crayfish have a closed circulatory system, while mammals have an open one.
b) Mammals have a single circuit, while crayfish have a double circuit.
c) Crayfish have an open circulatory system, while mammals have a closed one.
d) Both systems are entirely similar.
c) Crayfish have an open circulatory system, while mammals have a closed one.
In terms of nervous system organization, how does the crayfish compare to insects?
a) Crayfish have a more complex brain than insects.
b) Both have a ventral nerve cord and ganglia for processing sensory information.
c) Crayfish lack any form of ganglia.
d) Insects do not have cephalization, whereas crayfish do.
b) Both have a ventral nerve cord and ganglia for processing sensory information.
What hormone is released by the Y-organs when the molt-inhibiting hormone is not present?
a) Testosterone
b) Ecdysone
c) Estrogen
d) Neurosecretory hormone
b) Ecdysone
What is the primary function of the androgenic glands in male crayfish?
a) To stimulate molting
b) To promote the development of testes and male characteristics
c) To regulate excretion
d) To aid in respiration
b) To promote the development of testes and male characteristics
Which structures in crayfish are primarily responsible for excretion?
a) Gills
b) Antennal (green) glands
c) Maxillary glands
d) Both b and c
d) Both b and c
How do fertilized eggs develop in crayfish?
a) They are released into the water as planktonic larvae.
b) They attach to the male’s pleopods.
c) They attach to the female’s pleopods and hatch as miniature adults.
d) They develop internally and are born live.
c) They attach to the female’s pleopods and hatch as miniature adults.
The X-organs are responsible for releasing ecdysone when the molt-inhibiting hormone is not present.
T/F
False (Y-organs)
Crayfish are dioecious, meaning they have separate male and female individuals.
T/F
Trueq
Mating in crayfish occurs before the female molts.
T/F
False (after)
Crayfish can secrete ammonia through their body wall as part of their excretion process.
T/F
true
How does the excretory system of crayfish compare to that of arachnids?
a) Crayfish use gills for excretion, while arachnids use maxillary glands.
b) Both have similar glandular structures; crayfish have antennal glands, and arachnids have coxal glands.
c) Crayfish do not excrete ammonia, while arachnids do.
d) Arachnids excrete primarily through their kidneys, while crayfish do not have kidneys.
b) Both have similar glandular structures; crayfish have antennal glands, and arachnids have coxal glands.
In terms of reproduction, how do crayfish differ from many fish species?
a) Crayfish are ovoviviparous, while many fish are oviparous.
b) Crayfish lay eggs that develop into planktonic larvae, while many fish lay eggs that hatch into miniature adults.
c) Crayfish have internal fertilization, while many fish have external fertilization.
d) Crayfish are hermaphroditic, while most fish are dioecious.
c) Crayfish have internal fertilization, while many fish have external fertilization.
How does the hormone regulation in crayfish compare to that in mammals?
a) Crayfish use neurosecretory tissues for hormonal control, while mammals do not.
b) Both crayfish and mammals rely on hormones for processes like growth and reproduction, but the specific hormones and glands involved differ.
c) Mammals do not have any hormone regulation, unlike crayfish.
d) Crayfish have a more complex endocrine system than mammals.
b) Both crayfish and mammals rely on hormones for processes like growth and reproduction, but the specific hormones and glands involved differ.
What is the primary characteristic of the nauplius larval form?
a) It has a fully developed shell.
b) It is a planktonic, free-swimming stage.
c) It undergoes metamorphosis into a zoea.
d) It is the final larval stage before becoming an adult.
b) It is a planktonic, free-swimming stage.
What is the zoea stage commonly associated with?
a) Freshwater habitats only
b) The development of crustaceans, specifically crabs
c) Terrestrial adaptations
d) The formation of gills in adult crustaceans
b) The development of crustaceans, specifically crabs
Which of the following larval forms is typically the first stage in crustacean development?
a) Zoea
b) Nauplius
c) Megalopa
d) Adult
b) Nauplius
What is the main role of the nauplius larval stage in the life cycle of crustaceans?
a) To reproduce and lay eggs
b) To feed and grow in the planktonic environment
c) To undergo metamorphosis into a megalopa
d) To develop complex gills
b) To feed and grow in the planktonic environment
The nauplius stage is typically the last larval form before reaching adulthood in crustaceans.
T/F
False (The nauplius stage is the first larval stage.)
Zoea is a larval stage that only occurs in freshwater crustaceans.
T/F
False (Zoea occurs in many crustaceans, including marine species like crabs.)
Both nauplius and zoea stages are free-swimming and planktonic.
T/F
True
The zoea stage is generally considered more developed than the nauplius stage.
T/F
True
How do the nauplius and zoea stages differ in terms of their development?
a) The nauplius is a non-feeding stage, while the zoea is a feeding stage.
b) The nauplius has fewer appendages than the zoea.
c) Both nauplius and zoea stages are identical in form.
d) The zoea stage occurs before the nauplius stage.
b) The nauplius has fewer appendages than the zoea.
