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Biology 201 > Topic H > Flashcards

Topic H Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A
  • organelles double in number/volume
  • DNA and centrosome rep.
  • cell elongates (plant cells)
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2
Q

Prophase

A
  • Centrosomes move to poles

- chromosomes condense

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3
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelope dismantels

- MT connect to targets

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4
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes move to middle
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5
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Chromatids separate
  • chromosomes move to poles
  • cell elongates (animal cells)
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6
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes de condence

- nuclear envelope reforms

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7
Q

Cytokinesis (animals)

A
  • contractile ring
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8
Q

Cytokinesis (plant cells)

A
  • vesicles containing cellulose fuce to make cell wall
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9
Q

Chromosome proteins

A
  • Histones
  • Cohesins
  • Condensins
  • Kinetochore
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10
Q

Histones

A
  • balls of 8 little proteins
  • compact DNA
  • When: Always
  • where: Everywhere
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11
Q

Cohesins

A
  • Large heteotrimer rings
  • 3 polypeptides
  • proteins that load onto DNA in G1
  • old sister chromatids together –> need to be put on before DNA replication (Replication Fork pass through the ring during DNA replication)
  • When: G1 –> anaphase
  • where: centromeres
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12
Q

Condensins

A
  • hold and connect DNA
  • Similar to Cohesins
  • when: Prophase –> telophase
  • where: Everywhere
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13
Q

Condensins proteins are added during _____

A

Prophase

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14
Q

Kinetochore proteins

A
  • connect MT to centromere region of DNA
  • When: metaphase –> prophase
  • where: Centromere
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15
Q

Cellulose

A
  • polysaccaride
  • cell wall
  • beta glucose monomer
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16
Q

Plant cells in a ___ Environment

A

Hypotonic

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17
Q

Cells ____ before mitosis

A

elongate

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18
Q

Intermediate filaments during:

interphase

A

interphase: nuclear lamina

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19
Q

Intermediate filaments during: Prometaphase

A

Prometaphase: nuclear lamina are temporarily deactivated (break into parts)

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20
Q

Intermediate filaments during: Telophase

A

nuclear lamina are re-activated (reassembles around chrom. resealing nuclear environment)

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21
Q

Microtubules: prometaphase (3)

A

Aster MTs
Kinetochore MTs
Interpolar MTs

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22
Q

Aster MTs

A

inner surface of plasma membrane
Anchors Centersomes
makes sure its stationary

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23
Q

Kinetochore MTs

A

kinetochore proteins at centromere DNA

Move Chrom. to middle of cell during metaphase

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24
Q

Interpolar MTs

A

Mts from opposite poles
Elongate cells
Cytokinesis (plant and animal cells)

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25
Q

MT during metaphase

A

MT search for and capture Chromo.

Only attach when it can withstand pulling forces are stabilized

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26
Q

MT during Anaphase

A

kinetochore MT disassemble

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27
Q

T/F

Aster MT stop centrosomes from being pulled into middle of cell

A

T

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28
Q

____ MT form extension bundles and elongate cell

A

Interpolar MT

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29
Q

Kinetochore MTs are ___ end directed & ___ motor proteins

A

Plus; kinesin

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30
Q

Anaphase A

A

Chromosomes pulled towards centrosomes

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31
Q

Anaphase B

A

Centrosomes move apart

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32
Q

MT during cytokinesis in plant cells, ____ move into middle of the cell on ___ MTs

A

Vesicles contain cellulose; Interpolar

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33
Q

What happens with Actin Filaments during cytokinesis in animal cells

A

ring forms close to Interpolar MTs

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34
Q

The Cell cycle is regulated by what 4 protein complexes

A

G1-Cdk
S-Cdk
M-CdK
APC

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35
Q

G1-Cdk

A 
G1-Cdk = G1-Cyclin + Cdk
Mechanism: phosphorylation
# of targets: 2
prep for DNA rep.
G1 checkpoint --> near end of G1
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36
Q

S-Cdk

A 
S-Cdk = S-Cyclin + Cdk
Mechanism: phosphorylation
# of targets: 2
Start DNA rep (sphase)
G1 --> S phase
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37
Q

M-CdK

A 
M-CdK = M-Cyclin + Cdk
Mechanism: phosphorylation
# of targets: 6
Starts prophase (mitosis)
G2 checkpoint -- G2 --> prophase
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38
Q

APC

A

Anaphase promoting complex
starts anaphase
Mechanism: attach ubiquitin proteins to target protein
# of targets: 2
M checkpoint – Metaphase —> anaphases

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39
Q

Cyclin Cdks are regulated by…(3)

A

availability of cyclins
phosphorylation
inhibitor proteins

40
Q

What do kinases do?

A

Phosphorylate target proteins (turn on)

41
Q

Cdk

A

Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)

act during cell cycle

42
Q

Cyclins

A

activate Cdks and dictate their target

43
Q

Cdk are activated by ____

A

Cyclins

44
Q

Cdk are activated AND inhibited by ____

A

phosphorylation

45
Q

Cdk are activated AND inhibited by ____

A

phosphorylation

46
Q

Polyubiquinated protiens are broken down by ____

A

Proteasomes

47
Q

Polyubiquinated proteins are broken down by ____

A

Proteasomes

48
Q

When does G1-Cdk become activated and inactivated?

