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Biology 201 > Topic E > Flashcards

Topic E Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of molecules from regions of high to low concentrations

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2
Q

example of a membrane transport protein

A

glucose transporter (GLUT)

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3
Q

proteins move molecules across a membrane

A

membrane transport proteins

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4
Q

proteins that deliver cargo to target organelles

A

receptor proteins

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5
Q

example of a receptor protein

A

M6P receptors that deliver lysosome proteins

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6
Q

protein assembly

A

formation of large protein complexes using pushing or bending forces

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7
Q

example of protein assembly (bending force)

A

assembly of clathrin proteins during RME shapes membrane

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8
Q

example of protein assembly (pushing force)

A

growing microtubules push against plasma membrane

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9
Q

protein disassembly

A

disassembly of large protein complexes using a pulling force

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10
Q

example of protein disassembly

A

shrinking microtubules during anaphase move chromosomes (lec 37)

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11
Q

what type of organisms uses water pressure?

A

plants

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12
Q

what direction of movement do single motor proteins move in?

A

forward movement

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13
Q

kinesins are __ directed, ___ associated motor proteins

A

plus end… microtubule

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14
Q

dyneins are __ directed, ___ associated motor proteins

A

minus end… microtubule

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15
Q

myosins are __ directed, ___ associated motor proteins

A

plus end … actin filament

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16
Q

motor proteins that can be attached at their tails (double headed) + cytoskeleton proteins

A

motor protein bundles

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17
Q

examples of motor protein bundles

A

myosin (double headed protein) and actin filaments
(cytoskeleton protein)

ex. F-Actins + myosins do cytokinesis of animal cells (lec 38)
another ex. bundles of MTs and kinesins elongate animal cells during anaphase (lec 35)

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18
Q

net movement of water molecules

A

osmosis

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19
Q

cell movement in plants when there is rapid changes in water pressure

A

use ion channels (gated), if opened, water will follow the ions

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20
Q

example of rapid change in water pressure

A

Venus Flytrap (catching prey)

  1. insect touches hairs
  2. action potential
  3. gated ion channels open
  4. Ca 2+ enters outer cells
  5. water enters outer cells
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21
Q

example of cell movement in plants when there is gradual changes in water pressure

A 
Squirting Cucumber (dispersing seeds)
1. decomposition of fruit interior (fruit reaches 27 atm)
2. weakening of attachment point
(seeds travel up to 6 m)
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22
Q

during cell decomposition water will?

A

enter

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23
Q

functions of plant colour

A
  • photosynthesis
  • pollen/seed dispersal
  • protection
  • mutant appearance preferred by people
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24
Q

small organic molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light

A

plant pigments

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25
Q

pigments use ____ mixing

A

subtractive

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26
Q

green plant pigment

A

chlorophyll

  • in chloroplasts
  • photosynthesis
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27
Q

orange/red plant pigment

A

carotenoids

  • some in chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
  • chromoplasts (colour)
28
Q

red/purple/blue/ plant pigment

A

anthocyanins

- central vacuole

29
Q

function of pigments

A
  • colour

- UV protection (UV makes reactive oxygen species)

30
Q

purpose of leaves

A

photosynthesis and gas exchange

31
Q

structures of leaves

A
  • broad leaves
  • needles
    - conifer (needles and cones)
    - deciduous (sheds leaves in autumn)
32
Q

what colour are plants with defective chloroplasts?

A

green with some white (ex. tapioca plant)

33
Q

what colour are plants with no chloroplasts?

A

entirely white (ghost plants that feed on other plants)

34
Q

are venus flytraps photoautotrophs or chemoheterotrophs?

A

photoautotrophs because they eat insects for nitrogen

35
Q

reason for color change of green to orange/yellow

A

removal of chlorophylls (contain valuable nitrogen, needs to be salvaged), revealing carotenoids (don’t have nitrogen)

36
Q

reason for color change of green to red

A

synthesis of new anthocyanins during chlorophyll removal

37
Q

purpose of flowers

A

pollen dispersal using birds, bats and insects

38
Q

do male or female flowers produce the same or different amounts of nectar?

A

female flowers produce more since male flowers contain the pollen (need to have animals go to both flowers)

39
Q

structures of flowers

A
  • single flowers ex. petunias
  • flower clusters (inflorescences) ex. asters
  • flowers + leaves ex. pointsettias
40
Q

how do flowers attract animals?

A
  • colour for birds and bees

- scent for beetles, nocturnal animals

41
Q

how do flowers change colour?

A
  1. central vacuoles are acidic because of ATP powered proton pumps
  2. petal cells expand when water enters central vacuole
  3. central vacuole contains some pH sensitive pigments
42
Q

NHXI is a H+ powered K+ ___ transporter that moves K+ ions ___ the central vacuole

A

antiport… into

43
Q

purpose of fruits

A

seed dispersal using hungry animals

44
Q

colours of fruit

A

immature fruit is green to synthesize sugars, mature fruit is red/orange/yellow/purple to attract animals (chloroplasts change into chromoplasts)

45
Q

purpose of roots

A

anchor plant in ground, obtain water/minerals and storage. Usually unpigmented

46
Q

mutant strains of potatoes and carrots make? (2 pigments)

A

carotenoids and anthocyanins

47
Q

the mechanisms of cell crawling are due to?

A

actin and actin-binding proteins

48
Q

2 examples of cells that use cell crawling and phagocytosis

A

amoeba and neutrophils (WBCs) both eat bacteria for food (WBCs also use bacteria for defence)

49
Q

young neurons use cell crawling to ___ their axons to contact a target cell

A

extend

50
Q

steps of cell crawling

A
  1. detection
  2. extension
  3. retraction
51
Q

in the detection stage, diffusible molecules are used by what cells?

A

amoeba and WBCs

52
Q

what type of projections are seen in amoebas and neurons during the extension stage?

A

large projections on amoebas and small projections on neuron growth cones

53
Q

what mechanism is used for the extension stage?

A

protein assembly (pushing force)

54
Q

what is dismantled in the retraction stage?

A

F-actin (back to G-actin)

55
Q

what is used to contract the back of the cell?

A

contraction bundles

56
Q

what speeds up to process of G-actin -> F-actin

A

activated profilins

57
Q

what happens to unsuccessful amoebas, neutrophils and neurons?

A

amoeba and neutrophils go hungry, neurons are killed

58
Q

3 types of human muscle cells

A

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

59
Q

contents of a muscle cell/fibre

A

nuclei, myofibrils, sarcomere (actin + myosin), ER (store calcium, mitochondria, glycogen + lipids (fuel)

60
Q

long cells are formed by

A

cell fusion (muscle cells) or cell growth (neurons)

61
Q

what fuses to make muscle cells (myocytes)?

A

myoblasts

62
Q

sarcomere structure

A

Z discs attached at each end, actin filaments attached to Z disc by their plus ends, myosins between each pair of Z discs, titins connect the thick filaments (~300 myosins) to the Z discs, tropomyosins conceal the myosin binding sites on actin filaments, troponin complexes regulate tropomyosin

63
Q

these myosins are ___-headed, _____-end directed, actin associated motor proteins

A

double…. plus

64
Q

contraction steps

A
  1. resting muscle cell
    tropomyosins in the way
  2. the thin filament is activated
    [Ca2+] increases, troponins activated, tropomyosins moved
  3. thick filament activated
    myosins take turns walking along actin filaments (5 steps per second)
  4. sarcomere contracts
    myosins pull Z discs together (3 μm to 2 μm long)
  5. the whole cell contracts
    reason why muscle cells have stripes
65
Q

as sarcomeres contract which bands shrink?

A

light bands

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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