In terms of habitat, how do nauplius and zoea stages compare?
a) Nauplius stages are exclusively found in freshwater, while zoea stages are only marine.
b) Both nauplius and zoea stages can be found in marine environments.
c) Nauplius stages are primarily benthic, while zoea stages are pelagic.
d) Both stages are exclusively terrestrial.
b) Both nauplius and zoea stages can be found in marine environments.
In the life cycle of crustaceans, what is the key difference between the nauplius and zoea stages in terms of morphological complexity?
a) Nauplius is simpler with fewer body segments, while zoea has more developed features and appendages.
b) Zoea is simpler than nauplius and does not feed.
c) Nauplius has more complex gills compared to zoea.
d) There is no difference in morphological complexity between the two stages.
a) Nauplius is simpler with fewer body segments, while zoea has more developed features and appendages.
Which of the following best describes the isopods?
a) Aquatic only
b) Terrestrial only
c) Dorsoventrally flattened and can be found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments
d) Always parasitic
c) Dorsoventrally flattened and can be found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments
What is a common habitat for fairy shrimp?
a) Marine environments
b) Temporary ponds
c) Deep ocean trenches
d) Freshwater lakes
b) Temporary ponds
Which subclass of Class Maxillopoda includes barnacles?
a) Copepoda
b) Cirripedia
c) Thecostracea
d) Cladocera
b) Cirripedia
How do amphipods primarily move?
a) By swimming on their backs
b) By crawling or swimming on their sides
c) By jumping only
d) By burrowing underground
b) By crawling or swimming on their sides
What reproductive strategy is common among the Cladocera?
a) Sexual reproduction only
b) Parthenogenesis
c) Asexual reproduction
d) External fertilization
b) Parthenogenesis
Isopods primarily scavenge decaying plant and animal material.
T/F
True
Amphipods are characterized by their dorsoventrally flattened bodies.
T/F
False (Amphipods are laterally compressed.)
Cirripedia are known for their ability to undergo complete metamorphosis.
T/F
False (Cirripedia have nauplius and cypris larvae but do not undergo complete metamorphosis like insects.)
Barnacles are typically found in freshwater environments.
T/F
False (they are marine)
Copepods are the most abundant crustaceans in marine and freshwater ecosystems.
T/F
True
How do the feeding habits of isopods and amphipods compare?
a) Both are strictly herbivores.
b) Isopods are scavengers while amphipods can also be scavengers but are more varied in diet.
c) Isopods are predators, and amphipods are herbivores.
d) Both are exclusively predators.
b) Isopods are scavengers while amphipods can also be scavengers but are more varied in diet.
In terms of body shape, how do isopods and amphipods differ?
a) Isopods are laterally compressed, while amphipods are dorsoventrally flattened.
b) Isopods are dorsoventrally flattened, while amphipods are laterally compressed.
c) Both have the same body shape.
d) Amphipods have elongated bodies, while isopods are more rounded.
b) Isopods are dorsoventrally flattened, while amphipods are laterally compressed.
What distinguishes the reproductive strategies of the Class Branchiopoda and Class Maxillopoda?
a) Branchiopoda uses only sexual reproduction, while Maxillopoda is only asexual.
b) Branchiopoda often exhibits parthenogenesis, while Maxillopoda includes both monoecious and dioecious forms.
c) Both classes reproduce exclusively through external fertilization.
d) There are no significant differences in reproductive strategies between the two classes.
b) Branchiopoda often exhibits parthenogenesis, while Maxillopoda includes both monoecious and dioecious forms.
Where are cave crayfish found?
a) In rivers throughout Arkansas
b) In two specific limestone caves in Benton County
c) In all freshwater habitats in the southeastern U.S.
d) In both freshwater and saltwater environments
b) In two specific limestone caves in Benton County
What characteristic do cave crayfish exhibit due to their environment?
a) Bright coloration and large eyes
b) Lack of pigmentation and functional eyes
c) Increased size and enhanced sensory organs
d) Strong exoskeletons for protection
b) Lack of pigmentation and functional eyes
What is considered the major threat to cave crayfish?
a) Competition from other species
b) Habitat destruction from mining
c) Groundwater pollution
d) Changes in climate
c) Groundwater pollution
What evolutionary features have chelicerates developed as the first terrestrial arthropods?
a) Adaptations for aquatic life
b) Exoskeletal, excretory, and respiratory adaptations for water conservation
c) Ability to fly and disperse widely
d) Enhanced vision and color recognition
b) Exoskeletal, excretory, and respiratory adaptations for water conservation
Which of the following statements is true regarding the evolution of arthropods?
a) All arthropods share a common ancestor with mammals.
b) Diverse body forms and lifestyles of arthropods arose from multiple ancestors.
c) Crustaceans evolved exclusively in terrestrial habitats.
d) The diverse forms of arthropods evolved from a single ancestor.
d) The diverse forms of arthropods evolved from a single ancestor.
Cave crayfish have well-developed eyes that help them navigate in dark environments.