A

Addition of Phosphate/ removal of phosphate

49
Q

When does S-Cdk become activated and inactivated?

A

Addition of Phosphate/ removal of phosphate

50
Q

When does M-Cdk become activated and inactivated?

A

Addition of Phosphate/ removal of phosphate

51
Q

When does APC become activated and inactivated?

A

Addition of Ubiquitin protein / removal of Ubiquitin protein

52
Q

___ indirectly activates Transcription factors

A

G1-Cdk

53
Q

cell receives a signal then ___

A

G1 cyclin synthesized turning on G1-Cdk

54
Q

G1-Cdk activating Transcription factors mechanism?

A

: G1-Cdk inactivates the inhibitory Rb proteins

55
Q

Oris

A

Origin of replication

Where DNA rep starts (rep. fork)

56
Q

____ indirectly actiavtes S-Cdk

A

G1-Cdk

57
Q

ORC (origin recognition complex) and helicases put onto oris during ___

A

G1

58
Q

Oris fire once at the start of ____

A

s Phase

59
Q

S-Cdk triggers ___

A

s Phase

60
Q

Oris can’t fire a second time (T/F), explain.

A

T –> once/ cell cycle
ORCs phosphorylated Therefore inactive till next cell cycle
not enough helicases available

61
Q

___ indirectly activates the centrosomes for centrosome duplication/rep

A

S-Cdk

62
Q

Mitosis is use to rep. the nucleus (T/F)

A

T

1 per cell –> 2 per cell

63
Q

___ is activated when DNA rep. and repair are complete

A

M-Cdk

64
Q

___ prevents activation of M-Cdk

A

ssDNA

65
Q

if M-Cdk is actived then ____

A

the cell is ready to finish interphase and do mitosis

66
Q

An ___ phosphate is removed by a ___ to activate Mcdk

A

inhibiting; phosphatase

67
Q

____ activates MT regulatory proteins

A

M-CdK

68
Q

____ inactivates Nuclear lamins and dismantles ____; during ___

A

M-Cdk; nuclear envelope; prometaphase

69
Q

____ inactivates Nuclear pore proteins

A

M-Cdk

70
Q

____ activates condensin proteins

A

M-Cdk

71
Q

What stops during mitosis and why

A

DNA repair and RNA synthesis; must all stop since chrom condensed

72
Q

Myosin are temporarily inactivated by what?

A

inhibitory phosphate

73
Q

___ activated by M-CdK

A

APC

74
Q

____ inactivated by unattached chromosomes

A

APC

75
Q

___ indirectly destroys Cohesins

A

APC

76
Q

Steps for APC indirectly destroys Cohesins

A
  1. APC destroys securin (which then activates separase)

2. separase destroys cohesins by proteolysis

77
Q

___ destroys M-Cdk

A

APC

78
Q

what changes caused by M-Cdk are reversed?

A

MT return to interphase behavious
Nuclear pores and Lamina reform
Chromosomes decondense (Membrane and chrom fuse to become 1 nucleus)
APC inactivates

79
Q

Each chrom. gets a coating of _____ and _______ ad it expands

A

Nuclear lamins; ER membrane

80
Q

Why is the membrane coat tight

A

to exclude cytosolic proteins

81
Q

Cytokinesis in animials cells is done by what

A

actin filaments + Myosin

82
Q

Cytokinesis in animials cells steps

A
  1. inhibitoy phosphates are removed
  2. contraction bundels contract
  3. squeezing the middle making 2 cells
83
Q

In G1 all regulatory proteins are _____

A

inactive

84
Q

G1-Cdk is activated by ____ in unicellular Euk and ___ in multicellular Euk.

A

large cell volume; mitogens

85
Q

G1-Cdk, S-Cdk, and M-Cdk are inhibited by ___ so that the cell cycle pauses while the ___

A

DNA damage; DNA is repaired

86
Q

M-Cdk is inhibited by ____ to prevent prophase starting before S phase is complete

A

incompletely replicated chromosomes

87
Q

APC is inhibited by ____ to prevent anaphase from starting before metaphase is complete

A

unattached chromosomes

88
Q

steps of repairing blood vessel damage

A

blood vessel damage –> Platelet cell –>PDGF –> Fibroblast reproduction –> collagen

89
Q

to make collagen what signal is needed

A

paracrine

90
Q

What happeneds if the DNA is damaged

A

all euk cells stop cell cycle

inhibition of G1Cdk SCdk and MCdk

91
Q

p53

A

53 kDa protein
+ transcription factor
regulated at the level of

92
Q

p53

A

53 kDa protein
+ transcription factor
regulated at the level of protein stability

93
Q

___ indirectly stops cell cycle. process?

A

p53

moderate dna damge –> p53 turns on p21 gene (Cdk inhibitor protien)

94
Q

___ indirectly fixed DNA damage. process?

A

p53

moderate dna damge –> p53 turns on DNA repair Enzyme genes

95
Q

p53

A

53 kDa protein
(+) transcription factor
regulated at the level of protein stability

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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