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Biology 201 > Topic D > Flashcards

Topic D Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

enormous protein filaments

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2
Q

Globular….

A

chains

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3
Q

Fibrous…..

A

bundles

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4
Q

Microtubules are made up of subunits of…

A

tubulin heterodimers

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5
Q

Tubulin is a…(2)

A

heterodimer, globular

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6
Q

Flowchart of how a microtubule is formed

A

alpha and beta polypeptide > tubulin heterodimer > protofilament > microtubule

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7
Q

Tubulin polypeptides are made by ______ (same/different) genes

A

different

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8
Q

Sequence identity

A

amount of characters that match exactly

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9
Q

Tubulins add from ____ end and remove from ____

A

plus, plus

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10
Q

Which side is the active end

A

plus

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11
Q

MT are connected to

A

centrosomes

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12
Q

Centrosomes

A

balls of protein with MT negative side attatched

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13
Q

MT grow and shrink ____ of their neighbours

A

independently

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14
Q

Proteins are regulated by …

A

GTP

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15
Q

which proteins are regulated by GTP

A

RAN, adaptin, tubulin

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16
Q

The beta form changes from the D from to the T form when and where

A

GDP becomes GTP by nucleotide replacement in the cytosol

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17
Q

The alpha form changes from the D to T from

A

GTP remains GTP

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18
Q

The beta form changes from the T form to D form when and where

A

GTP is hydrolysed to form GDP when part of a MT

19
Q

MT have rapid growth when

A

the end is GTP capped

20
Q

MT shrink rapidly when

A

GTP cap is randomly lost

21
Q

MT help resist

A

compression

22
Q

What do MT do in prophase

A

extend and contract to search for chromosomes

23
Q

when are MT stable

A

when they are connected to the kinetochore of a chromosome

24
Q

MT are stabilized by _____ proteins

A

TAU

25
Q

Actin is made up of

A

globular action to make actin filament

26
Q

Actin grow like a ____ , this means

A

treadmill, add from plus end while minus end is removed

27
Q

What complex anchors the minus end of actin

A

ARP complex

28
Q

Cross linking proteins in the cell cortex

A

Filamin

29
Q

bundling proteins in the microvilli

A

Villin

30
Q

Where are the plus and minus end of Intermediate filaments

A

there are none lol, they are either there or not there

31
Q

IF made with what and where (3 places)

A
  • cytokeratin proteins in the cytoplasm
  • nuclear lamin proteins inside the nuclear envelope
  • extracellular keratin outside the cells
32
Q

Which resists compression

A

MT

33
Q

Which resist tension

A

F-actin and IF

34
Q

Which moves chromosomes during mitosis

A

MT

35
Q

Which divide cell during cytokinesis

A

MT and F-actin

36
Q

Taxol: source and mechanism

A

Fungus on Pacific Yew tree, inhibits MT tubulin so they cannot grow

37
Q

Consequence of Taxol

A

cells get stuck in Mitosis

38
Q

Significance of Taxol

A

used to treat cancers

39
Q

Colchine source and mechanism

A

autumn crocuses, stop MT from shrinking

40
Q

Significane of Colchine

A

a derivative, Colcemid, is used to prepare chromosomes

41
Q

Phallodin source and mechanism

A

death cap mushrooms, inhibits F and G actin

42
Q

Significance of Phallodin

A

used in fluorescent microscopy

43
Q

Acrylamide source and mechanism

A

synthetic, used in PAGE, causes IF to break

44
Q

Consequence and Significance of Acrylamide

A

sensory neurons are killed

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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