T/F
False
The evolutionary adaptations of chelicerates helped them become the first terrestrial arthropods.
T/F
true
Cave crayfish are known for their bright pigmentation, which helps them attract mates.
T/F
False
Crustaceans have been very successful in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
T/F
False (mainly aquatic)
How do the adaptations of cave crayfish differ from those of surface-dwelling crayfish?
a) Cave crayfish have larger eyes for better vision.
b) Surface-dwelling crayfish have developed pigmentation, while cave crayfish lack pigmentation.
c) Cave crayfish are better at conserving energy due to their lack of food.
d) Both types of crayfish exhibit similar adaptations.
b) Surface-dwelling crayfish have developed pigmentation, while cave crayfish lack pigmentation.
In terms of evolutionary success, how do crustaceans compare to other arthropods like insects?
a) Crustaceans are less successful than insects in terrestrial environments.
b) Insects have more diverse body forms than crustaceans.
c) Both crustaceans and insects have equally adapted to aquatic and terrestrial environments.
d) Crustaceans have adapted better to terrestrial habitats than insects.
a) Crustaceans are less successful than insects in terrestrial environments.
What is a significant difference between chelicerates and crustaceans in terms of their evolutionary adaptations?
a) Chelicerates developed adaptations for flight, while crustaceans did not.
b) Crustaceans developed adaptations for aquatic life, while chelicerates developed adaptations for terrestrial life.
c) Both groups share similar adaptations for life in water.
d) Chelicerates are exclusively aquatic, whereas crustaceans are exclusively terrestrial.
b) Crustaceans developed adaptations for aquatic life, while chelicerates developed adaptations for terrestrial life.
which is NOT a member of the Entognatha?
protura
collembola
diplura
thysanura
thysanura
insect flight, in which muscles act to change the shape of the exoskeleton during both upward and downward wing beats, is called _____ flight.
synchronous
asynchronous
tympanal
regulatory
asynchronous
which of the following mouthparts of a chewing insect, like a grasshopper, is primarily a sensory, liplike structure and is the anterior-most mouthpart?
mandible
maxilla
labrum
labium
labrum
insect development in which immatures are very different from the adult in body form, behavior, and habitat is called ___ metamorphosis.
ametabolous
hemimetabolous
holometabolous
none of the above
holometabolous
mayfly development occurs through a gradual series of changes, but the immatures are very different from the adults. these immatures are called:
larvae
nymphs
naiads
pupae
naiads
a high concentration of juvenile hormone is needed for the molting of an immature to an adult
T/F
False, a low concentration
the dipterans have a single pair of wings with the metathoracic wings modified into ____
hamuli
elytra
halteres
scales
halteres
ticks and mites are members of the order:
opilones
acarina
araneae
scorpionida
acarina
which subphyla of arthropods does not contain any living animals?
myriapoda
chelicerata
trilobitomorpha
hexapoda
trilobitomorpha
a layer of cells that secretes the arthropod exoskeleton is called the:
epicuticle
procuticle
hypodermis
basement membrane
hypodermis; it contains the epicuticle and procuticle
the sensory, feeding, and locomotor tagmata of members of the subphylum chelicerata is the:
thorax
prosoma or cephalothorax
opisthosoma
abdomen
prosoma or cephalothorax
excretory structures found in many arachnids consist of thin-walled sacs that open to the body surface at pores near the base of posterior appendages. these excretory structures are called:
trachae
coxal glands
spinneretes
green glands
coxal glands
the prosoma of a horseshoe crab is covered by hard ______.
chelicerae
pedipalp
carapace
opithoma
carapace
royal jelly is fed to larvae that develop into drones
t/f
false; queen
In the barnacles, planktonic nauplius larvae attach to the substrate by their first antennae and metamorphose to adults.
T/F
True
The basal (proximal to the body) appendage in crayfish is the ______________.
endopodite
exopodite
protopodite
endites
protopodite
Of the subphylum Crustacea, Class ______ has the largest number of species.
Malacostraca
Branchipoda
Copepoda
Cirripedia
Malacostraca
The crayfish has a pair of _____________ glands used for excretion.
maxillary
antennal (green)
neuronal
coxal
antennal (green)
All of the following are crayfish mouth appendages except one. Select the exception.
mandibles
maxillae
pleopods
maxillapeds
pleopods
Book lungs or book gills are present in members of the subphylum Crustacea.
True
False
False
_______ cave crayfish were found in two limestone caves in Benton County, AR.
66
33
99
11
33
The second larval stage in crabs is termed the zoea.
True
False
True
Molting is initiated by the release of ecdysone from the ___________________.
X organs
Y organs
Androgenic organs
Neurosecretory tissue
Y organs
Which of these is not an example of a Decapod?
crayfish
shrimp
fairy shrimp
lobster
fairy shrimp
Barnacles are members of the class:
Malacostraca
Branchipoda
Copepoda
Maxillopoda
Maxillopoda
The class Maxillopoda includes the:
copepods and barnacles
copepods and isopods
barnacles and isopods
isopods and amphipods
copepods and barnacles
